Failure Methods

Fatigue

• As a material is cold worked over time, the material properties change.

• When materials become more tough, they loose their ductility and become brittle
• As material corrodes, it looses it’s strength.
• As a material receives cracks/dents, it also changes it’s strength
 Tool Wear

• When parts are being shaped with cutting tools, it is important to do quality
control to ensure accuracy.
• As a cutting tool is used, wear on the cutting edge not only reduces it’s
ability to cut without causing as much heat, but it also changes the diameter
of the tool.
• It is important to measure the tool, and determine the cycle time of a tool in
order to determine when action is needed to ensure accuracy.
 First Point of Failure

• There is a location in every system where a component will fail when a

certain load is reached.
• This is usually the location with the lowest Factor of Safety rating.
• It is helpful to know where this location is and at what point it will fail to
ensure measures are taken to prevent bodily harm.
• Sometimes a “Weak Spot” is designed into the system on purpose to
prevent greater damage. Much like a fuse in an electrical system
 Snowblower

https://picclick.com/Simplicity-or-
Snapper-Shear-Pins-703063-or-
192052667545.html https://www.jackssmallengines.com/diy/replacing-a-shear-pin-on-a-mcculloch-two-stage-snow-blower/

http://poulanpro-
http://www.homedepot.com/p/PowerSmart-
http://www.craftsmansnowblowercenter.com/c snowblower.blogspot.ca/2011/11/shear-pin-
Snow-Blower-Shear-Pin-Set-4-
raftsman_snowblower_parts.html and-locknut-replaces.html
303160355P/301225081
 Single Point of Failure

• When one singe point in a system fails and in turn causes the rest of the
system to fail, this is referred to as a “Single Point of Failure” (SPOF).
• Designing redundancies is very important to ensure that if one component
were to fail, that the whole system wont be shut down.
• Redundancies is crucial to ensure machines still run, or airplanes stay flying.
 Cyclic Loading

• When an material is subjected to cyclic loading over a period of time, the

load being increased and decreased causes wear in the material.
• Over time, the cyclic loading will weaken the material to the point of failure
if the loading remains close to the maximum load carrying capacity.
• Bearings have a chart to show this.
 Fatigue Example
• For the figure below, given a W18 x 35 wide-flange A-36 steel column that can
be assumed fixed at its base and free at the top. Neglect the weight of the
column. Assume no lateral loading (V = 0).
• You try: If the column is 25 ft. high, find Pcr. 𝑃𝑐𝑟 =
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑘𝐿 2

V=0

Reference: Lacaria, D., &

Lynes, C. (2018). Mech
3039: statics and
strengths of materials
(MEY), math 6001:
mathematics (AMD).
Boston, MA: Pearson
Learning Solutions. p.577
 Fatigue Example
• For the figure below, given a W18 x 35 wide-flange A-36 steel column that can
be assumed fixed at its base and free at the top. Neglect the weight of the
column. Assume no lateral loading (V = 0).
• You try: If the column is 25 ft. high, find Pcr. 𝑃𝑐𝑟 =
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑘𝐿 2
From “Mechanical
3
Properties of Materials”:
𝐸 = 29.0 × 10 𝑘𝑠𝑖 P

𝜎𝑌 = 36𝑘𝑠𝑖
From “Geometric Properties of Materials”:
V=0
𝐼𝑥 = 510𝑖𝑛4 𝑘𝑖𝑝
𝜋2 × 29.0 × 103 2 × 15.3𝑖𝑛4
𝐼𝑦 = 15.3𝑖𝑛4 𝑃𝑐𝑟 = 𝑖𝑛
2 × 300𝑖𝑛 2
𝐴= 10.3𝑖𝑛2
𝑃𝑐𝑟 = 12.16 … 𝑘𝑖𝑝 Reference: Lacaria, D., &
Fixed base: 𝑃 Lynes, C. (2018). Mech

𝑘=2
Check yield: 𝜎𝑐𝑟 = 𝑐𝑟 = 1.18 … 𝑘𝑠𝑖 3039: statics and
𝐴 strengths of materials
(MEY), math 6001:
𝐿 = 300𝑖𝑛 𝜎𝑐𝑟 < 𝜎𝑌  mathematics (AMD).
Boston, MA: Pearson
𝑃𝑐𝑟 ≈ 12.16 𝑘𝑖𝑝 Learning Solutions. p.577
 Fatigue Example
• For the figure below, given a W18 x 35 wide-flange A-36 steel column that can be assumed
fixed at its base and free at the top. Neglect the weight of the column. Assume no lateral
loading (V = 0).
• If this column is 25 feet high and the effective maximum axial load (Pcr) decreases 10% with
each loading, how many 5 kip axial loadings would cause the column to fail due to buckling?
Neglect the weight of the column. P

n Pcr
1 12.164287
𝑃𝑐𝑟(𝑛𝑒𝑤) = 𝑃𝑐𝑟(𝑜𝑙𝑑) × 0.9𝑛−1
2 10.947859
3 9.8530728
ln 𝑃𝑐𝑟(𝑛𝑒𝑤) = ln 𝑃𝑐𝑟(𝑜𝑙𝑑) × 0.9𝑛−1 V=0

4 8.8677655
5 7.980989 ln 𝑃𝑐𝑟(𝑛𝑒𝑤) = ln 𝑃𝑐𝑟(𝑜𝑙𝑑) + (𝑛 − 1) ∙ ln 0.9
6 7.1828901
7 6.4646011 Reference: Lacaria, D., & Lynes, C. (2018). Mech 3039: statics
8 5.818141
(𝑛 − 1) ∙ ln 0.9 = ln 𝑃𝑐𝑟(𝑛𝑒𝑤) − ln 𝑃𝑐𝑟(𝑜𝑙𝑑) and strengths of materials (MEY), math 6001: mathematics
9 5.2363269 (AMD). Boston, MA: Pearson Learning Solutions. p.577
10 4.7126942
ln 𝑃𝑐𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑤 − ln 𝑃𝑐𝑟 𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝑛= +1
11 4.2414248 ln 0.9
12 3.8172823
⸫The column would buckle
13 3.4355541 ln 5𝑘𝑖𝑝 − ln 12.16 … 𝑘𝑖𝑝
𝑛=
ln 0.9
+1 after 10 axial loadings due to
𝑛 = 9.438 … fatigue
𝑛 ≈ 10
Torsional Loading
Torsion Test

Video From:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4s8OYbyjjc
 Stress in a Shaft
• Axial stress: Force acting along the axis of the shaft

• Shear stress: Force acting perpendicular to the cross sectional area

• Bending Stress: Internal moment acting on the shaft

• When a shaft is subjected to a torque, a shearing stress is developed

in the shaft
 Maximum Shear Stress (torsion)

• The resulting shear stress due to torsion depends on the torque

(moment), the radius (diameter) of the shaft and the polar moment of
inertia, J

𝑇𝑐
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐽

𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = Maximum shear stress in the shaft (due to torsion) which occurs at its outer surface
𝑇= the resultant internal torque (moment) at the cross section
𝐽 = polar moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area
𝑐 = outer radius of the shaft
 Polar moment of Inertia

• Moment of Inertia: Beam’s ability to resist bending

• Polar Moment of Inertia:

• Shafts ability to resist twisting

• A large polar moment of inertia: harder to twist (more rigid)

• A small polar moment of inertial: easier to twist (less rigid)

 Polar Moment of Inertia
• Which shaft (a or b) will have a higher polar moment of inertia?

A B
 Polar Moment of Inertia
See “Centroids and Moments of Inertia of Simple
Shapes” posted on FOL
• Equation for solid shaft
d 4 r 4
J  J 
32 2
• Equation for hollow shaft
 (d outer  d inner )
4 4
 (router  rinner )
4 4

J J
32 2

• UNITS: m4 or mm4 (Must be consistent in stress equation)

 Ex: Determine the maximum shear stress (in Pa)
developed in a shaft subjected to a torque of 1200 Nm.
d  120mm
 max  ? 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑇𝑐
𝐽
 60mm  0.06m
𝑐r

T  1200 Nm 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑇𝑐
𝐽
1200𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 0.06𝑚
d 4 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
J 6.48 × 10−6 ∙ 𝜋𝑚4
32 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≈ 3.54 × 106 𝑃𝑎
𝜋 0.120𝑚 4
𝐽=
32
𝐽 = 6.48 × 10−6 ∙ 𝜋𝑚4  The maximum shear stress developed
in the shaft is approximately 3.54 Mpa
 Ex. : The hollow shaft has an outside diameter of 2.5 in and an
inside diameter of 2.0in. Determine the maximum shearing
stress on the outside of the shaft
𝑇𝑐
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = Max shear stress will occur at
𝐽 the point of maximum
torque. Compare internal
moments for each section
 Torque Diagram

25

10
𝑇 (𝑘𝑖𝑝 ∙ 𝑖𝑛)

𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
−25
You try: The hollow shaft has an outside diameter of 2.5 in and an
inside diameter of 2.0in. Determine the maximum shearing
stress on the outside of the shaft
You try: The hollow shaft has an outside diameter of 2.5 in and an
inside diameter of 2.0in. Determine the maximum shearing
stress on the outside of the shaft
Use 25 kip-in. Apply the
equation for max torque

𝑇𝑐
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐽

 (2.54  24 )
J
32
25 × 103 2.5/2
𝐽 ≈ 2.264𝑖𝑛4 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≈
2.264

𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≈ 13,800𝑝𝑠𝑖
 You try: If the effective shear stress on the shaft increases due to
cyclical loading by 1% with each cycle, after how many cycles
would the effective shear stress exceed 15,000 psi?
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≈ 13,800𝑝𝑠𝑖
 You try: If the effective shear stress on the shaft increases due to
cyclical loading by 1% with each cycle, after how many cycles
would the effective shear stress exceed 15,000 psi?
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≈ 13,800𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝜏max(𝑛𝑒𝑤) = 𝜏max(𝑜𝑙𝑑) × 1.01𝑛−1

ln 𝜏max(𝑛𝑒𝑤) − ln 𝜏max(𝑜𝑙𝑑)
n taumax 𝑛= +1
1 13802.055 ln 1.01
2 13940.075 𝜏max(𝑛𝑒𝑤)
3 14079.476 ln 𝜏
4 14220.271 max(𝑜𝑙𝑑)
5 14362.473 𝑛= +1
6 14506.098
ln 1.01
7 14651.159
15,000𝑘𝑠𝑖
8
9
14797.671
14945.647
ln 𝜏max(𝑜𝑙𝑑) ⸫The effective shear stress
10 15095.104 𝑛= +1 would exceed 15,000 ksi after
11 15246.055 ln 1.01
12 15398.516
𝑛 = 9.36 … 10 cycles
13 15552.501

𝑛 ≈ 10
 You try: the copper pipe has an outer diameter of 3 in.
and an inner diameter of 2.5 in. If it is tightly secured
(fixed) to the wall at C and it is subjected to a uniformly
distributed torque along its entire length, determine
the maximum shear stress in the pipe in ksi.
𝑇𝑐
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐽

Hibbeler Statics and Strengths of Materials, 2017

 You try: the copper pipe has an outer diameter of 3 in.
and an inner diameter of 2.5 in. If it is tightly secured
(fixed) to the wall at C and it is subjected to a uniformly
distributed torque along its entire length, determine
the maximum shear stress in the pipe in ksi.
𝑇𝑐
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐽
150𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑓𝑡/𝑓𝑡 5𝑓𝑡 12𝑖𝑛/1𝑓𝑡 1.5𝑖𝑛
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜋 4 4
3 𝑖𝑛 − 2.54 𝑖𝑛4
32
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3278.923895 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≈ 3.28𝑘𝑠𝑖
Hibbeler Statics and Strengths of Materials, 2017
You try: the copper pipe has an outer diameter of 3 in. and an inner diameter of 2.5
in. If it is tightly secured (fixed) to the wall at C and it is subjected to a uniformly
distributed torque along its entire length, determine the maximum shear stress in
the pipe in ksi. If the pipe is made of a magnesium alloy and each successive
distributed torque increases the maximum shear stress by 20%, how many
loadings can the pipe withstand?
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≈ 3.28𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝜏𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 22𝑘𝑠𝑖 (From table)

Hibbeler Statics and Strengths of Materials, 2017

You try: the copper pipe has an outer diameter of 3 in. and an inner diameter of 2.5
in. If it is tightly secured (fixed) to the wall at C and it is subjected to a uniformly
distributed torque along its entire length, determine the maximum shear stress in
the pipe in ksi. If the pipe is made of a magnesium alloy and each successive
distributed torque increases the maximum shear stress by 20%, how many
loadings can the pipe withstand?
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≈ 3.28𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝜏𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 22𝑘𝑠𝑖 (From table)
n taumax 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝑛𝑒𝑤) = 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝑜𝑙𝑑) × 1.2𝑛−1
1 3278.924
2 3934.709
3 4721.65 22,000 = 3278.923895 × 1.2𝑛−1
4 5665.98
5 6799.177
ln 22,000 = ln 3278.923895 × 1.2𝑛−1
6 8159.012
7 9790.814 ln 22,000 = ln 3278.923895 + ln 1.2𝑛−1
8 11748.98
9 14098.77
10 16918.53 ln 22,000 = ln 3278.923895 + 𝑛 − 1 ln 1.2
11 20302.23
12 24362.68 ln 22,000 − ln 3278.923895
13 29235.21 𝑛−1=
14 35082.26
ln 1.2
ln 22,000 − ln 3278.923895
𝑛= +1
ln 1.2
𝑛 = 11.440 …
Hibbeler Statics and Strengths of Materials, 2017 𝑛 ≈ 11 The pipe can withstand 11
loadings
 On Design – Solid Shaft

The minimum diameter of a shaft, for a maximum torque and allowable shear stress:
𝑇𝑐 r 4
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = J 
𝐽 2

𝑇𝑐 2T 2T
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4   3 r 
3
rmin  3
2T
𝜋𝑟
2 r  
𝑐=𝑟

16T
d min  3

 You try: If the gears are subjected to the torques
shown, determine the required diameter of the A-36
steel shaft to the nearest mm if 𝜏 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 60𝑀𝑃𝑎

Hibbeler Statics and Strengths of Materials, 2017

 You try: If the gears are subjected to the torques
shown, determine the required diameter of the A-36
steel shaft to the nearest mm if 𝜏 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 60𝑀𝑃𝑎

16T 3 16 ∙ 300
d min  3 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝜋 ∙ 60 × 106

𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.02942 … 𝑚
Hibbeler Statics and Strengths of Materials, 2017 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≈ 30𝑚𝑚
 A Note on Shear Stress:
• The distribution of shear stress due to torsion is not uniform

• Maximum shear stress will occur at the surface of the shaft

 Torsion Test - Wood

Video From: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mTPYmrCuYnY

 Circular Motion vs. linear motion

• Rotational velocity, or frequency (f) is usually measured in

revolutions per unit time
• Angular velocity (𝜔) is usually measured in radians per unit
time
• The linear velocity (v) of a point on a circle is usually
measured in distance travelled per unit time
• “Revolutions” or “Radians” may not be treated as “true” units of
measure
 Circular Motion vs. linear motion
• Rotational velocity, or frequency (f) is usually measured in
revolutions per unit time
• You Try: If a shaft completes one revolution in 0.05 seconds, what
is its frequency in revolutions per minute (rpm)?
 Circular Motion vs. linear motion
• Rotational velocity, or frequency (f) is usually measured in
revolutions per unit time
• You Try: If a shaft completes one revolution in 0.05 seconds, what
is its frequency in revolutions per minute (rpm)?
1 𝑟𝑒𝑣 60𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑓=
0.05𝑠𝑒𝑐 1𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑓 = 1200𝑟𝑝𝑚
 Circular Motion vs. linear motion
• Angular velocity (𝜔) is usually measured in radians per unit
time
• You Try: If a shaft spins at 1200 rpm, what is its angular velocity in
radians per second?
 Circular Motion vs. linear motion
• Angular velocity (𝜔) is usually measured in radians per unit
time
• You Try: If a shaft spins at 1200 rpm, what is its angular velocity in
radians per second?
There are 2𝜋 radians in one revolution. So,
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓

2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 1200 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒

𝜔=
1 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐
2400𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝜔=
60 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝜔 = 40𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
 Circular Motion vs. linear motion
• The linear velocity (v) of a point on a circle is usually measured in
distance travelled per unit time
• “Revolutions” or “Radians” may not be treated as “true” units of
measure
• You Try: If a shaft spins at 1200 rpm, what is the linear velocity of
a point on the outside of a 0.25 inch shaft in mph?
1𝑓𝑡 = 12𝑖𝑛
1𝑚𝑖 = 5280𝑓𝑡
 Circular Motion vs. linear motion
• The linear velocity (v) of a point on a circle is usually measured in
distance travelled per unit time
• “Revolutions” or “Radians” may not be treated as “true” units of
measure
• You Try: If a shaft spins at 1200 rpm, what is the linear velocity of
a point on the outside of a 0.25 inch shaft in mph?
1𝑓𝑡 = 12𝑖𝑛
𝑣 = 𝜔𝑟
1𝑚𝑖 = 5280𝑓𝑡
40𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 1𝑓𝑡 1𝑚𝑖 60𝑠𝑒𝑐 60𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑣= 0.25𝑖𝑛
1 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 12𝑖𝑛 5280𝑓𝑡 1𝑚𝑖𝑛 1ℎ𝑟
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 ∙ 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑣 ≈ 1.78
ℎ𝑟 “Revolutions” or “Radians” may not be
𝑣 ≈ 1.78𝑚𝑝ℎ treated as “true” units of measure
 Practice Problems

• Page 450 #P1 - #P4

• Page 451-452 # F1 - #F8
• Page 453 – 457 # 1a, #2a, #3, #5 – 7, #10, #11, #14, #15, #23 – answer to
#23 should be approximately 165 mm
Power Transmission and
Angle of Twist
 Review: Deflection of Beams

• Deflection in beams is a result of loading causing internal moments to the beam.

• When the load causes moments, the beam material begins to undergo a
deformation process causing deflection.

• The deflection can be calculated to determine the distance the material will move.
 Review: Deflection of Beams

Deflection: is the perpendicular distance a location of the material

moves/relocates when a load is applied.

Drawing by Domenic Lacaria

 Deflection of Beams

Definitions
• Deforming: is when a material changes it’s shape when a load is applied.
• Elastic Deformation- the load is within the elastic region for the material. The material
will return to its original shape once the load is removed.
• Plastic Deformation- the load exceeds the elastic region and enters the plastic region.
It will NOT naturally return to its original shape once the load is removed. It will have
experienced permanent deforming of the material.
Deflection of Beams

Drawing by Domenic Lacaria

 Stress-Strain Curves-Elastic Section

Which material would be stiffer? A

Which material (A or B) would most likely be steel? A
be aluminum? B
 Hooke’s Law
• Stress is proportional to strain

• We can define the ‘stiffness’ of the material based on the slope of the
elastic portion of the stress-strain curve

stress
E
strain
• E = Modulus of Elasticity or Young’s Modulus
• Units: GPa, MPa or ksi or psi

• Derived empirically. Can find values in tables (see “Mechanical Properties

of Materials” on FOL).
Relating Stress and Strain – Hooke’s Law for Shear
Stress  shear stress 
E  G 
Strain  shear strain 

• Modulus of Rigidity (E) is a property of material

• See “Mechanical Properties of Materials” posted on FOL
• Shear modulus of elasticity (G) is also a property of material
• See “Mechanical Properties of Materials” posted on FOL
• Values are derived empirically
 Shearing Strain

• Represented by the Greek letter ‘gamma’

• Because this strain is so small, it is approximated by the angle
measure
• Given in radians (unitless)
 Angle of Twist



• Represented by Greek letter ‘phi’
• Not to be confused by shear strain
• Also has units of radians
• Angle of twist and max shearing strain are related by:
r  max  max shear strain L  length of shaft
 max  r  radius   angle of twist
L
 Angle of Twist

  Angle of Twist
T  Torque (moment)
TL
 L  Length of shaft
GJ
G  Modulus of Rigidity
J  Polar moment of inertia
 Ex: Determine the angle of twist per metre of length
developed in a shaft subjected to a moment of 12 kNm.
(G=80 x 103 Mpa)
 ? d  50mm
TL
d  50mm  0.05m 
T  12 103 Nm GJ
d  (0.05) (12 10 )(1) 3

4 4
J  9
(80 10 )(613.6 10 )
9
32 32
 613.6 10 9 m 4 𝜑 ≈ 0.244rad
 The angle of twist is 0.244 radians
(about 14 degrees)
Ex: The following hollow 50kNm 10kNm 60kNm
shaft with an inside
diameter of 350 mm and
outside diameter of 400
mm is subjected to the
indicated torques. 0.1m 0.3m 0.5m 0.2m
Determine the maximum
shearing stress on the
shaft.
 (0.44  0.354 )
J
Max shear stress will occur at 32
the point of maximum 𝐽 ≈ 1.04 × 10−3 𝑚4
torque. Compare internal
moments for each section 60 × 103 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 × 0.4𝑚 ÷ 2
Tr 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≈
Tmax  60kNm  max  1.04 × 10−3 𝑚4
J
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≈ 11.5𝑀𝑃a
 50kNm 10kNm 60kNm
You try. Determine the angle of
twist from one side of the pipe
to the other. (G = 83 x 103 MPa)
𝐽 = 1.04 × 10−3 𝑚4
TL 0.1m 0.3m 0.5m 0.2m

GJ 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
Consider each
section on its
own, then
combine.
 50kNm 10kNm 60kNm
You try. Determine the angle of
twist from one side of the pipe
to the other. (G = 83 x 103 MPa)
𝐽 = 1.04 × 10−3 𝑚4
TL 0.1m 0.3m 0.5m 0.2m

GJ 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸
Consider each 60
section on its 𝑇 (𝑘𝑁𝑚)
own, then 50
combine. 0.1m 0.3m 0.5m 0.2m

𝜑𝐴𝐸 = 𝜑𝐴𝐵 + 𝜑𝐵𝐶 + 𝜑𝐶𝐷 − 𝜑𝐷𝐸

0 0.1 50 × 103 0.3 60 × 103 0.5 0 0.2
𝜑𝐴𝐸 = + + −
83 × 109 1.04 × 10−3 83 × 109 1.04 × 10−3 83 × 109 1.04 × 10−3 83 × 109 1.04 × 10−3

𝜑𝐴𝐸 ≈ 521.3 × 10−6 rad

The angle of twist at A is 521.3 x 10-6 rad (about 0.03 degrees)
 Ex. Determine the angle 50kNm 10kNm 60kNm
of twist of A with respect
to C. (G = 83 x 103 MPa)
𝐽 = 1.04 × 10−3 𝑚4
TL
 0.1m 0.3m 0.5m 0.2m
GJ 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸
Consider each
section on its 60
𝑇 (𝑘𝑁𝑚)
own, then 50
combine.
0.1m 0.3m 0.5m 0.2m
𝜑𝐴𝐶 = 𝜑𝐴𝐵 + 𝜑𝐵𝐶
0 0.1 50 × 103 0.3
𝜑𝐴𝐶 = +
83 × 109 1.04 × 10−3 83 × 109 1.04 × 10−3
𝜑𝐴𝐶 ≈ 173.8 × 10−6

The angle of twist of A with respect to C is 173.8 x 10-6 rad (about 0.010 degrees)
 Power Transmission and Torque
• Power is defined as the work performed per unit of time.
• The work transmitted by a rotating shaft is equal to the torque multiplied by
the angle of rotation.
P  T P  power
T  torque
• P = Power (in watts, or hp)
• 1 hp = 550 ft lb/s
  angular velocity
• When dealing with machinery, the frequency (f) of a shafts rotation is
known. P  power
• Frequency = revolutions per second
f  frequency
P  2fT T  torque
 Ex: The pump operates using the motor that has a power of 100 W. If the
impeller at B is turning at 150rpm, determine the maximum shear stress in the
20 mm-diameter transmission shaft at A.

P  T
𝑇𝑐 r 4
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = J 
𝐽 2 Hibbeler Statics and Strengths of Materials, 2017

150𝑟𝑒𝑣 2𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑 1𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑃

𝜔= ∙ ∙ 𝑃 = 100𝑊 𝑇=
𝑚𝑖𝑛 1𝑟𝑒𝑣 60𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜔
𝑁∙𝑚 100𝑁∙𝑚 1𝑠
𝜔 = 5𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 𝑃 = 100 𝑇= ∙
𝑠 𝑠 5𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑
100
𝑇= 𝑁∙𝑚
5𝜋
 Ex: The pump operates using the motor that has a power of 100 W. If the
impeller at B is turning at 150rpm, determine the maximum shear stress in the
20 mm-diameter transmission shaft at A.

P  T
𝑇𝑐 r 4
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = J 
𝐽 2 Hibbeler Statics and Strengths of Materials, 2017

100 100
𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 0.01𝑚
𝑇= 𝑁∙𝑚 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5𝜋
5𝜋 𝜋 0.01𝑚 4
2
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≈ 4.05𝑀𝑃𝑎
 1
You try: The gear motor can develop ℎ𝑝 when it turns at 80 rpm. If the
10
allowable shear stress for the shaft is 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 4𝑘𝑠𝑖, determine the smallest
1
diameter of the shaft to the nearest 𝑖𝑛 that can be used.
8

P  T
𝑇𝑐 r 4
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = J 
𝐽 2
1 hp = 550 ft lb/s Hibbeler Statics and Strengths of Materials, 2017
 1
You try: The gear motor can develop ℎ𝑝 when it turns at 80 rpm. If the
10
allowable shear stress for the shaft is 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 4𝑘𝑠𝑖, determine the smallest
1
diameter of the shaft to the nearest 𝑖𝑛 that can be used.
8

P  T
𝑇𝑐 r 4
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = J 
𝐽 2
1 hp = 550 ft lb/s Hibbeler Statics and Strengths of Materials, 2017

80𝑟𝑒𝑣 2𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑 1𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 550𝑓𝑡∙𝑙𝑏/𝑠 𝑃

𝜔= ∙ ∙ 𝑃= ℎ𝑝 ∙ 𝑇=
𝑚𝑖𝑛 1𝑟𝑒𝑣 60𝑠𝑒𝑐 10 1 ℎ𝑝 𝜔
55𝑓𝑡∙𝑙𝑏 3𝑠
8𝜋 𝑃 = 55𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑏/𝑠 𝑇= ∙
𝜔= 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 𝑠 8𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑
3 165
𝑇= 𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑏
8𝜋
 1
You try: The gear motor can develop ℎ𝑝 when it turns at 80 rpm. If the
10
allowable shear stress for the shaft is 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 4𝑘𝑠𝑖, determine the smallest
1
diameter of the shaft to the nearest 𝑖𝑛 that can be used.
8

P  T
𝑇𝑐 r 4
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = J 
𝐽 2
1 hp = 550 ft lb/s Hibbeler Statics and Strengths of Materials, 2017
16T
d min  3
𝑇=
165
𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑏  𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.4646 … 𝑖𝑛
8𝜋
12𝑖𝑛 1
3 16 ∙ 165𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≈ 𝑖𝑛
1𝑓𝑡 2
𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
4000𝑙𝑏
8𝜋 ∙ 𝜋 ∙
𝑖𝑛2
Ex: A solid steel shaft (G= 12x103 ksi) delivers 10 hp at 40 revolutions per second.
If the allowable shearing stress is 16 ksi, determine the required diameter of the
shaft
rev 2
P  T   40   80 d min  3
16T
s 1rev 
ft  lb 𝜏 = 16 × 103
P  10hp  10  550  5500
Determine torque from power
s
5500 T ?
T T  21.884lb  ft
80
Determine the diameter
16T 16(21.884 12)
d min  3 d min 3 d min  0.437"
  (16 10 )
3
 Summary Tr
 max 
• Max shear stress (torsion) J
TL
• Angle of twist

GJ
shear stress 
• Hooke’s Law for Shear G 
shear strain 
• Power transmission
P  2fT

• Dimensions of a shaft
2T
rmin  3 16T
 d min  3

 Combined Loadings

Hibbeler (2014) Mechanics of Materials, 9th edition. P. 562

 Combined Loadings

• Typically we aren’t dealing with loads acting in only one direction

• Gear and shaft systems can be used to change the direction of
force, which results in shear stresses acting in multiple planes
• Considerations:
• Bending stress in the x direction
• Bending stress in the z direction
• Torsional shear stress
 Failure Theory

• One failure theory results in the following equation:

1
 2 2 
3
r   M  T 
2

  allow 

• Depending on the loading conditions, you may need to apply this equation
at multiple points along the shaft to determine the maximum

• Drawing moment and torque diagrams will be helpful in determining the

maximum values
 A shaft is supported by smooth journal bearings at A
and B. Due to the transmission of power and from the
shaft, the belts on the pulleys are subjected to the
tensions shown. Determine the smallest diameter of
the shaft with an allowable shear stress of 50 MPa
 An Approach:

1. FBD in x and in z
2. Support reactions in x and z
3. Moment diagrams in x and z
4. Torsion diagram
5. Determine the location of maximum moment and torque (superposition)
6. Apply the formula
 In x:
M A
 500(0.65)  Bx (0.5)  0

Bx  650 N
𝐹𝑥 = 650 − 500 + 𝐴𝑥 = 0

𝐴𝑥 = −150N Torque
(550  400)(0.05)  7.5 Nm
In z: (300  200)(0.075)  7.5 Nm

M A
 950(0.25)  Bz (0.5)  0

Bz  475 N
F z
 950  475  Az  0

Az  475 N
 Moment and Torque Diagrams

z-y plane x-y plane

Which location would cause the

highest amount of stress? What is
the value?

Just to the right of point C

M = 118.75+37.5 = 124.5 Nm
T = 7.5 Nm
 Calculate the Required Diameter
1
 2 2 
3
r   M  T 
2

  allow 
1
 2 2 
3
r   (124.5)  (7.5) 
2

  (50 10 )
6


r  0.0117m

d  23.3mm
 Practice Problems

• Page 457 #26, #27, #29, #30, #31, #33, #34

• Page 466 – 471 #F9 - #F14, #35, #37, #38, #39, #43, #45, #46, #57, #59