OMP110060 GSM Coverage Dimensioning ISSUE1.55

Coverage Planning
Principle
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Copyright © 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Contents
1. Coverage Planning Basis
2. Link Balance and Budget
3. Indoor Coverage Planning
4. Advance Technology for Improving Coverage
Copyright © 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page2
Radio Propagation Environment
Reflections
direct signal
strong reflected signal
amplitude long echoes, out of equalizer window:

self-interference
delay time
equalizer window 16 s
Fading
Transmission
Receiving
0
-5
-10
-15
dB
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
Fading
 Slow fading (Lognormal  Fast fading (Rayleigh

Fading) Fading)
– Shadowing due to large – Serious interference

obstacles on propagation from multi-path signals
direction
Fading Classification
Fading
power
Rayleigh
fading
+20 dB
lognormal
fading
mean
value
- 20 dB
2 sec 4 sec 6 sec time
Objective of Propagation Model
 The propagation model is used to estimate the path loss
during radio wave propagation caused by the terrain and
artificial environments
 The propagation model is the foundation of the coverage

planning. A good model mean more precise planning.
 The propagation model depends on the working

frequency of the system. Different propagation models
have different working frequencies ranges.
Propagation Model
Name Application
Okumura-Hata 150-1000 MHz macro cell
Cost231-Hata 1500-2000 MHz macro cell
Cost231 Walfish-Ikegami 900 MHz and 1800 MHz micro Cell
Keenan-Motley 900 MHz and 1800 MHz indoor
K – Mode (U-net) 900 MHz and1800MHz macro cell
Okumura-Hata Propagation Model
 Frequency: f:150~1000MHz
 BTS antenna height: Hb:30~200m
 Mobile station height: Hm:1~10m
 Distance: d:1~20km
Lp  69.55  26.16 log f 13.82 log hb  (44.9  6.55 log hb ) log d  Ahm
Lp : Path loss (dB) f : Carrier frequency (MHz)
Ahm: MS correction factor (dB) d : Distance of BS and MS (Km)

Middle or small cities: Ah  (1.1 log f  0.7)hm  (1.56 log f  0.8)
m
Big cities: Ah
m
 3.2(log 11.75hm ) 2  4.97
Cost231-Hata Propagation Model
 Frequency range f:1500~2000MHz
 BTS antenna height Hb:30~200m
 Mobile station height Hm:1~10m
 Distance d:1~20km
Lp  46.3  33.9 log f 13.82 log hb  (44.9  6.55 log hb ) log d  Ahm  Cm
C m ＝0dB Large-size cities

C m ＝3dB Big cities
Land Types during Planning
 Urban small cells
 Forest heavy absorption; differs with

seasons
 Open, farmland easy, smooth propagation conditions
 Water propagates very easily ==>

dangerous !
 Mountain surface strong reflection, long echoes
 Hilltops can be used as barriers between cells,

do not use as antenna or site
location
Contents
Cell Coverage Range
 The purpose of coverage planning is using the less BTS to
perform more coverage. Achievable cell coverage depends on:
1. Get the coverage requirement and parameters: such as Minimum
required signal level, Operator requirement of coverage
probability
2. The max allowed path loss according to link budget
3. The cell coverage radius depends on max allowed path loss and
propagation model
4. Calculate the BTS coverage and the BTS number
Cell Coverage Range
 Achievable cell coverage depends on
 Frequency band (450, 900, 1800 MHz)
 Surroundings and environment
 Link budget figure
 Antenna type
 Antenna direction
 Minimum receiving level
Min. Receiving Level Formula
 On Down Link
Minreceive  Sms  I m arg in  SlowlyFadi ng m arg in  FastFading m arg in  Lpenetration
 On Uplink
Min receive  S bts  I m arg in  SlowlyFadi ng m arg in  FastFading m arg in
Interference Margin
 Interference margin: sometimes also named noise
correction, which is protection margin for interference.
 Normally interference margin is 2dB.
Fast Fading Margin
 In the link balance calculation, fast fading margin should
be considered
Density Tow Rural

Urban Area Road Sea
urban n
Fast fading
margin(dB) 1 1 1 1 1 0
Penetration Loss
 Signal loss for penetration varies between different building materials,
e.g.
Materials Mean
reinforced concrete wall, windows 17 dB
concrete wall, no windows 30 dB
concrete wall within building 10 dB
brick wall 9 dB
armed glass 8 dB
wood or plaster wall 6 dB
window glass 2 dB
Min. Receive Level Example
Application Min. Receiving
Given Condition
Environment Level
Sms=-102dBm
Fast Fading Margin=3dB
Dense Urban
-70dBm Slowly Fading Margin=7dB
Indoor
Interference Margin=4dB
Penetration Loss=18
Sms=-102dBm
Resident Area
-80dBm Slowly Fading Margin=5dB
Indoor
Penetration Loss=10
Sms=-102dBm
Outdoor -90dBm
Slowly Fading Margin=5dB
Questions for Min. Receive Level
Application Min. Receiving
Given Condition
Environment Level
Sms=-102dBm
Dense Urban
? dBm Slowly Fading Margin=7dB
Indoor
Penetration Loss=18
Sms=-102dBm
Resident Area
? dBm Slowly Fading Margin=5dB
Indoor
Penetration Loss=10
Sms=-102dBm
Outdoor ? dBm
Slowly Fading Margin=5dB
Link Budget Model
On downlink Pbts  Lcable  Gbts  LDL  Gms  Min receive
Gbts
Pbts Lcable LDL
Gms
L penetration
LUL
Gbts Gdiversity
Min receive Lcable Pms Min receive
On uplink Pms  Gms  L penetration  LUL  Gdiversity  Gbts  Lcable  Min receive
Parameters Related
 Pbts
 Maximum BS Tx power.
 Maximum power of the antenna：Ptrx-Lcombiner
 Pms
 900:2W 1800:1W
 Gbts (typical value)
 Omni directional antenna: 11dBi or 13dBi; Directional antenna:
15~18dBi.
 Gms
 Generally, MS antenna and the connection loss are considered to be 0dB.
 Sbts
 -112.5dBm, the sensitivity is also related with vendor and environment
 Sms
 -102dBm
Antenna Feeder System—Feeder
 Feeder:
Frequently-used specification:
 ½ ", 7/8 ", 5/4 "
How to choose a feeder
900MHZ 1800MHZ Feeder loss
5/4 “ >80 meters >50 meters

900MHZ 1800MHZ
7/8 " <=80meters <=50meters 5/4 “ 3dB/100m 4dB/100m
The curvature of the feeders shall not be 7/8 " 5dB/100m 6dB/100m
too large, and the conductor surface is
required to well connected with the
ground
Coverage Probability
Area coverage
… probability …
Edge coverage probability
 Within a coverage  In coverage border

area, the percentage of area, the percentage
area in which receive time when the receive
signal strength (RxLev) signal strength (RxLev)
is always higher than is always larger than
RxLev threshold… the RxLev threshold
Area Coverage Probability and Edge
Coverage Probability
Area Coverage
50% 60% 75% 80% 85% 90% 91% 93% 95% 97% 98% 100%
Probability
Dense
20% 30% 49% 57% 66% 75% 77% 81% 86% 91% 94% 100%
Urban
Urban 20% 30% 49% 57% 66% 75% 77% 81% 86% 91% 94% 100%
Edge
Coverage Rural
20% 30% 49% 57% 66% 75% 77% 81% 86% 91% 94% 100%
Probabilit Area
y
Villag
17% 27% 46% 54% 63% 73% 76% 80% 85% 90% 93% 100%
e
High
6% 14% 32% 50% 51% 64% 66% 72% 79% 86% 90% 100%
Way
Margin
 To ensure a certain edge coverage probability , it is
necessary to reserve some power margin, i.e. the shadow
fading margin.
 Due to the shadow fading, the actual path loss fluctuates

around this value. It is subjected to the logarithmic
normal distribution as the location and time varies.
Area Coverage Probability to Expected
Shadow Fading Margin
50% 60% 75% 80% 90% 92% 93% 95% 97% 98% 99% 100%
Dense Urban -6.7 -4.2 -0.1 1.4 5.5 6.5 7.2 8.6 10.7 12.2 14.6 21.3
Urban -6.7 -4.2 -0.1 1.4 5.5 6.5 7.2 8.6 10.7 12.2 14.6 21.3
SubUrban -6.7 -4.2 -0.1 1.4 5.5 6.5 7.2 8.6 10.7 12.2 14.6 21.3
Rural Area -6.6 -4.3 -0.6 0.8 4.3 5.4 5.9 7.2 9.1 10.4 12.3 19.2
High Way -6.1 -4.4 -1.8 0 1.4 2 2.4 3.2 4.3 5.1 6.5 10.4
Balance Function
Pbts  S ms  Pms  Gdiversity  S bts
Why is not related to loss of cable?
Question1
MS sensitivity (dBm) -102
MS max. transmitting power(dBm) 30
BTS max. transmitting power (dBm) 46
BTS combiner loss (dB) 1
7/8 feeder length (m) 45 4dB/100m
1/2 jumper length (m) 5 11dB/100m
Feeder connector loss (dB) 0.5
BTS combiner, jumper, feeder and connector loss (dB) ?

BTS antenna gain (dBi) 17
Effective Radiated Power EIRP(dBm) ?
Question2
Expected area coverage probability 97%
Corresponding edge coverage probability 91%
Expected shadow fading margin (dB) ?

Noise correction (dB) (interference margin) 2
Body loss (penetration loss) 4
Fast fading margin (dB) 3
MS antenna gain (dB) 1
Allowed DL Propagation loss (dB) ?
Distance and Coverage Area
3 – Sectors site Omni site
Site Coverage Radius: R Site Coverage Radius: R

Site distance: D=1.5R Site distance: D=1.732R
Coverage Area=1.949R2 Coverage Area=2.598R2
Coverage Radius and Amount of BTS
 According to the max allowed path loss, BTS antenna
height and propagation model, can calculate the cell
coverage radius.
 Depending on cell coverage radius, can get the cell

coverage area and BTS number.
Question3
Expected coverage area dimension（km2） 500

Site type Three-sector
Cell radius（km） 0.80
Cell dimention（km2） ?
Expected BTS number ?
Contents
Why Indoors
 Indoor coverage become the main competition between
operators
 Subscribers expect continuous coverage and better quality
 Outdoor cell can’t provide sufficient indoor Good
coverage
Quality!
INDOOR SOLUTION
Building Penetration Loss
signal level increases with floor

number :~1.5 dB/floor (for 1st
..10th floor)
Pindoor = -3 ...-15 dB
Pref = 0 dB Pindoor = -7 ...-18 dB
rear side :
-18 ...-30 dB
-15 ...-25 dB no coverage
Contents
3.1 Indoor Coverage Design Criterion
3.2 Indoor Coverage Passive Device Principle
3.3 Antenna Distribution Principle
3.4 How to Plan the Cells
3.5 Cable Route
3.6 Power Distribution
3.7 Control Handover
Indoor Coverage Design Criterion
Step2 Analyze indoor
promulgation model
Step3 Confirm
antenna port power
TX/Rx Step1Confirm
coverage criterion
BTS
Step4 Confirm the

antenna coverage After finishing the 4 steps, start
radius and location to
guide the installation indoor coverage design.
Confirm Coverage Criterion(Step1)
No. Service Type Coverage Level Coverage Area Character
1 Vendor’s Office Building
2 Business Hotel above 3 Stars
3 High Grade Business Building

High Speed Level 1
4 Huge Shopping Center for IT
5 Huge Exhibition and Airport
6 High Grade Living Apartment
7 Hotel
8 Office Building
9 Medium Speed Level 2 KTV and Shopping Plaza
10 Big and High traffic Shopping or Market
11 Living Apartment
12 Elevator
Low Speed Level 3
13 Parking
 GSM indoor coverage index (recommendation value)
Service Coverage
No. Rev C/I Remark
Type Level
1 Data/Voice Level1 Area ≥-85dBm ≥12 High speed data load area
2 Data/Voice Level2 Area ≥-90dBm ≥12 Slow speed data load area
3 Voice Level3 Area ≥-95dBm ≥12dB Video Call, VOIP and so on
10m far away from the building，the receiving level of the

4 Spillage strongest outdoor cell － Spillage signaling of indoor cell
≥10dB
 GSM indoor coverage other index requirement (recommendation value)
 Good handover between the indoor cell and outdoor cell
 CQT:CS Traffic BLER less than 1%; PS Traffic BLER less than10%
 Antenna Distributed System VSWR≤1.5
 Call establish successful ratio: normally speaking ≥95%
 Call Drop Rate: normally speaking ≤1%
 Congestion Rate : normally speaking ≤ 2%
 Hard handover successful ratio: normally speaking >95%
Analyze Indoor Promulgation Model (Step2)
 Huawei Indoor Promulgation Model
 Based on ITU Model, Keenan-Motley Model and the results of testing

and analyzing data, Huawei presents its indoor promulgation model.
PL(d)  20 * log(f)  20 * log(d)  28dB  Lf(n)  X σ

：Frequency, Unit is MHz;
f
d ：Distance between the indoor antenna and cell phone, Unit is m;
Xδ ：Slow Fading Margin, It depends on coverage probability and indoor coverage criterion;
n
L f n    Pi ：Pi is the i wall penetration loss (refer to the next slide); n is wall quantity.
i 0
 Penetration loss (recommendation value)
Item 900M Loss（dB） 1800M Loss（dB）

Sheet iron fireproofing door 10~15 12~20
Main wall with reinforcing steel 15~25 15~30

bar
Normal brick wall 5~12 8~15
Ply interval 1~3 2~5
Interlayer loss 10~20 15~25
Glass wall with metal ingredient 10~20 15~25
Normal glass 1~3 1~2
 Indoor slow fading loss deviation
 Indoor slow fading loss deviation depends on both outdoor
slow fading deviation and penetration loss, the formula is as
following
Z  X 2 Y 2
 Where
 X(dB): Outdoor slow fading deviation
 Y(dB): Penetration loss
 Z(dB): Indoor slow fading loss deviation
 Link budget
 For example, in an office, ARFCN(900MHZ)=10, Pantenna port =0dB,
there is one wall in the coverage. Please calculate the receiving level
at the place where distance to the antenna is 10 meters?
f=890+10*0.2+45=937MHZ
d=10m 0dBm
n
L f n    Pi  10 ?dBm
i 0
X  6 10 meters
PL _ DL  20 log f  20 log d  28  Lf ( n)  X
=20log937+20log10-28+10＋6=67.4dB
Receiving level= Pantenna port －PL_DL＝0dBm-67.4dB=-67.4dBm
Confirm Antenna Port Power (Step3)
 For example, in China, Pantenna port ≤15dBm
Power Output of
Indoor Antenna Port
Confirm the Antenna Coverage Radius
and Location(Step4)
GSM Antenna Port BCCH is 10dBm, the edge coverage ≥-85dBm
Scenarios Description Antenna 2G Radius
KTV Plaza Thick wall and private

washing room near the door Ceiling Omni 10～12m
Hotel and Bricky wall and private rest
Restaurant room near the door Ceiling Omni 12～15m
Office Building Glass wall or Shelves
and Partition Ceiling Omni 15～20m
Shopping Mall
Open area mainly
Parking/ and the pillars or
Meeting/Hall equipment room in Ceiling Omni 25m
the middle
Exhibition Open and High Directional 100m
Direction toward
5 floors
elevator hall
Elevator Guest
Direction toward
7 floors
elevator well
For Example: How to Cover the Elevator
Antenna Port Power

GSM BCCH 10dBm
Antenna Direction toward Antenna Direction toward

The Elevator Well The Elevator Hall
GSM: 7 floors GSM: 5 floors
Contents
3.2.1 Splitter
3.2.2 Coupler
3.2.3 Hybrid
3.2.4 Combiner
3.2.5 Indoor Antenna

3.5 Cable Route
Splitter Introduction
 A power splitter is a component that splits one output signal into two
or multiple output signals.
 Power splitters fall into two types: cavity power splitters and
microstrip power splitters.
Cavity Power Splitter Microstrip Power Splitter
Splitter Introduction
2 Ways Splitter 3 Ways Splitter
Power Splitter Structure Schematic Diagram
Coupler Introduction
 A coupler can be deemed as a power splitter that splits the
output power unevenly.
 Couplers fall into two types: cavity couplers and microstrip

couplers.
Cavity Couplers Microstrip Couplers
Hybrid Coupler Introduction
 3dB Hybrid is one kind of directional coupler;
 Different carries are combined in inter-frequency band.
Hybrid Coupler Introduction
 As the power combiner, the two input

ports are isolated and the two output
ports are opposite. No power loss when
two output ports are used.
 Only one output port used, terminate with one load in other
output, otherwise there is the bad influence for the system; and
there is 3dB power loss to terminate with one load in one output.
Combiner Introduction
 Combiner is one device made up by the different frequency
filters
GSM900/WCDMA Combiner
GSM900/DCS1800/WCDMA
Combiner
GSM900/DCS1800 Combiner
Lower Insertion loss, higher isolation, higher power handling, better temperature
dependability and so on.
Indoor Antenna
Lampshade Omni
Antenna
Smoke Inductor Omni
Antenna
Ceiling Omni Antenna Panel Antenna

Omni Antenna
Yoki Antenna
Contents
3.5 Cable Route
Antenna Distribution Principle
 Antenna Distribution Attention Points
 Lay antennas in public area
 Use lower power, more antennas distribution in close area
 Use higher power, less antennas distribution in open area
 Use panel antenna to avoid the spillage in edge area
 Use panel antenna and yaki-antenna to cover the elevators
 Avoid the handover area in elevator well; in case call drop rises
 Min coverage signal power 6 dB more than the main signal power
Contents
3.5 Cable Route
How to Plan the Cells
Coverage Capacity Cell Capacity Coverage Area Cell Coverage Area
Plan the Cells by Capacity Plan the Cells by Coverage Area
Horizon Plan
Vertical Plan
U N IV E R S IT Y
U
U N
N II V
V E
E R
R S
S II T
TYY
U
U N
N II V
V E
E R
R S
S II T
TYY
U
U N
N II V
V E
E R
R S
S II T
TYY
U
U N
N II V
V E
E R
R S
S II T
TYY
U
U N
N II V
V E
E R
R S
S II T
TYY
U
U N
N II V
V E
E R
R S
S II T
TYY
U
UNN II V
VEER
RSS II T
TYY
Indoor Capacity Planning
Single cell approach Multi-Cell approach
f1..f6 f5 f3 f1
f1..f6 f6 f4 f2
f1..f6 f5 f3 f1
Example1: Example2:
1.2 MHz allocation 1.2 MHz allocation
50 mErl/subscriber, GOS=2% 50 mErl/subscriber , GOS=2%
no frequency reuse: reuse per two floor, separate
frequencies within one floor:
a) three floors a) three floors
34.68 Erl=> 694 subscribers 52.12 Erl => 842subs
b) ten floors b) ten floors
34.68 Erl => 694 subscribers 140 Erl => 2808 subs
Contents
3.5 Cable Route
Cable Route
1. After getting the owner’s permission, the indoor cable route follows
the parking, the low power well, the elevator well, the ceiling and so
on;
2. Reuse the existing wells to lay the cable in the living gardens, for
example the redundancy wells for power system and street lamp
cable, the optical fiber wells, the water wells, the television wells and
so on.
Contents
3.5 Cable Route
Power Distribution
 Using the below passive device to distribute power
Power Splitter
Coaxial Cable
Power Coupler
Power Distribution
 First Horizon Plan, use the power
splitter to keep balance for the
power
 Use 1/2 Coaxial cable less 30

meters on the story
 Based on the antenna quantity to

choose the 2 ways, 3 Ways and 4
ways power splitter
3 Ways Power Splitter
Power Distribution
 Second Trunk, use coupler
and 7/8 coaxial cable to
save the path loss on the
trunk
Coupler
 Based on the trunk power
and the requirement of the
Coupler
horizon story to choose 5dB,
6dB, 7dB, 10dB, 15dB or
RRU
20dB coupler BBU
Power Distribution
Coupler on the
trunk to install in
Splitter on the horizon story
the cable wells
to install in cable wells or
above the ceiling
General Design
Main equipment to
Idea
install in the room or
against wall
Installation Schematic diagram
Power Distribution
 If only the couplers are used on the trunk, the power balance couldn’t
to keep; so using the couplers and splitters to instead of only using
the couplers.
10dB
Only Coupling
5dBm
10dB 5dBm
1dBm
15dB 1dBm
RRU Splitter
2dBm
BBU Coupler
2dBm
15dB RRU
BBU
Coupler and Splitter
Power Distribution
 If the owner or the customer has some special request, all passive
device should be installed in the cable well to ensure the installation
and maintenance in the future.
RRU
BBU
Main using splitter on trunk
Contents
3.5 Cable Route
Control System Handover
Where is the Beside

indoor windows of
handover area? each floor
Lift entry and Entry of the

lift room of garage
each floor
Entry of the lobby
 Generally speaking the handover area is outdoor area 5~7
meters far from the hall gate
 The handover area should be neither near by the road nor

deep through the hall
Handover
area
Control handover methods in hall:
Lower power and more antennas
Use the directional indoor antenna

(toward indoor )
Adjustable antenna power
 Elevator handover design strategy:
 Use the same cell to cover the same elevator
 Configure the neighbor cell if there are 2 or more different cells in one elevator
 Use the antenna direction toward to the elevator hall
 Elevator hall is the handover area when the elevator cell is different from the elevator
hall
12F
Cell A 12F
11F ANT1 -11 F-n ANT1 -11 F-n

11F ANT1 -11 F-n
10F
10F
9F
9F
8F
8F
ANT1- 7F- n ANT1- 7F- n
7F ANT1- 7F- n
Cell B 7F
6F
6F
5F
5F
4F
4F
3F ANT1- 3F- n ANT1- 3F- n

3F ANT1- 3F- n
2F
2F
1F
1F
B1 F
B1 F
Hall
The same cell Handover in well Handover in hall
 Parking handover design strategy
Shaft
A
Install the antenna near by
Shaft
the parking entrance & exit
B
Contents
The Methods to Improve Coverage
 The parameters to improve coverage
 Increase BTS transmission power
 Reduce combiner loss
 Reduce cable loss
 Increase antenna height
 Increase antenna gain
 Increase TMA
 Increase MS receiving sensitivity
The Methods to Improve Coverage
 The technology to improve coverage
 AMR technology
 Dual Timeslot Extended Cell technology
 Concentric technology
 PBT technology
 Diversity technology (4-Way Receiving Diversity and

Transmitting Diversity)
AMR (Adaptive Multi Rate)
M OS
 AMR Network Coverage Performance 5.0
Experiment 1b - Test Results
 AMR has excellent anti-

4.0
interference capability. Under the
same FER, AMR supports lower
3.0
CIR than non-AMR. Therefore
Sel. Requir.
AMR has better coverage
AMR-HR
2.0
EFR
performance. FR
HR
 Voice quality performance in 1.0
Conditions
No Errors C/I=19 dB C/I=16 dB C/I=13 dB C/I=10 dB C/I= 7 dB C/I= 4 dB
descending order is FR AMR, EFR, Sel. Requir. 3.99 3.99 3.99 3.14 2.74 1.50
HR AMR, FR, and HR. AMR-HR 4.11 4.04 3.96 3.72 3.38 3.10 2.00
EFR 4.21 4.21 3.74 3.34 1.58
FR 3.50 3.50 3.14 2.74 1.50
HR 3.35 3.24 2.80 1.92
Dual Timeslot Extended Cell
 In the GSM specifications, the cell coverage is restricted within
35km(63 TA) . Thus, the coverage radius of the cell cannot exceed
35km. In wide and open area where the subscribers are dispersedly
distributed, the traffic is low, and the infrastructure such as
transmission and power supply facilities is hard to construct or cannot
reach, the cell with a radius larger than 35km must be provided.
 If the extended cell technology is adopted, the cell coverage radius
can reach 120km in an ideal condition. Operators can adopt this
technology to reduce the number of sites and build their own GSM
networks quickly with smaller investment. In this way, they can
attract mobile subscribers in special areas and thus increase the
operation revenue.
UL data
Delay<=63
Modulation range
After TA adjustment
Timeslot0 Timeslot1 Timeslot2

Normal cell
Delay >63
After TA adjustment
Timeslot0 Timeslot1 Timeslot2
Dual timeslot extended cell
 To support MS signals with a delay exceeding 63bit, the
2-timeslot cell can bind the even and odd timeslots, as if
a TDMA frame in the extended cell only has four
channels: 0/1, 2/3, 4/5, and 6/7. Only channel 0, 2, 4, and
6 can be assigned for the MS.
0/1 2/3 4/5 6/7
B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7
 The dual-timeslot function is based on the concentric cell. The carrier
in the underlay cell is configured as the 2-timeslot carrier. The carrier
on the overlay cell is configured as a common cell. When the cell is
configured as a 2-timeslot cell, the concentric cell attribute of this cell
is automatically set to the concentric cell.
 If all carriers in the cell must be configured as 2-timeslot carrier, such
solution is called the cell-level 2-timeslot solution. In this case, all
carriers are configured in the overlay cell.
 If some carriers in the cell are configured as common carriers and
others as 2-timeslot carriers, the BCCH is located on the 2-timeslot
carriers, such solution is called carrier-level 2-timeslot solution. In this
case, the 2-timeslot carriers are configured in the underlaid cell and
the common carriers are configured in the overlaid cell.
Timing Advance (TA)
The mobile phone should

send the signal in advance!!
TA
Transmission delay t
Transmission delay t
Question
 What is the max value of extended cell’s TA?
Max TA?
Assignment of Dual Timeslot Extended Cell
Type Assignment Strategy
Imm-assignment Underlaid
Assignment Depend on “assign optimum layer”
Intra-BSC HO Underlaid
In-coming BSC HO Underlaid
Data Configuration of Dual Timeslot
Extended Cell
 Modify the cell as double timeslot extended cell
Data Configuration of Dual Timeslot
Extended Cell
Concentric Technology
 Underlay improve coverage and overlay absorb
Underlay
traffic
Overlay
 Underlay and overlay share the same set of antenna
and the same BCCH
 BCCH carrier must be configured in underlay

TRX Low Insert High Inset Increased Coverage
Number Combination Mode loss Loss Distance by Using
Concentric Technology
3 DTRU(non-comb)+DTRU(internal 1.0dB 4.5dB 24-27%

comb)+DDPU
5 DTRU (non-comb)+2DTRU (internal

1.0dB 8.0dB 54-62%
comb)+DCOM+DDPU
5、6 3DTRU (internal comb )+DCOM+DDPU 4.5dB 8.0dB 24-27%
6 DTRU (internal comb)+DDPU+DFCU 3dB 4.5dB 5-10%
Notes： Increased Coverage Distance is theoretical value and also related with the height of antenna
Technology to Improve Coverage
 Downlink coverage enhance
 PBT (Power Booster Technology)
 Transmitting Diversity
 Cavity combiner unit（DFCU）
 Uplink coverage enhance

 4-Way Receiving Diversity
 TMA
DTRU Four Transmit Modes
No combining Normal Mode Wide band combining
Coverage
Power booster technology Diversity transmitter
Enhance Mode
PBT (Power Booster Technology)
 PBT（Power Booster Technology） is a power boost technique
DTRU Output Power

Modulation Mode Output Power in PBT Mode
Power Type 1 Power Type 2
GMSK 40W (46dBm) 60W (47.8dBm) 80W (49dBm)
8PSK 40W (46dBm) 40W (46dBm) 60W (47.8dBm)
PBT(Power Booster Technology)
 Adopt the in-phase synthesizing technology.
 Generally PBT can generate 2dB downlink gain.
PA
Synthesizer
RF
DUPLEX
BB
RF
PA
PBT(Power Booster Technology)
Dynamic PBT
 This technology is based on timeslots, allows a calling
subscriber to use a timeslot in other TRX.
 When the receive level is lower , channels corresponding to

identical timeslots in adjacent carriers stop delivering services
temporarily.
 At this time, the RF channel in the service timeslot and the

auxiliary channel in the adjacent carrier transmit identical
signals, whose phase is also the same. The combined signals
are stronger, thus improving the receiving quality for the
subscriber.
Transmitting Diversity
 Two TRXs transmit the same signal with 7.4us time delay.
 Improving downlink coverage based on mutual exchange theory.
 Generally 3dB downlink gain from transmitting diversity.
TRXA
TRXB
TDMA
Frame
1~2 Symbols
TRXA
TDMA
Frame
TDMA
Delayed Frame
TRXB
Transmitting Diversity Internal
Structure
Data Configuration of Transmitting
Diversity
DTRU Three Receive Mode
Independent receiver Normal Mode Dividing receiver
4-Way Receiving Diversity

Coverage
Enhance Mode
RF1 4WRD
RF2
BB
RF3 2WRD
RF4
>120%R
Compared with 2-way receiving diversity, 4-way

receiving diversity gets more 3~5dB uplink gain.
4-Way Receiving Diversity Internal
Structure
The Gain of 4-Way Receiving Diversity
 Compared with 2-way receiving diversity, the gain of 4-
way receiving diversity is more than 2.5dB
>2.5dB gain
Improve uplink sensitivity
Comparison between 4-Way Receiving
Diversity and TMA
4-Way Receiving Diversity TMA

Passive component Active component
Uplink sensitivity is increased by reducing
Uplink diversity gain is increased by noise factor of BTS ( that is to say,
adding diversity branch reducing uplink minimum receiving level
requirement）
Compared with 2-way receiving
TMA can increase uplink receiving
diversity, 4-way receiving diversity
sensitivity by about 3.0dB～3.5dB
can increase the gain by 3.0～3.5dB
Principle of Dynamic PBT& Dynamic
Timslot
TRX Number
 Actually, dynamic PBT is timeslot-level PBT
 Adjusts timeslots PBT according to MS’s
receiving level
 Realize the dynamic balance between capacity
and coverage, saving the cost of operator
 Only used in the overlay of concentric cell or Better signal
Worse
signal Signal Condition
COBCCH cell, in order to improve the
Timslot TRX Number
performance of overlay coverage
 The principle of Dynamic Transmitting
Diversity is the same as that of dynamic PBT
OL Medium UL
Subcell
Better signal Worse
signal Signal Condition
Principle of Dynamic PBT& Dynamic
 DTRU working mechanism
 Dynamic PBT
 DTRU provides two basebands, and connects to one set of antenna
system by combiner
 Dynamic Transmitting Diversity
 DTRU provides 2 basebands and 2 transmitters, and respectively
connects to 2 independent sets of antenna system
 Difference between Dynamic PBT (Transmitting Diversity) and Static

PBT (Transmitting Diversity)
 Can dynamically form or split channel group according to the call
requirement and resource occupy condition
Limitation of Dynamic PBT& Dynamic
 Only realized in DTRU
 Only trigged in concentric cell, and can not be trigged in UL
 Can not be trigged in BCCH carrier
 Can not combine with BCCH、SDCCH、PCH, that is to say, these

channel can only be used independently
 The two carriers to support Dynamic Transmitting Diversity (PBT)

must be in the same subcell, and support the same frequency
Data Configuration of Dynamic PBT&
Dynamic Transmitting Diversity
 Cell Type should
be ”Concentric cell”
 Enter “Cell Attributes\Channel
Management\Basic Channel
Management Parameters”, check
“ DDIVERSITY” or “DPBT” for
“Dynamic Transmission
Diversity(PBT) Support”
 Enter “TRX Attributes\TRX
Config\Device Attributes”,
check “ DDIVERSITY” or “DPBT”
for “Send Mode”
Gain of Advance Technology
Technology Gain
Transmitting Diversity 3dB
PBT 2dB
5dB(when EFR lower than

AMR
5%,compare with FR)
4-way Receiving Diversity 3~5dB(uplink)
Summary
 In this course, we have learned:
 Propagation and planning basis
 Link budget
 Indoor planning
 Coverage enhance technology
Thank you
www.huawei.com

OMP110060 GSM Coverage Dimensioning ISSUE1.55

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Coverage Planning

Copyright © 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

2. Link Balance and Budget

3. Indoor Coverage Planning

4. Advance Technology for Improving Coverage

amplitude long echoes, out of equalizer window:

 Slow fading (Lognormal  Fast fading (Rayleigh

– Shadowing due to large – Serious interference

2 sec 4 sec 6 sec time

 The propagation model is the foundation of the coverage

 The propagation model depends on the working

Okumura-Hata 150-1000 MHz macro cell

Cost231-Hata 1500-2000 MHz macro cell

Cost231 Walfish-Ikegami 900 MHz and 1800 MHz micro Cell

Keenan-Motley 900 MHz and 1800 MHz indoor

K – Mode (U-net) 900 MHz and1800MHz macro cell

Lp : Path loss (dB) f : Carrier frequency (MHz)

Ahm: MS correction factor (dB) d : Distance of BS and MS (Km)

C m ＝0dB Large-size cities

 Urban small cells

 Forest heavy absorption; differs with

 Open, farmland easy, smooth propagation conditions

 Water propagates very easily ==>

 Mountain surface strong reflection, long echoes

 Hilltops can be used as barriers between cells,

2. Link Balance and Budget

3. Indoor Coverage Planning

4. Advance Technology for Improving Coverage

2. The max allowed path loss according to link budget

4. Calculate the BTS coverage and the BTS number

 Surroundings and environment

 Link budget figure

 Minimum receiving level

Minreceive  Sms  I m arg in  SlowlyFadi ng m arg in  FastFading m arg in  Lpenetration

Min receive  S bts  I m arg in  SlowlyFadi ng m arg in  FastFading m arg in

 Normally interference margin is 2dB.

Density Tow Rural

reinforced concrete wall, windows 17 dB

concrete wall, no windows 30 dB

concrete wall within building 10 dB

wood or plaster wall 6 dB

How to choose a feeder

900MHZ 1800MHZ Feeder loss

5/4 “ >80 meters >50 meters

 Within a coverage  In coverage border

 Due to the shadow fading, the actual path loss fluctuates

Pbts  S ms  Pms  Gdiversity  S bts

Why is not related to loss of cable?

MS max. transmitting power(dBm) 30

BTS max. transmitting power (dBm) 46

BTS combiner loss (dB) 1

7/8 feeder length (m) 45 4dB/100m

1/2 jumper length (m) 5 11dB/100m

Feeder connector loss (dB) 0.5

BTS combiner, jumper, feeder and connector loss (dB) ?

Effective Radiated Power EIRP(dBm) ?

Corresponding edge coverage probability 91%

Expected shadow fading margin (dB) ?

Body loss (penetration loss) 4

Fast fading margin (dB) 3

MS antenna gain (dB) 1

Allowed DL Propagation loss (dB) ?

Site Coverage Radius: R Site Coverage Radius: R

 Depending on cell coverage radius, can get the cell