B

‌ IRSA‌‌AGRICULTURAL‌‌UNIVERSITY‌  ‌
 
 ‌

 
 
 

FACULTY‌‌OF‌‌FORESTRY‌  ‌
Report‌‌on‌‌First‌‌Aid‌‌Training‌  ‌
 ‌
 ‌
Submitted‌‌To‌‌:-‌‌Dr.‌‌S.‌‌Chattopadhyay‌‌ 
Submitted‌‌By‌‌:-‌‌Divyanshu‌‌Kunwar‌‌ 
Roll‌‌no‌‌:-‌‌40‌  ‌
Semester‌‌:-‌‌VIIIth‌‌
   ‌
 A
‌ CKNOWLEDGEMENT‌‌
   ‌

This‌  ‌report‌  ‌bears‌  ‌the‌  ‌imprints‌  ‌of‌  ‌all‌  ‌those‌  ‌who‌  ‌have‌  ‌in‌  ‌one‌  ‌way‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌  ‌other‌  ‌
contributed‌  ‌towards‌  ‌its‌  ‌completion.‌  ‌I ‌ ‌owe‌  ‌a ‌ ‌lot‌  ‌to‌  ‌many‌  ‌people‌  ‌whose‌  ‌
presence‌‌has‌‌made‌‌the‌‌making‌‌of‌‌this‌‌report‌‌possible.‌‌    ‌

My‌‌
  sincere‌‌
  gratitude‌‌   goes‌‌  to‌‌
  ‌Dr.S.CHATTOPADHYAY‌‌  ‌, ‌‌the‌‌
 instructor‌‌
 of‌‌
 this‌  ‌
programme‌  ‌for‌  ‌his‌  ‌help‌  ‌and‌  ‌guidance‌  ‌throughout‌  ‌the‌  ‌commencement‌  ‌of‌  ‌this‌  ‌
course.‌‌
   ‌

I‌‌
  would‌‌
  also‌‌
  like‌‌
  to‌‌
  thank‌‌
  all‌‌
  the‌‌
  field‌‌
  staffs‌‌  and‌‌
  other‌‌
  officials‌‌
  who‌‌
  supported‌  ‌
and‌‌guided‌‌us‌‌during‌‌the‌‌field‌‌excursions.‌‌    ‌

The‌  ‌report‌  ‌is‌  ‌worthless‌  ‌without‌  ‌the‌  ‌mention‌  ‌of‌  ‌my‌  ‌dear‌  ‌batchmates.‌  ‌The‌  ‌co‌‌
 
operation‌  ‌extended‌  ‌by‌  ‌them‌  ‌was‌  ‌of‌  ‌great‌  ‌help‌  ‌during‌  ‌the‌  ‌completion‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌
report.‌‌   ‌

Finally‌  ‌I ‌ ‌would‌  ‌like‌  ‌to‌  ‌thank‌  ‌all‌  ‌those‌  ‌people‌  ‌who‌  ‌were‌  ‌always‌  ‌helpful‌  ‌
throughout‌‌the‌‌completion‌‌of‌‌the‌‌same.‌‌    ‌

-DIVYANSHU‌‌KUNWAR‌  ‌
 ‌
 ‌
First‌‌Aid‌‌Training‌  ‌
First‌‌  aid‌‌  is‌‌
  the‌‌   first‌‌
  and‌‌ immediate‌‌ assistance‌‌  given‌‌  to‌‌
 any‌‌ person‌‌ suffering‌‌ from‌‌  either‌‌ a ‌‌minor‌‌ or‌‌ 
serious‌‌ illness‌‌ or‌‌ injury,‌‌ with‌‌  care‌‌ provided‌‌  to‌‌
 preserve‌‌  life,‌‌ prevent‌‌  the‌‌ condition‌‌  from‌‌  worsening,‌‌  
or‌‌
  to‌‌
  promote‌‌   recovery.‌‌   It‌‌
  includes‌‌   initial‌‌   intervention‌‌   in‌‌
  a ‌‌serious‌‌   condition‌‌  prior‌‌ to‌‌
 professional‌‌  
medical‌  ‌help‌  ‌being‌  ‌available,‌  ‌such‌  ‌as‌  ‌performing‌  ‌cardiopulmonary‌  ‌resuscitation‌  ‌(CPR)‌  ‌while‌‌ 
waiting‌‌   for‌‌  an‌‌ ambulance,‌‌  as‌‌ well‌‌
 as‌‌  the‌‌ complete‌‌ treatment‌‌  of‌‌ minor‌‌  conditions,‌‌  such‌‌  as‌‌ applying‌ 
a‌‌
  plaster‌‌   to‌‌  a ‌‌cut.‌‌ First‌‌
 aid‌‌ is‌‌
 generally‌‌  performed‌‌ by‌‌  someone‌‌ with‌‌  basic‌‌  medical‌‌  training.‌‌  Mental‌‌ 
health‌  ‌first‌  ‌aid‌  ‌is‌  ‌an‌  ‌extension‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌concept‌  ‌of‌  ‌first‌  ‌aid‌  ‌to‌  ‌cover‌  ‌mental‌  ‌health,‌  ‌while‌‌  
psychological‌  ‌first‌  ‌aid‌  ‌is‌  ‌used‌  ‌as‌‌   early‌‌   treatment‌‌   of‌‌
  people‌‌   who‌‌  are‌‌
  at‌‌
  risk‌‌
  for‌‌
  developing‌‌   There‌‌ 
are‌‌  many‌‌   situations‌‌   that‌‌  may‌‌   require‌‌   first‌‌  aid,‌‌
  and‌‌  many‌‌   countries‌‌   have‌‌  legislation,‌‌  regulation,‌‌  or‌‌ 
guidance‌‌   which‌‌  specifies‌‌ a ‌‌minimum‌‌  level‌‌ of‌‌ first‌‌ aid‌‌  provision‌‌  in‌‌
 certain‌‌  circumstances.‌‌  This‌‌  can‌‌ 
include‌  ‌specific‌  ‌training‌  ‌or‌  ‌equipment‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌available‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌workplace‌  ‌(such‌  ‌as‌  ‌an‌  ‌automated‌‌  
external‌‌   defibrillator),‌‌   the‌‌  provision‌‌  of‌‌ specialist‌‌ first‌‌ aid‌‌  cover‌‌ at‌‌ public‌‌ gatherings,‌‌  or‌‌
 mandatory‌‌ 
first‌  ‌aid‌  ‌training‌  ‌within‌  ‌schools.‌  ‌First‌  ‌aid,‌  ‌however,‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌necessarily‌  ‌require‌  ‌any‌  ‌particular‌‌ 
equipment‌‌   or‌‌ prior‌‌ knowledge,‌‌ and‌‌  can‌‌  involve‌‌  improvisation‌‌  with‌‌ materials‌‌ available‌‌  at‌‌
 the‌‌  time,‌‌ 
often‌‌by‌‌untrained‌‌people.‌  ‌

First‌‌
  aid‌‌
  can‌‌
  be‌‌
  performed‌‌
  on‌‌
  nearly‌‌
  all‌‌
  animals,‌‌
  such‌‌
  as‌‌
  pets,‌‌ although‌‌
 this‌‌
 article‌‌
 relates‌‌ to‌‌
 the‌‌
 
care‌‌of‌‌human‌‌patients.‌  ‌
 
When‌  ‌someone‌  ‌is‌  ‌unconscious‌  ‌or‌  ‌unresponsive,‌  ‌a ‌ ‌basic‌  ‌tenet‌  ‌of‌  ‌first‌  ‌aid‌  ‌is‌‌
 
ABC:‌  ‌
Airway‌:‌‌If‌‌someone's‌‌not‌‌breathing,‌‌clear‌‌their‌‌airway.‌  ‌
 ‌
Breathing‌:‌‌If‌‌the‌‌airway‌‌is‌‌clear‌‌and‌‌they're‌‌still‌‌not‌‌breathing,‌‌provide‌‌rescue‌‌breathing.‌  ‌
 ‌
Circulation:‌  ‌Chest‌  ‌compressions‌  ‌to‌  ‌keep‌  ‌blood‌  ‌circulating‌  ‌should‌  ‌be‌  ‌performed‌  ‌along‌  ‌with‌‌ 
rescue‌  ‌breathing.‌  ‌If‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌is‌  ‌breathing‌  ‌but‌  ‌unresponsive,‌  ‌check‌  ‌their‌  ‌pulse‌  ‌to‌  ‌see‌  ‌if‌  ‌their‌‌ 
heart‌‌has‌‌stopped‌‌and,‌‌if‌‌so,‌‌provide‌‌chest‌‌compressions.‌  ‌
An‌‌alternate‌‌and‌‌simpler‌‌version‌‌of‌‌the‌‌ABCs‌i‌s:‌  ‌
Awake?‌I‌ f‌‌not,‌‌try‌‌to‌‌wake‌‌them.‌‌If‌‌they‌‌don't‌‌wake‌‌up,‌‌make‌‌sure‌‌someone‌‌is‌‌calling‌‌911‌‌and‌‌
 
move‌‌on‌‌to‌B
‌ .‌  ‌

Breathing?‌‌If‌‌not,‌‌start‌‌rescue‌‌breathing‌‌and‌‌chest‌‌compressions.‌‌If‌‌so,‌‌move‌‌on‌‌to‌C
‌ .‌‌‌
 

Continue‌‌care‌:‌‌Follow‌‌instructions‌‌from‌9‌ 11‌o‌ r‌‌continue‌‌treatment‌‌until‌‌an‌‌ambulance‌‌arrives.‌  ‌

 ‌

The‌‌Aims‌‌of‌‌first‌‌aid‌  ‌
1. Preserve‌‌life‌  ‌
This‌‌
  doesn’t‌‌   just‌‌
  refer‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌
  injured‌‌  party,‌‌
  but‌‌
  yourself‌‌  and‌‌ anyone‌‌  helping‌‌  you.‌‌
 Far‌‌ too‌‌
 often,‌‌ a ‌‌
helper‌  ‌will‌‌
  inadvertently‌‌   put‌‌
  themselves‌‌   in‌‌
  danger‌‌   and‌‌
  subsequently‌‌   be‌‌  another‌‌
  casualty‌‌  for‌‌
  the‌‌
 
emergency‌  ‌services‌  ‌to‌  ‌deal‌  ‌with.‌  ‌Please‌  ‌take‌  ‌a ‌ ‌moment‌  ‌to‌  ‌assess‌  ‌the‌  ‌situation,‌  ‌and‌‌
  make‌‌  sure‌‌
 
there‌‌are‌‌no‌‌threats‌‌to‌‌you‌‌before‌‌you‌‌step‌‌in.‌  ‌

2. Prevent‌‌the‌‌situation‌‌from‌‌getting‌‌worse‌  ‌
If‌‌
  you‌‌
  are‌‌
  in‌‌
  no‌‌
  danger‌‌  yourself,‌‌  try‌‌
  to‌‌
 stop‌‌
 the‌‌ situation‌‌ from‌‌ becoming‌‌  worse‌‌  by‌‌
 removing‌‌  any‌‌ 
obvious‌  ‌dangers‌  ‌(such‌  ‌as‌  ‌stopping‌  ‌traffic,‌  ‌clearing‌  ‌people‌  ‌away‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌casualty,‌  ‌opening‌  ‌a ‌‌
window‌‌   to‌‌
  clear‌‌
  any‌‌
  fumes,‌‌  etc.).‌‌
  Also,‌‌
 act‌‌
 as‌‌
 quickly‌‌ as‌‌
 you‌‌ can‌‌ to‌‌
 stop‌‌
 the‌‌ casualty’s‌‌  condition‌‌  
from‌‌worsening.‌  ‌
 ‌
3. Promote‌‌recovery‌  ‌
Your‌  ‌role‌  ‌as‌  ‌a ‌ ‌first‌  ‌aider‌  ‌is,‌  ‌after‌  ‌ensuring‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌situation‌  ‌cannot‌  ‌get‌  ‌worse,‌  ‌helping‌  ‌the‌‌ 
casualty‌‌   to‌‌
  recover‌‌   from‌‌   their‌‌
  injury‌‌   or‌‌
  illness,‌‌   or‌‌
  stop‌‌
  their‌‌
  condition‌‌  from‌‌ getting‌‌
 worse.‌‌ If‌‌
 the‌‌ 
injury‌‌
  is‌‌
  severe,‌‌   then‌‌   the‌‌
  best‌‌  you‌‌   can‌‌  do‌‌  is‌‌
  try‌‌
  to‌‌
  keep‌‌  them‌‌
  alive‌‌
  until‌‌
  the‌‌
  emergency‌‌   services‌‌ 
arrive.‌  ‌
 ‌

The‌‌priorities‌‌of‌‌treatment‌  ‌
This‌‌is‌‌the‌‌course‌‌of‌‌action‌‌you‌‌should‌‌try‌‌to‌‌follow,‌‌providing‌‌the‌‌situation‌‌allows‌  ‌
Primary‌‌survey‌‌(Airway‌‌→‌‌Breathing):‌  ‌
 ‌
A. Make‌‌   sure‌‌
  the‌‌
  casualty’s‌‌
  airway‌‌
  is‌‌
 clear.‌‌
 Do‌‌
 this‌‌
 by‌‌
 gently‌‌
 tipping‌‌
 their‌‌
 head‌‌
 back‌‌
 so‌‌
 that‌‌
 
the‌‌front‌‌of‌‌the‌‌throat‌‌is‌‌extended.‌  ‌

B. Check‌  ‌if‌  ‌they‌‌   are‌‌

  breathing‌‌   normally.‌‌  You‌‌  can‌‌
  do‌‌  this‌‌
  by‌‌
  placing‌‌   the‌‌
  back‌‌  of‌‌
  your‌‌
  hand‌‌ 
near‌  ‌their‌  ‌nose‌  ‌and‌  ‌mouth.‌  ‌You‌  ‌are‌  ‌looking‌  ‌for‌  ‌about‌  ‌two‌  ‌breaths‌  ‌every‌  ‌ten‌  ‌seconds.‌  ‌If‌  ‌the‌‌ 
casualty‌‌   is‌‌
  breathing,‌‌   then‌‌
  their‌‌
  heart‌‌
  is‌‌
  working,‌‌
  which‌‌   means‌‌   blood‌‌  is‌‌
  being‌‌  circulated‌‌ around‌‌ 
their‌‌body.‌  ‌

Secondary‌‌survey‌‌(Breathing‌‌→‌‌Bleeding‌‌→‌‌Bones):‌  ‌
 ‌
Once‌  ‌you‌  ‌are‌  ‌satisfied‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌casualty‌  ‌is‌  ‌breathing‌  ‌normally,‌  ‌the‌  ‌second‌  ‌thing‌  ‌to‌  ‌do‌‌  is‌‌
  make‌‌ 
sure‌‌
  to‌‌
  treat‌‌
  any‌‌  bleeding.‌‌  This‌‌ is‌‌  to‌‌
 stem‌‌ any‌‌  blood‌‌
 loss‌‌
 and‌‌  to‌‌
 ensure‌‌  there‌‌ is‌‌
 a ‌‌steady‌‌  supply‌‌ of‌‌ 
oxygenated‌  ‌blood‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌casualty’s‌  ‌vital‌  ‌organs.‌  ‌If‌  ‌there‌‌   is‌‌
  no‌‌
  bleeding,‌‌  or‌‌
  you‌‌   have‌‌  dealt‌‌   with‌‌ 
any‌‌cuts,‌‌the‌‌next‌‌priority‌‌is‌‌broken‌‌bones‌  ‌
 ‌
 ‌
Airway‌ Breathing‌  ‌

Bleeding‌  ‌

 ‌

Bones‌  ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
First‌‌Aid‌‌in‌‌different‌‌cases‌  ‌
It‌‌
  is‌‌
  essential‌‌
  to‌‌
  know‌‌  and‌‌
  be‌‌
  trained‌‌  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  art‌‌
  of‌‌
  providing‌‌
  first‌‌
  aid.‌‌
  Though‌‌   it‌‌
  is‌‌
  done‌‌
 by‌‌ non-‌‌
 
expert‌‌   persons,‌‌
  it‌‌
  cannot‌‌
  and‌‌
  should‌‌  not‌‌  be‌‌
  administered‌‌   without‌‌  acquiring‌‌   adequate‌‌  knowledge‌ 
and‌  ‌appropriate‌  ‌skill.‌  ‌There‌  ‌are‌  ‌different‌  ‌ways‌  ‌of‌  ‌providing‌  ‌first‌  ‌aid‌  ‌in‌  ‌different‌  ‌cases‌  ‌of‌‌
 
accidents‌‌and‌‌illnesses.‌‌Let‌‌us‌‌take‌‌some‌‌specific‌‌cases‌‌and‌‌know‌‌how‌‌first‌‌aid‌‌is‌‌provided.‌  ‌

1. First‌‌Aid‌‌for‌‌Suspected‌‌Cardiac‌‌Arrest‌  ‌
 ‌

 ‌
 ‌

When‌‌you‌‌suspect‌‌someone‌‌is‌‌in‌‌cardiac‌‌arrest:‌  ‌
 ‌

​ Get‌‌someone‌‌to‌‌call‌‌911‌‌or‌‌the‌‌medical‌‌alert‌‌system‌‌for‌‌your‌‌location.‌  ‌

​ Start‌‌
  chest‌‌
  compressions‌‌
  immediately.‌‌
  Push‌‌ down‌‌
 hard‌‌ and‌‌
 fast‌‌
 in‌‌
 the‌‌
 center‌‌
 of‌‌ the‌‌ chest,‌‌ 
allowing‌  ‌the‌  ‌chest‌  ‌to‌  ‌come‌  ‌back‌  ‌up‌  ‌naturally‌  ‌between‌  ‌compressions.‌  ‌Continue‌  ‌until‌‌ 
someone‌‌with‌‌more‌‌training‌‌has‌‌arrived.‌  ‌
​ If‌‌you're‌‌trained‌‌in‌‌CPR,‌‌use‌‌chest‌‌compressions‌‌and‌‌rescue‌‌breathing.‌  ‌

​ Use‌‌
  an‌‌ AED‌‌ if‌‌
 one‌‌ is‌‌
 available.‌‌
 It's‌‌
 important‌‌ to‌‌ not‌‌
 delay‌‌
 chest‌‌
 compressions,‌‌
 though,‌‌
 so‌‌ 
have‌‌someone‌‌else‌‌find‌‌one‌‌while‌‌you‌‌do‌‌chest‌‌compressions.‌  ‌
 ‌
2. First‌‌Aid‌‌for‌‌Bleeding‌  ‌
  ‌
 ‌
If‌‌you're‌‌faced‌‌with‌‌bleeding‌  ‌
 ‌
​ Rinse‌‌the‌‌wound‌‌with‌‌water‌‌if‌‌possible.‌  ‌

​ Cover‌‌the‌‌wound‌‌with‌‌a‌‌gauze‌‌or‌‌cloth‌‌(towel,‌‌blanket,‌‌clothing,‌‌whatever's‌‌available).‌  ‌

​ Apply‌‌direct‌‌pressure‌‌to‌‌stop‌‌the‌‌blood‌‌flow‌‌and‌‌encourage‌‌clotting.‌  ‌

​ If‌‌possible,‌‌elevate‌‌the‌‌bleeding‌‌body‌‌part‌‌above‌‌the‌‌heart.‌  ‌

​ Don't‌  ‌remove‌  ‌the‌  ‌cloth‌  ‌if‌  ‌it‌  ‌becomes‌  ‌soaked‌  ‌through,‌  ‌but‌  ‌add‌  ‌more‌  ‌layers‌  ‌if‌  ‌needed.‌‌
 
Removing‌‌  the‌‌
  first‌‌
  layer‌‌
  will‌‌
  interfere‌‌
  with‌‌
  the‌‌
  clotting‌‌
  process‌‌
  and‌‌ result‌‌
 in‌‌
 more‌‌ blood‌‌
 
loss.‌  ‌
​ Once‌‌bleeding‌‌is‌‌stopped,‌‌apply‌‌a‌‌clean‌‌bandage‌  ‌

 ‌
3. First‌‌Aid‌‌for‌‌Choking‌  ‌
 ‌
 ‌

 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
To‌‌perform‌‌the‌‌Heimlich‌‌maneuver:‌  ‌
 ‌
​ Stand‌‌behind‌‌the‌‌person‌‌and‌‌lean‌‌them‌‌slightly‌‌forward‌  ‌
 ​ Put‌‌your‌‌arms‌‌around‌‌their‌‌waist‌  ‌

​ Clench‌‌a‌‌fist‌‌and‌‌place‌‌it‌‌between‌‌their‌‌navel‌‌and‌‌rib‌‌cage‌  ‌

​ Grab‌‌your‌‌fist‌‌with‌‌your‌‌other‌‌hand‌  ‌

​ Pull‌‌the‌‌clenched‌‌fist‌‌sharply‌‌backward‌‌and‌‌upward‌‌under‌‌their‌‌rib‌‌cage‌‌in‌‌5‌‌quick‌‌
 
thrusts.‌‌Repeat‌‌until‌‌the‌‌object‌‌is‌‌coughed‌‌up.‌  ‌

For‌‌someone‌‌who's‌‌obese‌‌or‌‌pregnant,‌‌perform‌‌thrusts‌‌around‌‌the‌‌chest‌‌instead‌‌of‌‌the‌‌abdomen.‌‌
 

If‌‌someone‌‌is‌‌unconscious:‌  ‌

​ Place‌‌them‌‌on‌‌their‌‌back‌‌and‌‌kneel‌‌over‌‌them‌  ‌

​ Place‌‌the‌‌heel‌‌of‌‌your‌‌hand‌‌slightly‌‌above‌‌the‌‌navel‌  ‌

​ Place‌‌your‌‌other‌‌hand‌‌on‌‌top‌‌of‌‌it‌  ‌
 ‌
4. First‌‌Aid‌‌for‌‌Burns‌  ‌
 ‌

 ‌
Take‌‌these‌‌first‌‌aid‌‌steps:‌  ‌
 ‌
​ Flush‌‌the‌‌burned‌‌area‌‌with‌‌cool‌‌running‌‌water‌‌for‌‌several‌‌minutes.‌‌Do‌‌not‌‌use‌‌ice.‌  ‌

​ Apply‌‌a‌‌light‌‌gauze‌‌bandage.‌  ‌

​ Take‌‌ibuprofen‌‌or‌‌acetaminophen‌‌for‌‌pain‌‌relief‌‌if‌‌necessary.‌  ‌

​ Do‌‌not‌‌break‌‌any‌‌blisters‌‌that‌‌may‌‌have‌‌formed.‌‌
 

Do‌‌not‌‌apply‌‌ointments,‌‌butter,‌‌or‌‌oily‌‌remedies‌‌to‌‌a ‌‌

burn.‌  ‌
5. First‌‌Aid‌‌for‌‌Blisters‌  ‌
  ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
If‌‌the‌‌blister‌‌is‌‌large‌‌or‌‌painful—especially‌‌if‌‌the‌‌activity‌‌that‌‌caused‌‌it‌‌isn’t‌‌finished‌‌(such‌‌as‌‌ 
if‌‌you‌‌are‌‌in‌‌the‌‌middle‌‌of‌‌a‌‌hike)—follow‌‌these‌‌steps‌‌to‌‌drain‌‌and‌‌dress‌‌a‌‌blister‌  ‌

​ Wash‌‌your‌‌hands‌‌and‌‌sterilize‌‌a‌‌needle‌‌with‌‌alcohol.‌  ‌

​ Make‌‌small‌‌punctures‌‌at‌‌the‌‌edge‌‌of‌‌the‌‌blister.‌  ‌

​ Gently‌‌push‌‌the‌‌fluid‌‌out.‌  ‌

​ Apply‌‌antibiotic‌‌ointment.‌  ‌

​ Bandage‌‌it.‌  ‌

​ If‌‌possible,‌‌take‌‌steps‌‌to‌‌protect‌‌the‌‌area‌‌from‌‌further‌‌rubbing‌‌or‌‌pressure.‌‌
 

If‌‌the‌‌blister‌‌broke‌‌open‌‌on‌‌its‌‌own:‌  ‌

​ Gently‌‌wash‌‌with‌‌clean‌‌water‌‌only.‌  ‌

​ Smooth‌‌the‌‌flap‌‌of‌‌broken‌‌skin‌‌over‌‌the‌‌newly‌‌exposed‌‌skin,‌‌unless‌‌it's‌‌dirty,‌‌torn,‌‌or‌‌pus‌‌
 
has‌‌gathered‌‌under‌‌it.‌  ‌
​ Apply‌‌petroleum‌‌jelly.‌  ‌

​ Bandage‌‌it.‌  ‌

Change‌‌the‌‌bandage‌‌any‌‌time‌‌it‌‌gets‌‌wet.‌‌Take‌‌it‌‌off‌‌when‌‌you‌‌go‌‌to‌‌bed‌‌so‌‌the‌‌area‌‌can‌‌dry.‌  ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌

6. First‌‌Aid‌‌for‌‌Suspected‌‌Fracture‌  ‌
 ‌

Take‌‌these‌‌steps‌‌for‌‌a‌‌suspected‌‌fracture:‌  ‌
 ‌

​ Don't‌‌try‌‌to‌‌straighten‌‌it.‌  ‌

​ For‌‌a‌‌limb,‌‌use‌‌a‌‌splint‌‌and‌‌padding‌‌to‌‌immobilize‌‌it.‌  ‌

​ Put‌‌a‌‌cold‌‌pack‌‌on‌‌the‌‌injury,‌‌with‌‌a‌‌barrier‌‌between‌‌it‌‌and‌‌the‌‌skin‌‌to‌‌prevent‌‌tissue‌‌ 
damage.‌‌If‌‌ice‌‌is‌‌all‌‌that's‌‌available,‌‌put‌‌it‌‌in‌‌a‌‌plastic‌‌bag‌‌and‌‌wrap‌‌it‌‌in‌‌a‌‌shirt‌‌or‌‌towel.‌  ‌
​ If‌‌it's‌‌an‌‌extremity,‌‌elevate‌‌it.‌  ‌

​ Give‌‌anti-inflammatory‌‌drugs‌‌like‌‌Advil‌‌(ibuprofen)‌‌or‌‌Aleve‌‌(naproxen)‌‌for‌‌pain.‌  ‌
 ‌
7. First‌‌Aid‌‌for‌‌Sprains‌  ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
For‌‌a‌‌suspected‌‌sprain:‌  ‌
​ Immobilize‌‌the‌‌limb‌  ‌

​ Apply‌‌a‌‌cold‌‌pack‌  ‌

​ Elevate‌‌the‌‌injured‌‌part‌‌if‌‌you‌‌can‌‌do‌‌so‌‌safely‌  ‌

​ Use‌‌NSAIDs‌‌for‌‌pain‌  ‌

See‌‌your‌‌doctor‌‌soon‌‌for‌‌further‌‌diagnosis‌‌and‌‌treatment.‌  ‌
 ‌
 ‌
8. First‌‌Aid‌‌for‌‌Nosebleed‌  ‌
 ‌

The‌‌first‌‌aid‌‌for‌‌nosebleed‌‌includes:‌  ‌
 ‌

​ Lean‌‌slightly‌‌forward,‌‌not‌‌back.‌  ‌

​ Pinch‌‌the‌‌nose‌‌just‌‌below‌‌the‌‌bridge,‌‌high‌‌enough‌‌that‌‌the‌‌nostrils‌‌aren't‌‌pinched‌‌closed.‌  ‌

​ Check‌‌after‌‌five‌‌minutes‌‌to‌‌see‌‌if‌‌bleeding‌‌has‌‌stopped.‌‌If‌‌not,‌‌continue‌‌pinching‌‌and‌‌ 
check‌‌after‌‌another‌‌10‌‌minutes.‌  ‌
​ You‌‌can‌‌also‌‌apply‌‌a‌‌cold‌‌pack‌‌to‌‌the‌‌bridge‌‌of‌‌the‌‌nose‌‌while‌‌pinching.‌  ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
9. First‌‌Aid‌‌for‌‌Frostbite‌  ‌
 ‌
 ‌

 ‌
 ‌
Treating‌  ‌frostbite‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌delicate‌  ‌procedure‌  ‌of‌  ‌gradual‌  ‌warming.‌  ‌If‌  ‌at‌  ‌all‌  ‌possible,‌  ‌this‌‌  
should‌  ‌be‌  ‌done‌  ‌by‌  ‌professionals‌  ‌at‌  ‌a ‌ ‌medical‌  ‌facility.‌  ‌If‌  ‌that's‌  ‌not‌  ‌possible,‌  ‌or‌  ‌while‌‌ 
awaiting‌‌an‌‌ambulance,‌‌you‌‌can‌‌begin‌‌first‌‌aid:‌  ‌
 ‌
 ‌
​ Get‌‌out‌‌of‌‌the‌‌cold.‌  ‌

​ Immerse‌‌the‌‌affected‌‌area‌‌in‌‌warm‌‌water‌‌(98‌‌to‌‌105‌‌F)‌‌for‌‌20‌‌to‌‌30‌‌minutes.‌  ‌

​ Do‌‌not‌‌rub‌‌the‌‌affected‌‌area.‌  ‌

​ Do‌‌not‌‌use‌‌sources‌‌of‌‌dry‌‌heat‌‌(like‌‌a‌‌heating‌‌pad‌‌or‌‌fire‌‌air).‌  ‌

​ For‌‌fingers‌‌and‌‌toes:‌‌After‌‌they're‌‌warm,‌‌put‌‌clean‌‌cotton‌‌balls‌‌between‌‌them.‌  ‌

​ Loosely‌‌wrap‌‌the‌‌area‌‌with‌‌bandages.‌  ‌

​ Use‌‌Tylenol‌‌or‌‌Advil‌‌for‌‌pain.‌  ‌

​ Get‌‌medical‌‌attention‌‌as‌‌soon‌‌as‌‌possible.‌  ‌

For‌‌small‌‌areas‌‌of‌‌minor‌‌frostbite,‌‌you‌‌can‌‌also‌‌warm‌‌the‌‌area‌‌with‌‌skin-to-skin‌‌contact.‌‌
 

Get‌‌emergency‌‌treatment‌‌if‌‌the‌‌skin‌‌is‌‌hard‌‌and‌‌begins‌‌turning‌‌white.‌  ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌

10.First‌‌Aid‌‌for‌‌Bee‌‌Stings‌  ‌
 ‌

 ‌
Follow‌‌these‌‌steps‌‌for‌‌bee‌‌sting‌‌first‌‌aid:‌  ‌
 ‌
​ Get‌‌the‌‌stinger‌‌out‌‌any‌‌way‌‌you‌‌can‌‌to‌‌keep‌‌it‌‌from‌‌injecting‌‌more‌‌venom.‌‌The‌‌method‌‌
 
doesn't‌‌matter—it's‌‌most‌‌important‌‌to‌‌do‌‌it‌‌quickly.‌  ‌
​ Wash‌‌the‌‌area‌‌with‌‌soap‌‌and‌‌water.‌  ‌

​ Use‌‌a‌‌cold‌‌pack‌‌to‌‌reduce‌‌swelling‌‌at‌‌the‌‌site,‌‌but‌‌don't‌‌apply‌‌ice‌‌directly‌‌to‌‌the‌‌skin.‌  ‌

​ Use‌‌an‌‌antihistamine‌‌like‌‌Benadryl‌‌(diphenhydramine)‌‌to‌‌reduce‌‌swelling‌‌and‌‌itching.‌  ‌

​ Use‌‌Advil‌‌or‌‌Tylenol‌‌for‌‌pain‌  ‌
 ‌
 ‌
11.First‌‌Aid‌‌for‌‌Drowning‌  ‌
 ‌

 ‌
​ Rescue‌‌
  the‌‌
  person‌‌
  and‌‌
  get‌‌
  him/her‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌
  dryland.‌‌
 Keep‌‌
 the‌‌
 person’s‌‌
 head‌‌
 lower‌‌ than‌‌ the‌‌ 
rest‌‌of‌‌the‌‌body‌‌to‌‌reduce‌‌the‌‌risk‌‌of‌‌inhaling‌‌water.‌  ‌
​ Lay‌‌
  down‌‌
  the‌‌
  person‌‌
  on‌‌
  his/her‌‌
  back.‌‌
  Open‌‌
  the‌‌
  airway‌‌
  and‌‌
  check‌‌
 breathing.‌‌ If‌‌ required,‌‌ 
give‌‌CPR‌‌(Cardio‌‌Pulmonary‌‌Resuscitation)‌‌with‌‌chest‌‌compression.‌  ‌
​ Treat‌‌
  the‌‌
 person‌‌
 for‌‌ Hypothermia‌‌
 (low‌‌
 body‌‌
 temperature).‌‌ Remove‌‌
 wet‌‌
 clothes‌‌
 and‌‌ cover‌‌ 
him/her‌  ‌with‌  ‌dry‌  ‌blanket.‌‌
  If‌‌
  the‌‌
  person‌‌
  regains‌‌
  full‌‌
  consciousness,‌‌
  give‌‌
  him/her‌‌
  a ‌‌warm‌‌
 
drink.‌  ‌
​ Call‌  ‌for‌  ‌a ‌‌doctor‌‌
  or‌‌
  ambulance‌‌
  to‌‌
  transport‌‌
  the‌‌
  person‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌
  nearest‌‌
  hospital‌‌
  as‌‌
  soon‌‌
  as‌‌
 
possible,‌‌even‌‌if‌‌she/he‌‌appears‌‌to‌‌have‌‌recovered‌‌fully.‌  ‌
 Conclusion‌  ‌
 
 
 ‌
It‌  ‌is‌  ‌reasonable‌  ‌to‌  ‌conclude‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌ultimate‌  ‌goal‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌first‌  ‌aid‌  ‌is‌  ‌neither‌  ‌to‌  ‌treat,‌  ‌nor‌  ‌to‌‌ 
diagnose,‌‌   but‌‌
  to‌‌
  stabilize‌‌
  the‌‌  patient.‌‌
  The‌‌
  unique‌‌   value‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌  first‌‌
  responder‌‌   lies‌‌  in‌‌
  their‌‌
 ability‌‌ 
to‌  ‌eliminate‌  ‌the‌  ‌immediate‌  ‌threat‌  ‌to‌  ‌life‌  ‌or‌  ‌limb‌  ‌and‌  ‌to‌  ‌prepare‌  ‌the‌  ‌patient‌  ‌for‌  ‌a ‌ ‌higher‌‌  
subsequent‌  ‌echelon‌  ‌of‌  ‌care.‌  ‌In‌  ‌military‌  ‌medicine,‌  ‌corpsmen‌  ‌and‌  ‌medics‌  ‌have‌  ‌managed‌  ‌to‌‌ 
increase‌‌   the‌‌ survival‌‌  rate‌‌
 of‌‌ combat‌‌  casualties‌‌ to‌‌ roughly‌‌  90%‌‌  by‌‌ providing‌‌  immediate‌‌  aid‌‌ on‌‌ the‌‌ 
battlefield;‌  ‌similarly,‌  ‌civilian‌  ‌medicine‌  ‌is‌  ‌equally‌  ‌reliant‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌immediate‌  ‌response‌  ‌care‌  ‌done‌‌  
properly‌  ‌and‌  ‌promptly.‌  ‌Therefore,‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌vital‌  ‌for‌  ‌this‌  ‌nation‌  ‌to‌  ‌emphasize‌  ‌the‌  ‌funding‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌ 
training‌‌for‌‌the‌‌men‌‌and‌‌women‌‌who‌‌are‌‌the‌‌first‌‌on‌‌the‌‌scene.‌  ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌
 ‌