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How do we refer to these

characteristics that each
individual has?
Traits- observable

GENETICS
or inherited
characteristics

What determines
a person’s trait?

GENE
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Deoxyribonucleic Humans have 46 Like chromosomes, genes also come in

All living things are made of cells. NUCLEUS- controls and acid- long molecule chromosomes or 23 pairs of pairs.
Each parent passes along just one copy to make up
that contains our chromosomes
Inside the cell are smaller regulates activities of the cell;
the hereditary material unique genetic code; Chromosomes come in pairs; they the genes you have.
ALLELE- different forms of the same gene which are
structures called ORGANELLES hereditary material in
humans and almost all
are called
chromosomes
homologous
located on the same part of the chromosome
other
Inside the nucleus are
threadlike-structure called
CHROMOSOMES containing
the genetic material.

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GREGOR MENDEL FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF INHERITANCE

1.LAW OF SEGREGATION– during gamete
❑ Austrian monk who experimented with the formation, the allele for each gene segregates or
garden pea plant (Pisum sativum) separates from each other such that each gamete
❑ He used pea plants to discover how traits are carries only allele
inherited.
❑ Father of Genetics 2.LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT–
genes for different traits assort independent of
each other during genetic formation
• A trait does not affect the inheritance of
another trait.

2.LAW OF DOMINANCE– The presence of a

dominant allele conceals, mask or prevents the
expression of the recessive allele

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DOMINANCE– trait that is always expressed; represented by capital

letter (T) ex. T C K L M E R W
RECESSIVE– trait that is always masked; represented by small letter
(t) ex. t c k l m e r w
Homozygous– organism having two identical alleles for a particular
trait
Homozygous dominant (TT) ex. AA BB CC DD EE
Homozygous Recessive (tt) ex. aa bb cc dd ee
Heterozygous– organism having two different alleles for the same
gene (Tt) example: Cc Bb Aa Vv Dd
GENOTYPE– genetic make up of an organism; description of the
genes present in an organism
PHENOTYPE– Physical characteristics that an organism
manifest/show.
Genotypes where dominant traits will manifest: (as long
as there is a present of dominant allele it will always be followed
or expressed)
Ex. AA BB CC Tt Cc Kk Ww Bb
Genotypes where recessive traits will manifest: (recessive
can only be manifested if both forms of allele are recessive/ two
small letters)
Ex. tt cc ww bb kk ll dd ee

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 1:
Punnett Square SOLUTION:
T T A. In human, Tall (T) is dominant to short(t). What
The completed square t Tt Tt would be the expected type of offspring if a
homozygous Tall were crossed to a homozygous short?
t Tt Tt
shows every possible Genotypic Percentage: Tt 100% or 4 Tt or 4/4
Find the genotypic and phenotypic percentage of the
offspring.

way the offspring Phenotypic Percentage: Tall 100%

could inherit this SOLUTION:

T t
B. What would be the expected type of offspring if a
heterozygous Tall were crossed to a heterozygous tall?
gene, and what the T TT Tt Find the genotypic and phenotypic percentage of the
offspring.
chances are each t Tt tt
Genotypic Percentage: TT- 25% or 1 TT or ¼ TT
result Tt- 50% or 2 TT or 2/4 Tt
tt- 25% or 1 tt or ¼ tt
Phenotypic Percentage: Tall- 75 %
short- 25%

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MENDELIAN NON-MENDELIAN NON-MENDELIAN

INHERITANCE INHERITANCE INHERITANCE
❑Involve only two alleles ❑Multiple Alleles
❑Two alleles of gene are ❑Two alleles are neither
either dominant or dominant nor recessive ❑Does not follow mendelian law
recessive ❑does not follow Mendelian
❑determination of traits by laws.
means of dominant and INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
recessive alleles of a
particular gene
CODOMINANCE
Multiple Alleles
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INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE

❑ The organism’s resulting
physical appearance shows a
blending of both alleles
(intermediate trait)

❑ A cross between a homozygous

red-flowered plant (CRCR) and a
homozygous white-flower plant
(CWCW) will produce offspring
with pink flowers (CRCW)

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CODOMINANCE CODOMINANCE

❑Occurs when both

alleles are
dominant.
❑Both alleles are
simultaneously
expressed in the
heterozygote.
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CODOMINANCE MULTIPLE ALLELES

Most Human genes have

more than two normal
version or alleles

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ABO BLOOD TYPE

ABO HUMAN BLOOD TYPE
Phenotype A B AB O
Genotype IA IA or IAi IB IB or IBi IA IB ii
Can A, B, AB
received and O
O, A O, B O
blood (Universal
from: Recipient)
Can A, B, AB,
donate A and O
AB, A AB, B
blood to: B (Universal
Donor)
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SEX CHROMOSOMES and SEX

SEX-RELATED INHERITANCE
DETERMINATION
❑ Sex chromosomes control whether the
organism will be a male or a female. ❑SEX-LIMITED
❑SEX-INFLUENCE
❑Both males and females have 23 pairs of ❑SEX-LINKED
sex chromosomes.

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SEX-LINKED GENES SEX-LINKED GENES

Hemophilia
❑Genes found either on X or Y
chromosomes which are ❑X-linked
inherited differences among trait
male and a female. ❑Prone to
male

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SEX-LINKED GENES
SEX-LINKED GENES
Hypertrichosis pinnae Auris
COLOR-BLINDNESS

❑Y-linked trait controlled by a

❑ X-linked trait
❑ Prone to male Y chromosome and
characterized by hairy ear
in which are expressed in
males alone.

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SEX-LIMITED TRAIT Sex-Influenced Traits

❑traits limited to only one sex PATTERN BALDNESS

❑Lactation ❑autosomal traits that

are expressed in
❑Lactating gene (L) both sexes but more
frequently in one
than in the other sex

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Sex-Influenced Traits

PATTERN BALDNESS

❑although baldness
alleles behave like a
dominant allele in
males, they are
recessive in females

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