𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2

𝑎: 12
Find the radius of a circle
with center at (2,3), if a
chord of length 8 is bisected
at (-1,4).

A: 26
 𝑃1 𝑃 𝑟1
=
𝑃𝑃2 𝑟2

𝑟2 𝑥1 + 𝑟1 𝑥2
𝑥=
𝑟1 + 𝑟2
𝑟2 𝑦1 + 𝑟1 𝑦2
𝑦=
𝑟1 + 𝑟2
The segment from 5, −4 to 7, −9 is extended beyond point 𝑥 so that its
length is doubled. Find the point 𝑥

𝑃1 𝑃 2𝑑 𝑟1
= =
𝑃𝑃2 −𝑑 𝑟2

(−1)(5) + (2)(7)
𝑥= =9
2−1
(−1)(−4) + (2)(−9)
𝑦= = −14
2−1

9, −14
Express the given statement by an algebraic equation.
1. The point (𝑥, 𝑦) is equidistant from (0,0) and (4, −2).
2. The point (𝑥, 𝑦) is at a distance 4 from (5, −2).
3. The point (𝑥, 𝑦) lies on a circle which has the segment from (2, −4) to (5,6) as a
diameter.

4. The segment joining 2, −4 , (9,3) is divided into two segments, one of which is three-
fourths as long as the other. Find the point of division. (2 answers)
5. The segment joining −2, −3 , (6,1) is extended each way a distance equal to one-fourth its
own length. Find the terminal points. (2 answers)
Express the given statement by an algebraic equation.
1. The point (𝑥, 𝑦) is equidistant from (0,0) and (4, −2).
Slope of a line 𝑚=
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
= tan 𝛼
𝑥2 − 𝑥1

Parallel and 𝑚1 = 𝑚2
1
Perpendicular Lines 𝑚1 = −
𝑚2

𝑚2 − 𝑚1
Angle between two tan 𝜙 =
1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2
lines angle from line of slope m1 to a line of slope m2
in counter-clockwise direction
 1 𝑥1 … 𝑥1
Area of a Polygon 𝐴= 𝑥
2 2 … 𝑥2
𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Show that the points 1,4 , 7,0 , 5, −3 , (−1,1) are the vertices of a rectangle,
and find its area. (26)
 1 𝑥1 … 𝑥1
Area of a Polygon 𝐴= 𝑥
2 2 … 𝑥2
𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Show that the points 1,4 , 7,0 , 5, −3 , (−1,1) are the vertices of a rectangle,
and find its area. (26)
𝑑 2 = 𝑟12 + 𝑟22 − 2𝑟1 𝑟2 cos 𝜃2 − 𝜃1
Express the given statement by an algebraic equation.
1. A right triangle has its right angle at 𝑟, 𝜃 and its other vertices fixed at 4,30° and
3,120° .
2. The point 𝑟, 𝜃 is equidistant from 2,90° and −2,150° .
3. The point 𝑟, 𝜃 lies on a circle of radius 5 with center at 5,0°
Express the given statement by an algebraic equation.
1. A right triangle has its right angle at 𝑟, 𝜃 and its other vertices fixed at 4,30° and
3,120° .
2. The point 𝑟, 𝜃 is equidistant from 2,90° and −2,150° .
3. The point 𝑟, 𝜃 lies on a circle of radius 5 with center at 5,0°
 1 𝑥1 … 𝑥1
Area of a Polygon 𝐴= 𝑥
2 2 … 𝑥2
𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Show that the points 1,4 , 7,0 , 5, −3 , (−1,1) are the vertices of a rectangle,
and find its area. (26)
 Locus
The locus of an equation is a curve containing those points,
and only those points, whose coordinates satisfy the
equation.
1. A point 𝑃: (𝑥, 𝑦) moves to as to remain always equidistant from the points 𝑃1 : (3,2) and
𝑃2 : (−1,5). Find the equation of its locus.
2. Its distance from (4,0) is always twice its distance from (1,0)
3. A circle of radius a with center at (𝑎, 0)
4. A line through (𝑎, 𝜋) perpendicular to 𝑂𝑥
1
5. Find the locus of a point (𝑟, 𝜃) whose distance from O is one-half its distance from 𝑐, 2 𝜋
 Function
If two variables 𝑦 and 𝑥 are so related that, when the value of
𝑥 is given, the value of 𝑦 is determined, then
𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 . The variable 𝑥 , to which
values are assigned at pleasure, is the independent variable,
or argument.
 Symmetry
Two points 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 are said to be symmetric
with respect to a line, if that line is the
perpendicular bisector of the segment 𝑃1 𝑃2 ; the
line is then called a line of symmetry.

A curve or other plane figure is symmetric with

respect to a line if, corresponding to every point 𝑃1
of the figure, the image-point 𝑃2 in that line also
belongs to the figure.
 Symmetry
Two points 𝑃1 , 𝑃2 are said to be
symmetric with respect to point C if C is
the midpoint of 𝑃1 𝑃2 . A plane figure is
symmetric with respect to a point C if,
corresponding to every point 𝑃1 of the
figure, there is a point 𝑃2 , also belonging
to the figure such that C is the midpoint
of 𝑃1 𝑃2 . The point C is called the center of
symmetry, or simple the center.
Theorem. A curve is symmetric with respect to the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 if
its equation is unchanged when 𝑦 is replaced by – 𝑦; and
conversely. A curve is symmetric with respect to the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
if its equation is unchanged when 𝑥 is replaced by – 𝑥 and
conversely.

Theorem. A curve is symmetric with respect to the origin if its

equation is unchanged when 𝑥 is replaced by – 𝑥 and 𝑦 by – 𝑦
simultaneously; and conversely.
 𝑦2 = 𝑥 − 2 𝑥2 − 1

is symmetric to 𝑂𝑥

𝑦 3 = 2𝑥

is symmetric with respect to the origin

𝑦2 = 𝑥 + 4
𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥
𝑥𝑦 = 4
 Form
The equation of the straight line of slope m through the point x1 , y1 is

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1

This is the point-slope form of the equation of the straight line, where

𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1

is the slope of the line

Alternate Method: The equation of the line through any two points (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ),
(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) may be written in the form
1. In the triangle with vertices (0,6), (−2, −2), (4,2), find the equation of the altitudes and their
12 12
point of intersection. 𝐴: 5 , 5
69 3
2. In the triangle with vertices (2,0), (3,2), (4, −3), find the point of its circumcenter. , −
14 14
3. Show that the points found in Example 2 do not lie in a straight line.
1. In the triangle with vertices (0,6), (−2, −2), (4,2), find the equation of the altitudes and their
12 12
point of intersection. 𝐴: 5 , 5
69 3
2. In the triangle with vertices (2,0), (3,2), (4, −3), find the point of its circumcenter. , −
14 14
3. Show that the points found in Example 2 do not lie in a straight line.
1. In the triangle with vertices (0,6), (−2, −2), (4,2), find the equation of the altitudes and their
12 12
point of intersection. 𝐴: 5 , 5
69 3
2. In the triangle with vertices (2,0), (3,2), (4, −3), find the point of its circumcenter. , −
14 14
3. Show that the points found in Example 2 do not lie in a straight line.
 Form
The equation of the straight line with slope 𝑚 and y-intercept 𝑏 is

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
Form
A line forms with the axes a triangle of area 1 and passes through the point 𝑃: (1,4). Find the
1
dimensions of the triangle. 𝑎 = −1, 𝑏 = 2; 𝑎 = 2 , 𝑏 = −4
 12
Find the equation of the line through ,1 , forming with the axes a triangle of area 5
5
Answer: 5𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 10, 5𝑥 + 8𝑦 = 20, 5𝑥 + 18𝑦 = 30, 5𝑥 − 72𝑦 = −60
Theorem. The lines
𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝐵1 𝑦 + 𝐶1 = 0
𝐴2 𝑥 + 𝐵2 𝑦 + 𝐾 = 0
are parallel if and only if
𝐴1 𝐵1
=0
𝐴2 𝐵2

The lines
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0
𝐵𝑥 − 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐾 = 0
are perpendicular
Write the equation of a line through the point (3, −1) perpendicular to the line
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6
 Line to Point
To find the directed distance from the line

𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0

to any point 𝑃: 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 not on that line

𝐴 𝑥1 + 𝐵 𝑦2 + 𝐶
𝑑=
± 𝐴2 + 𝐵 2

where the ambiguous sign is taken like the sign of 𝐵, of if 𝐵 = 0, like the sign of
𝐴
 Line to Point
To find the directed distance from the line

𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0

to any point 𝑃: 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 not on that line

𝐴 𝑥1 + 𝐵 𝑦2 + 𝐶
𝑑=
± 𝐴2 + 𝐵 2

where the ambiguous sign is taken like the sign of 𝐵, of if 𝐵 = 0, like the sign of
𝐴
Find the equations of the lines bisecting the angles between the lines 𝐿1 , 𝐿2
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2, 𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 2 = 0
Answer: 3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4, 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 3
Find the equations of the lines bisecting the angles between the lines 𝐿1 , 𝐿2
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2, 𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 2 = 0
Answer: 3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4, 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 3
Find the equations of the lines bisecting the angles between the lines 𝐿1 , 𝐿2
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2, 𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 2 = 0
Answer: 3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4, 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 3
Find the distance between the given lines
𝑥 + 3𝑦 = −5
𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 25
A: 3 10
The circle touches the lines 4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 7, 𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 13. Find the locus of its
center.
Answer: 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4, 𝑥 − 𝑦 = −2