Brief history of scouting

Boy Scouts

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Boy Scouts

youth organization

Alternate titles: Scouts

Boy Scouts, organization, originally for boys from 11 to 14 or 15 years of age, that aimed to develop in
them good citizenship, chivalrous behaviour, and skill in various outdoor activities. The Boy Scout
movement was founded in Great Britain in 1908 by a cavalry officer, Lieutenant General Robert S.S.
(later Lord) Baden-Powell, who had written a book called Scouting for Boys (1908) but who was better
known as the defender of the town of Mafeking in the South African (or Boer) War. Baden-Powell’s book
described many games and contests that he had used to train cavalry troops in scouting, and it became
popular reading among the boys of Great Britain. Prior to the book’s publication, Baden-Powell held an
experimental camp on Brownsea Island off the coast of southern England in which he put into practice
his ideas on the training of boys.

Date: 1908 - present

Related People: Irving Langmuir Robert M. Gates Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell Thomas
Spencer Monson Daniel Beard

Baden-Powell’s idea was that boys should organize themselves into small natural subgroups of six or
seven under a boy leader—the patrol and patrol leader. Their training would consist of such things as
tracking and reconnaissance, mapping, signaling, knotting, first aid, and all the skills that arise from
camping and similar outdoor activities. To become a scout, a boy would promise to be loyal to his
country, help other people, and in general obey the scout law, itself a simple code of chivalrous
behaviour easily understood by the boy.

That basic pattern of scouting aims and emphases has continued. In every country where scouting exists,
it involves a scout oath or promise; a scout law, with such small variations as national traditions and
culture demand; an emphasis on the delights of the outdoor life and the pursuit of such outdoor
activities as camping, swimming, sailing, climbing, canoeing, and exploring caves; a progressive training
rewarded by the granting of certain badges; and the encouragement of a daily good deed. In every
country, too, the highest proficiency is marked by the award of a special badge (e.g., the Eagle Scout
Badge in the United States and the Queen’s Scout Badge in Canada and Great Britain). The symbols of
the scouts include the handshake with the left hand, the fleur-de-lis badge, and the motto “Be
prepared.”

Baden-Powell had intended his ideas to be used by existing youth organizations in Britain, but it was
soon obvious that a new movement had come into being, and the Boy Scouts quickly spread to other
countries. By 1910 there were Boy Scout troops in Sweden, Mexico, Argentina, and the United States, as
well as such Commonwealth countries as Canada, Australia, and South Africa. By the early 21st century
there were national Boy Scout organizations in nearly 170 countries. The World Organization of the
Scout Movement, established in 1920 and now based in Geneva, promotes scouting worldwide. It
maintains regional offices in Belgium, Egypt, the Philippines, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Chile, and
Ukraine.

Boy Scout units, or troops, are divided into individual subgroups, or patrols, and hold regular meetings.
Scout troops are sponsored on the local level by churches, schools, fraternal organizations, and other
community groups. An adult “scoutmaster” heads each troop. The U.S. organization has sought to
include boys of diverse backgrounds, while the courts have affirmed its right as a private organization to
set standards barring some groups from membership or leadership. Since 1920, international scout
meetings, or “world jamborees,” have been held every four years. The jamborees are gatherings of
thousands of scouts representing their countries and camping together in friendship. There have also
been innumerable national camps attended by parties of scouts from neighbouring countries.

The Boy Scout movement was intended for boys 11 to 14 or 15 years of age, but it soon became
apparent that programs for younger and older boys were needed. Accordingly, in 1916 Baden-Powell
founded a parallel organization for younger boys, the Wolf Cubs (known in some countries as Cub
Scouts). Programs have been developed for even younger boys (Beaver Scouts in the U.K. for age 6 to 8,
Tiger Cubs in the U.S. for age 7). In the U.S., Varsity programs are open to boys 14 through 17 years old
and Venturing to young men and women 14 through 20 (16 to 20 in the U.K.). In 1967 the word Boy was
dropped from the name of the British organization, and in the 1980s girls were allowed to join at the
Cub level and upward.

In the late 20th century the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) faced growing criticism over its ban on
homosexual troop leaders. In 1999 James Dale, an openly gay assistant scoutmaster, sued the
organization after he was expelled. Boy Scouts of America v. Dale eventually reached the U.S. Supreme
Court, which ruled in favour of the BSA in 2000. The controversy continued, however, and some
corporate sponsors stopped funding the BSA. In 2014 Robert M. Gates—the former U.S. secretary of
defense who helped oversee the repeal of Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell—became president of the organization.
He subsequently sought to end the ban, and in July 2015 it was lifted, though exceptions were made for
church-sponsored troops.

In 2017 the BSA announced that it would admit younger girls to its Cub Scout organization starting in
2018 and would introduce a program for older girls, enabling them to earn the rank of Eagle Scout, in
2019. In 2018 the BSA announced that in 2019 its Boy Scouts program would be renamed Scouts BSA
and would admit girls as well as boys. In 2020, facing numerous lawsuits stemming from allegations of
child sexual abuse by some Scout leaders, the BSA declared bankruptcy