Bachelor in Management

Studies

Foundation Course
22UBSF105

Dr. Poonam Bathla

 Unit 4

 Personal and Social Wellness:

 Relationship between Food, Nutrition and Health
 Impact of Lifestyle on Health
 Causes of stress and conflict in individuals and society
 Aggression and violence as the public expression of conflict
 Types of conflicts and conflict resolution strategy
 Agents of socialization – Its Role in individual development.
 Relationship between Food,
Nutrition and Health

 The term ‘food’ refers to anything that we eat and which

nourishes the body.
 Food is a basic and foundational part of our lives.
 It is essential because it contains substances which perform
important functions in our body.
 It includes solids, semi-solids and liquids.
 Two important features for any item to be called food are:
 It should be worth eating, that is, it should be ‘edible’.
 It must nourish the body.
 Functions of Food

 There are basically three important functions of food:

 Social Function
 Food and eating have significant social meaning.
 Sharing food with any other person implies social acceptance.
 Food is also an integral part of festivity everywhere in the world.
 Food also has a specific significance and meaning in the religious context.
 Psychological Function
 Emotional needs, such as need for security, love and affection.
 Food is one way through which these needs are satisfied.
 Food is often served as a reward also.
 Foods become associated with sickness, such as khichri and bland foods.
 Sickness is an unpleasant experience, hence, even the food items served
during this state may be associated with unpleasant feelings.
 Functions of Food

 Physiological Function
 Food provides energy
 Everybody needs energy to do work.
 Food helps in body building
 Body made up of thousands of cells. New cells are added to these
to help the body to grow.
 Food regulates body processes
 Regulatory functions refer to the role of food in controlling body
processes.
 Food provides protection against diseases
Relationship between Nutrition
and Health

 Nutrition is a basic human need and a prerequisite to a healthy life.

 Balanced diet
 All stages of life for proper growth, development and to remain active.
 Health and nutrition are the most important contributory factors for human
resource development in the country.
 India has been classified by the World Bank as a country with a lower middle
income.
 It ranks 160 in terms of human development among 209 countries.
 Poverty line : is defined as the expenditure needed to obtain, on an
average, 2400 Kcal per capita per day in the rural areas and 2100 Kcal in
urban areas.
 Among the Indian population, about 28% in the rural and 26% in the urban
areas.
 Balanced Diet

 A balanced diet is one which provides all the nutrients in required amounts and proper proportions.
 These nutrients are necessary for physiological and biochemical processes by which the human body
acquires, assimilates and utilizes food to maintain health and activity.
 Eating a wide variety of foods in the right proportions, and consuming the right amount of food and drink to
achieve and maintain a healthy body weight.
 Carbohydrates, fats and proteins are macronutrients, which are needed in large amounts.
 Vitamins and minerals constitute the micronutrients and are required in small amounts.
 It can easily be achieved through a blend of the four basic food groups.
 Foods are conventionally grouped as :
 Cereals, millets and pulses
 Vegetables and fruits
 Milk and milk products, egg, meat and fish
 Oils & fats and nuts & oilseeds.

 The quantities of foods needed to meet the nutrient requirements vary with age, gender, physiological status
and physical activity.
 A balanced diet consists of carbohydrates, proteins and fat.
 In addition, a balanced diet should provide other non-nutrients such as dietary fibre, antioxidants(spices like
turmeric, ginger, garlic, cumin and cloves) and phytochemicals(found in plant food, help to prevent
diseases) such as polyphenols, flavones, etc., also afford protection against diseases such as cancer.
Food Pyramid
Healthy Food Pyramid
 Nutritional Deficiencies

 Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM)

 Micronutrient deficiencies
 Vitamin A deficiency (VAD)
 Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA)
 Iodine Deficiency Disorders(IDD)
 Vitamin B-complex deficiencies
 Nutrition problems frequently encountered, particularly among the rural poor
and urban slum communities.
 Under nutrition starts as early as during conception.
 Because of extensive maternal undernutrition (underweight, poor weight gain
during pregnancy, nutritional anaemia and vitamin deficiencies)
 About 22% of the infants are born with low birth-weight (as compared to less than
10% in the developed countries).
 Diet-related non-
communicable diseases

 With increasing urbanization, energy-rich diets containing

higher amount of fat and sugar, which also provide less dietary
fibre and complex carbohydrates, are being frequently
consumed, particularly by high income groups.
 In addition, the urban population is turning to be more
sedentary with little physical activity.
 Consumption of alcohol, providing empty calories, and
tobacco use is also common among them.
 Prevalence of disorders like obesity, heart disease, hypertension
(high blood pressure) diabetes and certain types of cancers is
on the increase.
 DIETARY GUIDELINES

 Right nutritional behavior and dietary choices are needed to achieve dietary
goals.
 The following dietary guidelines provide a broad framework for appropriate
action:
 1. Eat variety of foods to ensure a balanced diet.
 2. Eat plenty of vegetables and fruits.
 3. Ensure moderate use of edible oils and animal foods and very less use of ghee/ butter/
vanaspati.
 4. Avoid overeating to prevent overweight and obesity.
 5. Exercise regularly and be physically active to maintain ideal body weight.
 6. Restrict salt intake to minimum.
 7. Ensure the use of safe and clean foods.
 8. Adopt right pre-cooking processes and appropriate cooking methods.
 9. Minimize the use of processed foods rich in salt, sugar and fats.
 10. Drink plenty of water and take beverages in moderation.
 Impact of Lifestyle on Health

 Lifestyle is someone's way of living

 The things that a person or particular group of people usually
do.
 Lifestyle is referred to the characteristics of inhabitants of a
region.
 It includes day to day behaviors and functions of individuals in
job, activities, fun and diet.
 Life style as an important factor of health is seen to be of more
interest by researchers.
 According to WHO, 60% of related factors to individual health
and quality of life are correlated to lifestyle.
 Variables of lifestyle that influence
health

 Diet and Obesity:

 Diet is the greatest factor in lifestyle and has a direct and positive relation with health.

 Poor diet and its consequences like obesity is the common healthy problem in urban societies.

 Urban lifestyle leads to the nutrition problems like using fast foods and poor foods, increasing
problems like cardiovascular diseases.

 Exercise:

 For treating general health problems, exercise must be included in life style .

 Continuous exercise along with a healthy diet improves health. Some studies stress on the relation
of active life style with happiness .

 Sleep:

 One of the bases of healthy life is the sleep.

 Sleep cannot be apart from life.

 Sleep disorders have several social, psychological, economical and health consequences.

 Lifestyle may affect sleep and sleep has a clear influence on mental and physical health .
 Variables of lifestyle that influence
health

 Substance abuse:

 Addiction is considered as an unhealthy life style.

 Smoking and using other substance may result in various problems; cardiovascular disease,
asthma, cancer, brain injury.

 Medication abuse:

 Unhealthy behaviours in using medication are self-treatment

 Sharing medication, using medications without prescription, prescribing too many drugs,
prescribing the large number of each drug, unnecessary drugs, bad handwriting in prescription,
disregard to the contradictory drugs, disregard to harmful effects of drugs, not explaining the
effects of drugs.

 Application of modern technologies:

 Advanced technology facilitates the life of human beings.

 Misuse of technology may result in unpleasant consequences. For example, using of computer
and other devices up to midnight, may effect on the pattern of sleep and it may disturb sleep.

 Addiction to use mobile phone is related to depression symptoms.

 MEANING AND CAUSES OF STRESS

 Stress is the general term applied to the pressures people feel in life.
 Presence of stress in personal and professional lives is almost inevitable.
 Stress may be defined as a state of imbalance arising due to excessive
psychological and/or physiological demands on a person. Dr. Hans Selye, one
of the leading authorities on the concept of stress described stress as "the rate of
all wear and tear caused by life."
 Fred Luthans defines stress as "an adaptive response to an external situation that
results in physical, psychological, and/or behavioural deviations for
organizational participants."
 It is to be noted that stress can be positive or negative.
 Stress is said to be positive when the situation offers an opportunity for a person
to gain something.
 Eustress is the term used to describe positive stress. Eustress can act as a
motivator for peak performance.
 Stress is said to be negative when a person faces social, physical,
organizational, and emotional problems.
 CAUSES OF STRESS

 Factors or conditions that cause stress are called "stressors"

 The causes or sources of stress can be broadly divided into four
groups
 ORGANISATIONAL STRESSORS
 GROUP STRESSORS
 INDIVIDUAL STRESSORS
 ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS
 ORGANISATIONAL STRESSORS

 Role Conflict
 Role Ambiguity
 The organizational structure
 Working Conditions
 Rotating Shifts
 Work Overload
 Quantitative work overload
 Qualitative work overload
 Work Under load
 Lack of involvement in Decision-making
 Organizational Leadership
 Poor Performance of the Organization
 Organizational Changes
 GROUP STRESSORS

 Lack of Group Cohesiveness:

 Cohesion refers to the ability of a group to remain together.
 Cohesiveness helps to develop team spirit among the members.
 Lack of Social Support:
 Employees are greatly affected by the support of one or more
members of a cohesive group.
 By sharing their joys and problems with other members, they feel
contended.
 Interpersonal and Intergroup Conflict:
 Interpersonal and intergroup conflict takes place due to differences
in perceptions, attitudes, values and beliefs between two or more
individuals and/or groups.
 INDIVIDUAL STRESSORS

 Personality: People can be broadly classified as Personality" and "Type A Personality" "Type B
Personality".
 Type A Personality is more affected by stress due to certain features of that person, such as:
 Does several things at one time
 Feels guilty when relaxing
 Feels impatient with themselves and others.
 Feels aggressive and competitive.
 Gets irritated at minor mistakes with self, and with others
 Sets high standards

 Type B Personality is less affected by stress due to certain features of that person, such as:
 Never in a hurry
 Relaxes without guilt
 Does one thing at a time
 INDIVIDUAL STRESSORS

 Life Changes:
 Life changes can changes may be slow or sudden. Slow life changes include
getting older, and sudden changes include death of a loved one, accident of
self or loved one, etc. Sudden changes are high stressful
 Career Changes:
 Career changes can also bring stress to a person. When a person suddenly
switches over to a new job with new responsibilities, then the employee may
find it very stressful. Under-promotion, over-promotion, demotion and transfers
can also cause stress. Also career women have more stress, as they have to
strike a balance between office work and housework
 Frustration:
 Frustration is another cause of stress. Frustration arises when goal directed
behaviour is blocked or thwarted. Management should attempt to remove
barriers and help the employees to reach their goals. Proper training and
counselling can help to reduce frustration.
 ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS

 Civic Amenities:
 Poor civic amenities in the area in which one lives can be a cause of stress.
Inadequate or lack of civic facilities such as improper water supply, excessive
noise and air pollution, lack of proper transport facilities can be quite stressful. For
instance, travelling in Mumbai's suburban train during peak hours is a nightmare
for the commuters.
 Caste and Religion Conflicts: People living in areas, which are subject to caste
and religious conflict do suffer from stress Quite often, the lower caste and in
the case of religion the minorities are subject to more stress
 Technological Changes: Changes in the technological field can be a source of
stress, as employees are under the constant stress of the fear of losing jobs, or
the need to adjust to new technologies
 Other Environment Factors: The various other environmental factors, such as
political factors, law and order situation, problem across the national borders,
social and cultural changes can also be factors of stress to some people
 RESOLVING STRESS

 Get active. Virtually any form of physical activity can act as

a stress reliever
 Meditate.
 Laugh more.
 Connect with others.
 Assert yourself.
 Try yoga.
 Get enough sleep.
 Keep a journal.