Exercise 1.

1
MENTAL MATH:

1. 45, 70, 85 26x2 y5 = 2 x 13, x, x, y, y, y, y, y

45 = 3 x 3 x 5 GCF = 2x2 y3
70 = 7 x 2 x 5
85 = 17 x 5 6. 18x7 y3 z, 42x3 y4 z, 72x4 y z2
GCF = 5 18x7 y3 z = 2 x 3 x 3, x, x, x, x, x, x, x,
y, y, y, z
2. 35, 49, 77 42x3 y4 z = 2 x 3 x 7, x, x, x, y, y, y, y,
35 = 5 x 7 z
49 = 7 x 7 72x4 y z2 = 2 x 3 x 3 x 2 x 2, x, x, x, x,
77 = 11 x 7 y, z, z
GCF = 7 GCF = 6x3 y z

3. x3 y2, x6, y6 7. -15xyz, -55xy2, -55yz

x3 = x, x, x -15xyz = -3 x -5, x, y, z
y2 = y, y -55xy2 = -11 x -5, x, y, y
x = x, x, x, x, x, x
6
-55yz = -11 x -5, y, z
y6 = y, y, y, y, y, y GCF = -5y
GCF = x3 y2
8. 18x3 y7, -18xy2, -36y3
4. x2 y2 z, x9 y4 z4 18x3 y7 = 3 x 3 x 2, x, x, x, y, y, y, y,
x2 = x, x y, y, y
x9 = x, x, x, x, x, x, x, x, x -18xy2 = -3 x -3 x -2, x, y, y
y2 = y, y -36y3 = -3 x -3 x -2 x -2, y, y, y
y4 = y, y, y, y GCF = -6y2
y2 = y, y
z= z 9. 32x3 y3, 48x4 y3, -48x3 y4
z2 = z, z 32x3 y3 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2, x, x, x, y,
GCF = x2 y2 z y, y
48x4 y3 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 3, x, x, x, x,
5. 98x5 y3, 110x4 y4, 26x2 y5 y, y, y
98x5 y3 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 7, x, x, x, x, x, y, -48x3 y4 = -2 x -2 x -2 x -2 x -3, x, x, x,
y, y y, y, y, y
110x4 y4 = 2 x 5 x 11, x, x, x, x, y, y, GCF = 16 x3 y3
y, y
 84x4 y3 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 7, x, x, x, x, y, y,
y
168x3 q4 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 7 x, x, x, q,
q, q, q
10. 24x4 y3, 84x4 y3, 168x3 q4 GCF = 12 x3
24x4 y3 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3, x, x, x, x, y, y,
y

WRITTEN MATH:
28. – 39e f3 – 21e3 f2 – 24e4 f2
(even numbers only) = 3e f2 ( - 13f – 7e2 – 8e3)
12. 21b + 63b2
= 21b ( 1 + 3b) 30. 56m4 n – 72 pq + 4r3 t
= 4 ( 14m4 n – 18pq + r3 t )
14. -4e2 + 7c3 + -9e4
= e2 ( -4 + 7c3 -9e2) 32. 187x + 765
16. 24g2 -39gh + 51h2 = 17 (11x + 45)
= 3 ( 8g2 -13gh + 17h2) 34. 368x + 552
=184(2x + 3)
18. 18m4 n4 -63m5 n3 +117 m6 n2
= 9m4 n2 ( 2n2 – 7mn + 13m2) 36. 2ax – 4bx +2ay – 4by
= 2 (a – 2b) (x + y)
20. 36rs2 – 72r2s + 60rs = 12rs ( 3s –
6r + 5) 38. 5w3 – 2w2 x – 5wx2 + 2x3
= (5w – 2x) (w2 – 2x2)
22. 104u5v – 88uv7 +40u2v2
= 8uv (13u4 – 11v6 + 5uv) 40. 4m2n2 + 25h2n2 + 4m2 + 25h2
= (4m2 + 25h2) x (n2 + 1)
24. -36y2 z3 – 42 y3 z2 + 54 y3 z4
= 6y2 z2 ( - 6z – 7y +7yz2 ) 42. 6t3 – 9t2 + 4t – 6=

26. 35a5 b4 – 105a6 b4 – 7a4 b3 44. 8v3 + 2v2 + 12v + 3 =

=a4 b3 (35ab – 105 a2 b – 7)
Exercise 1.2
MENTAL MATH: 6. 16/ k6
A. =4/ k3
1. 100a2 b4
=10ab2 7. 0.16m4 n8
= 0.4m2 n4
2. 144c2 d2
=12cd 8. 0.49
3. 49e4/81 = 0.7
=7e2/ 9
9. (pq) ½
4. 64f / 121g h
2 2 2
=(pq) ¼
=8f/ 11gh
10. (rst) ½
5. 1/ 9j 4
=(rst) ¼
=1/ 3j2

B.
11. (21) (19) = 399
12. (39) (41) = 1,599
13. (61) (59) = 3,599
14. (79) (81) = 6,399
15. (91) (89) = 8,099
16. (99) (101) = 9,999
17. (28) (32) = 896
18. (38) (42) = 1,596
19. (58) (62) = 3,596
20. (98) (102) = 9,996
21. (16)2 – (14)2 = 60
22. (58)2 – (42)2 = 1,600

WRITTEN MATH: odd numbers only

A.

23. 9a2 – 1 = 3a (3a) -1

25. c4 – 64 = c2 (c2) – 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
x2
27. f6 – 400 = (f3 – 20) (f3 + 20)
29. 36j2 – 100k6 m4
=(6j – 10k3 m2) (6j + 10k3 m2)
31. 144r2 – 49s4 = (12r – 7s2) (12r +
7s2)
39. d2 – 0.36e2 = (d – 0.6 e) (d + 0.6
e)
41. 25h3 – 36hj2 = h (5h – 6j) (5h + 6j)
43. 36n5 – 25n3 = n (6n2 – 5n) (6n2 +
5n)
45. 4q4 – 16r2 = (2q2 – 4r) (2q2 + 4r)
47. 3t5 – 48tu4 = 3 (t2 – 4u2) (t2 + 4u2)

33. 12 – 75u6 = 3 (2 – 5u3) (2 + 5u3) 49. (x2 – 1)2 – x2 = [(x2 – 1) – x] [(x2 –

1) + x]
35. 20w4 – 405x6 = 5 (2w2 – 9x3) (2w2
+ 9x3) 51. 256y2 – 1, 296 = (16y – 36) (16y
+ 36)
37. a2 / 25 – 1 = (a / 5 – 1) (a / 5 + 1)

B.

53. 5a3 – 2a2 x – 5a x2 + 2x3 57. 36m2 – 25n2 + 12m – 10n= 6m –

= a2 – x2 (5a – 2x) (5a – 2x) 5n (6m + 2) (5n + 2)

55. 4a2 b2 – 25b2 c2 – 4a2 + 25c2 59. m2 n – m3 – n2 + m2

= (4a2 – 25c2) (b2 – 1) (b2 – 1) = n – m (m2 – n) (- m2 – m)

61. 25x2 – 4y2 + 12y – 9

= -4y (y – 3) (5x – 3) (5x + 3)
Exercise 1.3
MENTAL MATH:

● 4 + 4a + a2
-perfect square trinomial

● 4b2 + 6b + 9

-not perfect square trinomial

● c2 – 2cd + d2

-perfect square trinomial

● 16e4 – 24e2 + 9

-perfect square trinomial

● f2 + 4fg +g2

-not perfect square trinomial

● h2 + 2hj – j2

-perfect square trinomial

● 25k2 – 10k + 4

-not perfect square trinomial

● m4 – 4m + 4

-not perfect square trinomial

● 9/ 16 n2 – 3/ 2 n + 1

-perfect square trinomial

● 25 p2 + 50/ 7 pq + 25/ 49 q2

-not perfect square trinomial

● 8a2 – 12ab +9b2

-not perfect square trinomial

● 36x2 – 15xy +25/ 16 y2

-perfect square trinomial

WRITTEN MATH: odd numbers only
13. a2 + 2a + 1 = (a +1) (a + 1)
15. 1 – 8f + 16f2 = (1 – 4f) (1 – 4f)
17. 49m2 – 56m + 16 = (7m – 4) (7m – 4)
19. 16 + 24t + 9t2 = (4 + 3t) (4 + 3t)
21. 25y2 + 70yz + 49z2 = (5y + 7z) (5y + 7z)
23. 1 – 20cd + 100c2d2 = (1 – 10cd) (1 – 10cd)
25. 72j6 – 72j3 + 18 = 6 square root 2
27. (q – 2)2 + 4(q – 2) + 4 = (q – 2) (q – 2)
29. 6x4 - 5x2y2 – 4y4 = (3x2 – 2y2) (3x2 – 2y2)
31. 31x2m + 16xmyn + 5y2n = (3a – 2b) (3a + 2b) (4b – 5c)
B.
33. 9a2 – 4b2 + 20bc – 25c2 =
35. 16 – h2 – 6hy – 9y2 =
37. p2 – 4pq + p – 2q + 4q2 =