Elahmer Bartolay BSF-1A

Module 2

LESSON 2:
ACTIVITY 1: PUT IT IN A BOX
Group the following words according to their uniformity and label them accordingly.

Stone Age Iron Age Bronze Age 800 BC

Flake tool smelting iron flaking Mining
Metallurgy alloy substance sickles
Australopithecus ferrous metallurgy Neolithic period
2nd period of prehistoric time 3rd period of prehistoric times
Smelting copper with iron

Iron age
Stone age
 2nd period of pre-  Smelting iron

 Flake tool historic times  Alloy substance

 Australopithecus  Smelting copper  Ferrous

 Flaking with iron metallurgy

 8000 BC  Metallurgy  Sickles

 Neolithic period  Mining  3rd period of pre-

historic times

Bronze age
ACTIVITY 2: VENN DIAGRAM
Compare and contrast the different period (age) according to evidences of Science and
Technology during Pre-Historic Times (3000-5000 BC). Give at least 3 similarities and
differences of each period. Show your answer by means of Venn diagram.

Stone Age Bronze Age Iron Age

 Iron was the

 Stone was widely used
 Divided into three periods:
Paleolithic Period,
Mesolithic Period, Neolithic
Period
 Man was food gatherer
(hunting and gathering)
 First period where
metals used
 Bronze weapons and
tools
 Mining and metallurgy
 Extensive use of metals
& developing trade
networks
dominant material in
tool making
 Characterized by the
production of tools
and weaponry
(ferrous metallurgy)

SIMILARITIES  People during those times has

the initiatives despite the lack in
knowledge and tools
 As time passes by, their
discoveries and inventions were
improved/enhanced
 Their inventions, discoveries,
and knowledge made impact to
the next and new generation and
had been very useful in every
ways.
LESSON 3: ACTIVITY 1: COMPARE AND CONTRAST
Find your partner and compare and contrast the following:
Sumerian
1 ancient civilization founded in the
Mesopotamia
Calligraphy
2 It is an artistic/decorative handwriting
style or a handwritten lettering.
Minoans Agriculture
3 Raised goat, cattle, sheep, and pig and
grew wheat, barley, grapes, and olives.
Sumerian Astronomy
4  first astronomers
 mapped the stars into sets of
constellations
Minoans construction/architecture
Building materials were usually native
5 stone and clay, with timber used for
reinforcement. Columns were tapered,
different from classical Greek and
Roman columns.
(none)
Name of your partner: ________________________________________________________
Egyptian
civilization of ancient North Africa,
concentrated along the lower reaches of
the Nile River, situated in the place that
is now the country Egypt.
Hieroglyphics
Writing system used in Ancient Egypt
that contains symbols and characters.
Egyptian Agriculture
They grew variety of crops including
grains and vegetables.
Egyptian Astronomy
Egyptian calendar was already in use,
and the observation of stars was
important in determining the annual
flooding of the Nile.
Egyptian construction/ architecture
The best known example of ancient
Egyptian architecture are the Egyptian
pyramids while excavated temples,
palaces, tombs and fortresses have also
been studied.
ACTIVITY 2:

1. Make a timeline of the events of the development of science and technology for the
following civilization.
a. Sumerian civilization
b. Egyptian civilization
c. Cretan civilization
 Sumerian Civilization

The Wheel, the Sail, and Writing, 3600 BC

Writing, 3600-3500 Sail

The earliest writing was rudimentary
pictographs which could convey
information along the lines of “two
sheep – temple at Uruk” but could not
clarify what the purpose of the two
sheep was supposed to be.
The same paradigm is thought to apply to
the invention of the sail—which most
likely began simply through the
observation of the wind’s effect on a
piece of cloth, possibly when it was
drying after being washed.

Wheel
The wheel is thought to have
developed from a need to make
better, and more, pottery in less time.

Agriculture, Architecture, and the State

Agriculture, 5000 BC- 4500 BC Architecture & State , 4100-2900 BCE

In agriculture, the Sumerians created
irrigation practices, the seed-drill, the
plow, and the pickaxe and seem to
have also invented the device known
as the Archimedes’ Screw long before
the Greeks.
The concept of the state grew out of
small communal organizations known as
“households” whose members were not
all blood relatives but shared a common
interest and, usually, some amount of
land. A strict hierarchy governed the
households with a “big man” (known as
an ensi and later a lugal) at the top, his
wife below him, and others following
down to unskilled laborers. The
 Mathematics, Time, and Astronomy/Astrology

Mathematics, 6000 BCE Time

Mathematics probably developed from
trade as a necessity in bookkeeping but
was clearly an important aspect of
architecture in planning and
constructing cities and their temples. In
the course of building these great cities
and grand structures, the Sumerians
seem to have invented the mathematical
paradigm of the Pythagorean Theorem
centuries before Pythagoras lived.
The sexagesimal base inspired them to
create time based on the concept of 60,
and so an hour was defined as 60
minutes and a minute of 60 seconds.
Time was measured by a sundial or a
waterclock, and the period of the sun’s
rising to setting and rising again was
divided into periods of 12 for daylight
and 12 for darkness, creating the 24-
hour day.

Astronomy/astrology
The charting of the stars was interpreted,
like everything else, as acting in accord
with the will of the gods and so it was
only natural that, eventually, diviners
would come to interpret certain
astronomical phenomena as messages
from the gods – and so astrology was
created.

Medicine and Physicians, about 3000 BC

This same model applies to healthcare in that many of the practices associated with Egypt
and Greece originated in Mesopotamia. The Sumerian goddess of health and healing was Gula
(later known in other regions as Ninkarrak and Ninisinna) often depicted in the presence of
her dog as dogs were also associated with healing, health, and protection.
There were two types of doctors in Mesopotamia:
Asu – a medical practitioner who prescribed various treatments for illness or injury
Asipu – a holistic healer who relied on magical spells, amulets, and incantations
 Egyptian civilization

7500 BC
7500 BC the first settlers arrived at
Nile Valley

3200 BC
Hieroglyphics are used to keep
trade recorders.

2640 BC
The first pyramids are built

2555 BC
The pyramids of Giza are built for the
kings Kufu, Kharge, and Menkaure.

The great Sphinx is built. 2280 BC

2200 BC The first ploughs attached to

oxen.

Valley of the Kings. Pharoas are 1539 BC

buried with their treasures.

51 BC
Cleopatra’s reign begins.
 Cretan Civilization

6000 BC
Settled as early as 6000 BC

3000 BC
Minoan Civilization arose in
the island of Crete

2000 BC
Minoan culture flourished

1600 BC

Minoan civilization reached

its height
1400 BC

City of Mycenae grew

powerful on the mainland

Wealth due to trade

Agricultural society
producing oil, grain, wine

Magnificent Palace at Knossos

and other
LESSON 4:
ACTIVITY 1: FILL IN THE BLANKS
Choose from the box the scientist who made contribution to the following development in
science and technology.

carpet weaving Eratosthenes Socrates Aristotle

Galen Nastaliq Hippocrates Vitruvius
Archimedes Theophrastus Ptolemy

Hippocrates 1. He is known as the father of medicine

Archimedes 2. He performs experiments which led him to discover the laws of the lever
and the pulley that resulted in the invention of machines which could easily move loads.

Ptolemy 3. He founded the Geocentriç theory (Earth-centered) and wrote the Almagest.

Eratosthenes 4. He determined that the circumference of (the distance around) the earth
was 28,000 miles, which is three thousand miles more than what we know today.

Galen 5. He influenced the development of various scientific disciplines, including

anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and neurology.

Carpet Weaving 6. Persian rugs

Socrates 7. He worked on Skepticism

Aristotle 8. He theorized that species form a scale from simple to complex putting
animals that laid warm and wet creatures alive as the highest form of living things

Vitruvirus 9. He is regarded as the First architect of Rome.

Theophrastus 10. He is known as the ancient father of Plant Science.

ACTIVITY 2: APPRECIATION LETTER

Write a letter to any of the scientists or philosophers showing your appreciation of the
contributions made by them.
To our dear scientists, inventors, philosophers, and to all who have
contributed to the knowledge and discoveries today;

With all my heart, I wanted to express my deepest gratitude to all

your hard-work, initiatives, and efforts for the development of the
generations to come. Being alive in this time, in this very generation, right at
this moment, I’m more than thankful that we did not start from a scratch
and nothing. With everything lacking—knowledge, mediums, books, etc. you
still get through it and made contribution to the lives of billions of people
and generations that have come.
Your contribution and intelligence and all that you have started
had help the later generations understand a thing about the world. May
all of you—your hard work, and all your discoveries and inventions be
remembered by the new generations to come and be known to everyone who
benefits from it without appreciating the mind and work behind it.
Just the words won’t be enough to express how grateful I am for
being one of those lucky people who have experienced the convenience in
life—that is far different from what you have experienced. I swear and
promise to value and appreciate all that we have now. You are more than
appreciated! Thank you!

With so much love,

LESSON 5: ACTIVITY 1: BLOG IT
Choose one remarkable development from Arabic, Chinese and Hindu science and technology and
make a poster interpreting their contributions.
References:
Mark, Dr. Joshua (2019). "Ancient Mesopotamian Science and Technology – Brewminate: We're
Never Far from Where We Were." Ancient Mesopotamian Science and Technology.
https://brewminate.com/ancient-mesopotamian-science-and-technology/