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HDV121 Milestones
HDV121 Milestones
13 - 18 months
Emotional / Social
● Shows signs of almost all basic emotions
Physical
(happiness, interest, surprise, fear, anger, sadness,
● height and weight gain, but not as great as in first
disgust)
year
● Social smile and laughter emerge
● walking better coordinated
● Matches adults’ emotional expressions during
● manipulates small objects with improved
face-to-face interaction
coordination
● Emotional expressions become better organized and
clearly tied to social events
Cognitive
● I-self emerges
● experiments with objects in a trial-and-error fashion
Cognitive Cognitive
● Notices transformations, reverses thinking, and has ● Ability to distinguish appearance from reality
a basic understanding of casualty in familiar mproves
situations ● Attention continues to improve
● Classifies familiar objects hierarchically ● Recall, scripted memory, and autobiographical
● Uses private speech to guide behavior in challenging memory improves
tasks ● Understands that letters and sounds are linked in
● Attention becomes more sustained and planful systematic ways
● Uses scripts to recall familiar experiences ● Counts on and counts down, engaging in simple
● Understands both beliefs and desires can determine addition and subtraction
behavior
● Aware of some meaningful features of written Language
language ● Vocabulary reaches about 10,000 words
● Counts small numbers of objects and grasps ● Uses many complex grammatical forms
cardinality
Emotional / Social
Language ● Ability to interpret and predict others’ emotional
● Masters increasingly complex grammatical structures reaction improves
● Occasionally over-extends grammatical rules to ● Relies more on language to express empathy
exceptions ● Has acquired many morally relevant rules and
● Understands many culturally accepted ways of behaviors
adjusting speech to fit the age, sex, and social satus ● Gender-stereotyped beliefs and behavior continue
of speakers and listeners to increase
● Understands gender constancy
Emotional / Social
● Emotional self-regulation improves
● Experiences self-conscious emotions more often MIDDLE CHILDHOOD
● Nonsocial activity declines, and interactive play
increases
Ages 6 - 8 years old
● Instrumental aggression declines, and hostile
aggression increases
Physical
● Forms first friendships
● Slow gains in height and weight continue until
● Distinguishes moral rules from social conventions
adolescent growth spurt
and personal matters
● Gradual replacement of primary teeth by
● Preference for same-sex playmates strengthens
permanent teeth
● Writing becomes smaller and more legible. Letter
Age 5 - 6 years old
reversals decline
● Drawings become more organized and detailed
Physical
and include some depth cues
● Body is streamlines and longer-legged with
● Games with rules become common
proportions similar to adults’
● First permanent tooth erupts
● Skipping appears
Cognitive
Age 11 - 14 years old
● Is likely to show formal operational reasoning on
familiar tasks
Physical
● Masters the components of formal operational
● If a girl, reaches peak of growth spurt
reasoning in sequential order of different types of
● If a girl, more body fat than muscle
taks
● If a girl, starts to menstruate
● Becomes better at everyday planning and decision
● If a boy, begins growth spurt
making
● If a boy, starts to ejaculate seminal fluid
● Likely to become aware of sexual orientation
Emotional / Social
● If a girl, motor performance gradually increases and
● Combines features of the self into an organized
then levels off
self-concept
● Self-esteem differentiates further
Cognitive
● Self-esteem tends to rise
● Becomes capable of formal operational reasoning
● Is likely to be searching for an identity
● Becomes better at coordinating theory with
● Is likely to engage in societal perspective taking
evidence
● Is likely to have a conventional moral orientation
● Can argue more effectively
● Gender-stereotyped attitudes and behavior may
● Becomes more self-conscious and self-focused
decline
● Becomes more idealistic and critical
● Importance of cliques and crowds declines
● Metacognition and cognitive self-regularization
● Has probably started dating
continue to improve
● Conformity to peer pressure may decline
Emotional / Social
● Moodiness and parent-child conflict increases
● Is likely to show increased gender stereotyping of EARLY ADULTHOOD
attitued and behavior
● Spends less time with parents and siblings Age 20 - 30 years old
● Spends more time with peers
● Friendships are based on intimacy and loyalty Physical
● Peer groups become more organized around ● Athletic skills that require speed of limb movement,
cliques explosive strength, and gross motor coordination
● Cliques with similar values from crowds peak early in this decade and then decline
● Conformity to peer pressure increases ● Athletic skills that depend on endurance, arm-hand
steadiness, and aiming peak at the end of this
decade and then decline
Emotional / Social
Age 40-50 years old
● Leaves home permanently
● Strives to make a permanent commitment to an
Physical
intimate partner
● Accommodative ability of the lens of the eye, ability to
● Usually constructs a dream, an image of self in the
see in dim light, and color discrimination decline;
adult world that guides decision making
sensitivity to glare increases
● Usually forms a relationship with a mentor, who
● Hearing loss at high frequencies occurs
facilitates realization of the dream
● Hair grays and thins
● If in a high-status career, acquires professional
● Lines on the face become more pronounced, and skin
skills, values, and credentials (for women, may be
loses elasticity and begins to sag
delayed and take longer)
● Weight gain continues, accompanied by a rise in fatty
● Begins to develop mutually gratifying adult
deposits in the torso, whereas fat beneath the skin
friendships and work ties
declines
● May cohabits, marry, and bear children
● Loss of lean body mass (muscle and bone) occurs
● Sibling relationships become more companionate
● In women, production of estrogen drops, leading to
● As people move in and out of relationships,
shortening and irregularity of the menstrual cycle
loneliness peaks early in this decade and then
● For men, the quantity of semen and sperm declines
declines steadily throughout adulthood
Cognitive Physical
● Consciousness of aging increases ● Lens of the eye loses its accommodative ability
● Crystallized and intelligence increases; fluid entirely
intelligence declines ● Hearing loss extends to all frequencies but remains
● Processing speed declines; adults compensate greatest for highest tones
through practice and experience ● Skin continues to wrinkle and sag, and age spots
● On complex tasks, ability to divide and control appear
attention declines; adults compensate through ● Menopause occurs
practice and experience ● Continued loss of bone mass, accelerating especially
● Amount of information retained in working memory for women after menopause and leading to high rates
declines; largely due to reduced use of memory of osteoporosis
strategies ● Due to collapse disks in the spinal column, height
● Retrieving information from long-term memory may drop by as much as 1 inch
becomes more difficult
● General factual knowledge, procedural knowledge, Cognitive
and knowledge related to one’s occupation remain ● Changes in cognition described in ages 40-50
unchanged or increase continues
● Gains in practical problem solving and expertise occur
● Creativity focuses on integrating ideas and becomes Emotional / Social
more altruistic ● Emotional and social changes described in ages
● If in an occupation offering challenge and autonomy, 40-50 continues
shows gains in cognitive flexibility ● May become a grandparent
● Parent-to-child help giving declines, and
Emotional / Social children-to-parent help giving increases
● Generativity increases ● May retire
● Focuses more on personally meaningful living
● Possible selves become fewer in number and more
modest and concrete LATE ADULTHOOD
● Introspection increases as people contemplate the
second half of life
Ages 60-80 years old
● Self-acceptance, autonomy, and environmental
mastery increase
Physical
● Coping strategies become more effective
● Neurons die at a faster rate, but the brain
● Gender identity becomes more androgynous:
compensates through growth of new synapses
“musculine” traits increase in women, “feminine” traits
● Autonomic nervous system performs less well,
in men
impairing adaptation to hot and cold weather
● May launch children
● Declines in vision continue, in terms of increased
● May enlarge the family network to include in-laws
sensitivity to glare and impaired color discrimination,
● May become a kinkeeper, especially if a mother
dark adaptation, depth perception, and visual acuity
● May care for a parent with a disability or chronic
● Declines in hearing continue throughout the frequency
illness
range
● Siblings may feel closer
● Taste and odor sensitivity may decline
Zulaikhah Hamsain | BSSLP 1-1
● Touch sensitivity declines on the hands, particularly ● Faith and spirituality may advance to a higher level
the fingertips, less so on the arms ● Size of social network and amount of social
● Declines in cardiovascular and respiratory functioning interaction decline
lead to greater physical stress during exercise ● Selects social partners on the basis of emotion,
● Aging of the immune system increases risk for a approaching pleasant relationships and avoiding
variety of illnesses unpleasant ones
● Sleep difficulties increase, especially for men ● Marital satisfaction increases
● Garing and thinning of the hair continue; the skin ● May be widowed
wrinkles further and becomes more transparent as it ● Sibling closeness and support may increase
loses its fatty layer of support ● Number of friends generally declines
● Height and weight (due to loss of lean body mass) ● May become a great-randparent
declines ● May retire
● Loss of bone mass leads to rising rates of ● More likely to be knowledgeable about politics and to
osteoporosis vote
● Intensity of sexual response and sexual acivity
decline, although most healthy married couples report Ages 80 years old and older
regular sexual enjoyment
Physical
Cognitive ● Physical changes described in ages 60-80 years old
● Processing speed continues to decline; crystallized continues
abilities are largely sustained ● Mobility diminishes, due to loss of muscle, and bone
● Amount of information that can be retained in working strength and joint flexibility
memory diminishes further; memory problems are
greatest on tasks requiring deliberate processing and Cognitive
associative memory ● Cognitive changes described in ages 60-80 years old
● Modest forgetting of remote memories occurs continues
● Use of external aids for prospective memory ● Fluid abilities decline further, crystallized abilities drop
increases as well
● Information is more likely to be remembered in terms
of gist than details Emotional / Social
● Traditional problem solving remains adaptive ● Emotional and social changes described in ages
● May hold on of the most important positions in society 60-80 years old continues
such as chief executive officer, religious leader, or ● As relatives and friends dies, may develop friendships
Supreme Court justice with younger people
● May excel at wisdom ● Relationships with adult children become more
● Can improve a wide range of cognitive skills through important
training ● Frequency and variety of leisure activities decline
Emotional / Social
● Comes to terms with life, developing ego integrity
● Describes emotional reactions in more complex and
personalized ways; improves in emotional
self-regulation
● May engage in reminiscence and life review
● Self-concept strengthens, becoming more secure and
complex
● Agreeable and acceptance of change increase