Friday, 4 September 2020 1:33 pm

NUMBERS
A number is an item that describes a magnitude or a position
Two types:

Cardinal numbers – numbers which allow us to count the objects or ideas in a given collection.
Example: 1,2,3, …., 1000, 100,000

Ordinal numbers – state the position of the individual objects in a sequence.

Example: First, Second, Third …

NUMERALS

Numerals are symbols or combination of symbols which describe a number.

Examples of numerals:

Arabic Numeral – were simply the modification of the Hindu-Arabic number signs and are written in
Arabic digits (Taken individually, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and in combination 20, 21, 22, … 1999 …)
Roman Numerals – are numbers which are written in Latin alphabet (MCMXCIV)
The following are Roman numerals and their equivalent Arabic numbers.
I=1
V=5
X = 10
L = 50
C = 100
D = 500
M = 1000

DIGITS

A digit is a specific symbol or symbols used alone or in combination to denote a number.

Example: The number 21 has two digits, namely 2 and 1. In Roman numerals, the number 9 is
denoted as IX. So the digits I and X were used together to denote one number and that is the
number 9.

System of Numbers

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A system of numbers is a diagram or chart which shows the two sub-classifications of the two basic
classifications of numbers, namely real numbers and imaginary numbers. (*Imaginary numbers shall
be discussed in Advanced Engineering Mathematics)
REAL NUMBERS

The number system is divided into two categories namely, real numbers and imaginary numbers.
Real numbers are classified as follows

Natural Numbers – numbers which are considered as the “counting numbers”

Example: 1, 2, 3

Integers – are all the natural numbers, the negative of the natural numbers and the number 0
Example: -4, -1, 0, 3, 8….

Rational Numbers – are numbers which can be expressed as a quotient of two integers.
Example: 0.5, , -3, 0.333..

Note: In the above example, 0.5 can be expressed as , , and -3 can be expressed as , , hence the two
are examples of rational numbers.

The number 0.333.. can also be expressed as , , and therefore a rational number.

(The number 0.333... is a repeating and non-terminating decimal. As a rule, a non-terminating

but repeating decimal is always a rational number

Irrational numbers – are numbers which cannot be expressed as a quotient of two integers.
Example: ,pi , e…

Note: The numbers in the examples above can never be expressed exactly as a quotient of two
integers. They are in fact a non-terminating number with terminating decimal.

PROPERTIES OF REAL NUMBERS

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PROPERTIES OF REAL NUMBERS

Commutative Property - two numbers can be added or multiplied in any order without affecting the
result
a+b=b+a Example: 3 + 4 = 4 + 3 = 7

axb=bxa Example: 13 x 2 = 2 x 13 = 26

Associative Property - you may group together the quantities in any way without affecting the result
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c) Example: (17 + 8) + 6 = 17 + (8 + 6) = 31

(a x b) x c = a x (b x c) Example: (3 x 9) x 11 = 3 x (9 x 11) = 297

Distributive Property - Multiply a sum by multiplying each addend separately and then add the
products
a(b + c) = ab + ac Example: 4(3 + 14) = 12 + 56 = 68

(a + b)c = ac + bc Example: (9 + 13)21 = 189 + 273 = 462

Additive Identity Property - if you add a real number to zero or add zero to a real number, then you
get the same real number back.
a+0=a Example: 42 + 0 = 42

Multiplicative Identity Property - any number multiplied by 1, gives the same result as the number
itself
ax1=a Example: 67 x 1 = 67

Additive Inverse Property - add a number to another number to create the sum of zero
a + (-a) = 0 Example: 47 – 47 = 0

Multiplicative Inverse Property – any number multiplied with its inverse is equal to 1.
a x 1/a = 1 Example

PROPERTIES OF EQUALITY

Reflexive Property - states that any real number, a, is equal to itself.

a=a

Symmetric Property - we can interchange the sides of an equation, and the equation is still a true
statement.
If a = b, then b = a

Transitive Property - if a is related to b by some property, and b is related to c by the same property,
then a is related to c by that property.

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then a is related to c by that property.
If a = b and b = c, then a = c

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EXPONENT Page 5
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RADICAL Page 6
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LOGARITHMS Page 8
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FACTORING Page 10
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DISTANCE FORMULA
Tuesday, 8 September 2020 2:12 pm

MIDPOINT FORMULA Page 14

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MIDPOINT FORMULA
Tuesday, 8 September 2020 2:12 pm

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EQUATION OF LINES
Tuesday, 15 September 2020 9:03 pm

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CIRCLES
Tuesday, 15 September 2020 8:58 pm

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PARABOLA
Wednesday, 16 September 2020 3:16 pm

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