1. List the seven major function of the muscular system.

Mobility, Stability, Posture, Circulation, Respiration, Digestion, Organ Protection.

2. Define contractility, excitability, extensibility, and elasticity.

Contractility, or inotropism, is the ability of myocytes to develop force at a given cell
length.
Excitability is defined as the capacity of cells to generate an action potential in response
to inward, depolarizing current.
Extensibility is the ability of a muscle to be stretched.
A muscle can return to its original length when relaxed due to a quality of muscle tissue
called elasticity. 

3. List the connective tissue layers associated with muscles.

Three layers of connective tissues surround these fibers to form a muscle. The
endomysium is the connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber. The perimysium
encircles a group of muscle fibers, forming a fascicle. The epimysium encircles all the
fascicles to form a complete muscle.

4. What are fasciculi?

A muscle fascicle is a bundle of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium, a
type of connective tissue.

5. What is a muscle fiber?

Muscle fibers are the cells or basic building block of the muscle. There are a few
different types of muscle fiber, each designed for a specific type of muscle activity.
Some muscle fibers are good for endurance exercises, other work best for the short
bursts of strength exercises.

6. Explain the relevance of the structural relationship among sarcomeres,

T tubules, and the sarcoplasmic.
Actin and myosin filaments are the structural components of sarcomere, which is the
actual contractile part of the muscle. ... During muscle contraction, the T tubules are
stimulated by the action potential further deliver this stimulus to sarcoplasmic
reticulum to release “divalent calcium” ions.
 7. What is a sarcomere?
Sarcomere is the complicated unit of striated muscle tissue. It is the repeating unit
between two Z lines. Sarcomeres are composed of long, fibrous proteins as filaments
that slide past each other when a muscle contracts or relaxes.

8. Describe the composition of a myofibril. Describe the structure of actin

and myosin myofilaments.
The myofibrils are made up of thick and thin myofilaments, which help give the muscle
its striped appearance. The thick filaments are composed of myosin, and the thin
filaments are predominantly actin, along with two other muscle proteins, tropomyosin
and troponin.
 Myofilament is the term for the chains of (primarily) actin and myosin that pack a
muscle fiber. It is composed of a globular head with both ATP and actin binding sites,
and a long tail involved in its polymerization into myosin filaments.

9. Explain the resting membrane potential and how it is produced.

The resting membrane potential (RMP) is due to changes in membrane permeability for
potassium, sodium, calcium, and chloride, which results from the movement of these
ions across it. Once the membrane is polarized, it acquires a voltage, which is the
difference of potentials between intra and extracellular spaces.

10. Describe the production of an action potential.

Action potentials are generated by special types of voltage-gated ion channels
embedded in a cell's plasma membrane. When the channels open, they allow an inward
flow of sodium ions, which changes the electrochemical gradient, which in turn
produces a further rise in the membrane potential.

11. What is a neuromuscular junction? What happens there?

A neuromuscular junction (or myoneural junction) is a chemical synapse formed by the
contact between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. It is at the neuromuscular
junction that a motor neuron is able to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing
muscle contraction.
 12. Describe the sliding filament model of muscle contraction.
The sliding filament model describes the process used by muscles to contract. It is a
cycle of repetitive events that causes actin and myosin myofilaments to slide over each
other, contracting the sarcomere and generating tension in the muscle.

13. Explain how an action potential results in a muscle contraction.

A Muscle Contraction Is Triggered When an Action Potential Travels Along the Nerves
to the Muscles. Muscle contraction begins when the nervous system generates a signal.
... When the nervous system signal reaches the neuromuscular junction a chemical
message is released by the motor neuron.

14. Define muscle twitch, tetanus, and recruitment.

A muscle twitch has a latent period, a contraction phase, and a relaxation phase.
Tetanus is the fusion of contractions to produce a continuous contraction. Increasing the
number of motor neurons involved increases the amount of motor units activated in
a muscle, which is called recruitment.

15. Describe the two ways energy is produced in skeletal muscle.

During the cellular respiration, the heat is produced along with the energy (ATP). Thus,
the most metabolically active cells are in the body, such as the skeletal muscle cells.

16. Explain fatigue.

Fatigue is unrelenting exhaustion may be a sign of an underlying illness, such as a
thyroid disorder, heart disease or diabetes. Lifestyle-related causes – alcohol or drugs
or lack of regular exercise can lead to feelings of fatigue.

17. Compare isometric, isotonic, concentric, and eccentric contraction.

Isotonic contractions generate force by changing the length of the muscle and can
be concentric contractions or eccentric contractions. A concentric contraction causes
muscles to shorten, thereby generating force. Isometric contractions generate force
without changing the length of the muscle.

18. What is muscle tone?

Muscle tone is the continuous and passive partial contraction of the muscles, or
the muscle's resistance to passive stretch during resting state. It helps to maintain
posture and declines during REM sleep.
 19. Compare slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscle fibers.
People have two general types of skeletal muscle fibers: slow-twitch (type I) and fast-
twitch. Slow-twitch muscles help enable long-endurance feats such as distance running,
while fast-twitch muscles fatigue faster but are used in powerful bursts of movements
like sprinting.

20. How do smooth muscles and cardiac muscles differ from skeletal
muscles?
Cardiac and skeletal muscle are both striated in appearance, while smooth muscle is
not. Both cardiac and smooth muscle are involuntary while skeletal muscle is voluntary.
While skeletal muscles are arranged in regular, parallel bundles, cardiac
muscle connects at branching, irregular angles, called intercalated discs.

21. Define origin, insertion, agonist, antagonist, synergist, prime mover,

and fixator.
The origin is the attachment site that doesn't move during contraction, while the
insertion is the attachment site that does move when the muscle contracts.
Insertion describes the point of attachment in a muscle where more movement occurs.
Agonist is the opposite of antagonist. Antagonists and agonists are key players in the
chemistry of the human body.
Synergists are muscles that facilitate the fixation action. There is an important difference
between a helping synergist muscle and a true synergist muscle.
Prime mover, sometimes called the agonist, is the muscle that provides the primary
force driving the action. An antagonist muscle is in opposition to a prime mover in that it
provides some resistance and/or reverses a given movement.
Fixator is a muscle that serves as a stabilizer of one part of the body during movement
of another part. 

22. Describe the muscle of facial expression.

The facial muscles serve 2 major functions for the body: mastication and facial
expressions. The muscles of mastication include the temporalis, medial pterygoid,
lateral pterygoid, and the masseter (buccinator muscle is an important accessory of
chewing).
 23. What is mastication? What muscles are involved?
Chewing or mastication is the process by which food is crushed and ground by
teeth. There are four muscles that you need to know which are involved in mastication –
the temporalis, the masseter, the medial pterygoid and the lateral pterygoid. I'll begin by
showing you the temporalis muscle, which is this muscle here, this big muscle which
sits in the temple fossa of the skull.

24. What are the intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles?

The eight muscles of the human tongue are classified as either intrinsic or extrinsic. The
four intrinsic muscles act to change the shape of the tongue, and are not attached to
any bone. The four extrinsic muscles act to change the position of the tongue, and are
anchored to bone.

25. What muscles are involved in swallowing?

Swallowing is a complex mechanism using both skeletal muscle (tongue) and
smooth muscles of the pharynx and esophagus. The autonomic nervous system (ANS)
coordinates this process in the pharyngeal and esophageal phases.

26. What muscles are involved in respiration?

The muscles of respiration are those muscles that contribute to inhalation and
exhalation, by aiding in the expansion and contraction of the thoracic cavity. The
diaphragm and, to a lesser extent, the intercostal muscles drive respiration during quiet
breathing.
27. Describe the functions of the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall.
The external and internal oblique muscles flex the trunk laterally and play their part in
rotation. The rectus abdominis muscles help stabilize the pelvis and also flex the trunk.
28. What is primarily responsible for attaching the upper limb to the body?
The pectoralis major is also responsible for keeping the arm attached to the trunk of
the body. It is situated in the middle of the front of the thigh. It is one of the four
quadriceps muscles of the human body.

29. Describe, by muscle groups, movements of the arm, forearm, and hand.
Flexion of the forearm is achieved by a group of three muscles — the brachialis, biceps
brachii, and brachioradialis. Additionally, the biceps brachii operates as a supinator of
the forearm by rotating the radius and moving the palm of the hand anteriorly.

30. Describe, by muscle groups, movements of the thigh, leg, and foot.
Key Movements Flexion (extending thigh to front of body): Produced by the gracilis,
psoas major, iliacus, and pectineus. Abduction (moving thigh laterally away from pelvis):
Produced by the gluteus medius and minimus, obturator externus, gemelli, and
sartorius.

Reference:
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321617#eleven-main-functions-of-the-
muscular-system
https://www.osmosis.org/learn/Cardiac_contractility
https://www.osmosis.org/learn/Excitability_and_refractory_periods
https://content.byui.edu/file/a236934c-3c60-4fe9-90aa-d343b3e3a640/1/module7/
readings/function_muscle_tissue.html
https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/anatomy-and-physiology/muscle-tissue/
connective-tissue-associated-with-muscle-tissue
https://www.britannica.com/science/myofibril
http://muscle.ucsd.edu/musintro/fibril.shtml
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book
%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/38%3A_The_Musculoskeletal_System/
38.4%3A_Muscle_Contraction_and_Locomotion/38.4C
%3A_Sliding_Filament_Model_of_Contraction
https://www.active.com/fitness/articles/fast-twitch-vs-slow-twitch-muscles
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493209/
https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/anterior-abdominal-wall
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/muscles-of-the-lower-limb/