Psychology b.

Carl Jung – not only sex drive but

- psyche – mind and soul; logos – study desire to excel
- how people think act, react, interact 4. Gestalt Psychology
a. Configuration, form, holistic
Psychiatry b. Humans as unified beings
- mental disorders and their diagnosis, c. Max Wertheimer
management and prevention d. Wolfgang Kohler
- doctor who completed residency training e. Kurt Koffka
in psychiatry f. Whole is greater than sum of its
parts
5. Behaviorism
NORMALITY a. Behavior can be explained by
environmental causes than internal
Normality by WHO – state of complete physical forces
(can be gauged quantitively), social and mental b. John Watson – famous for his
(standardized test for IQ and EQ) well-being. Little Albert Experiment
i. Unethical
Kaplan and Sadock: ii. Summary: Watson and
Normality is absence of psychopathology and Rayner
synonymous with normal (this is mental health iii. Classical condition to
since it is the absence of mental disorder) create phobia (irrational
fear that is out of proportion
4 perspectives of normality (Offer & Sabshin): to danger)
 health iv. Demonstrated 2 additional
 utopia concepts:
 average 1. Extinction – hindi na
 process masyadong takot si
Albert sa daga
What is healthy depends on geography and 2. Generalization -
historical setting

TRAIT VS STATE

Trait – pattern of behavior

- pervasive or enduring
- e.g., paranoia

State – pattern of behavior

- episodic and variable
- e.g., schizophrenia, depression

THEORIES OF PSYCHOLOGY

1. Structuralism
a. Wilhelm Wundt (Father of
Psychology)
b. Introspection
2. Functionalism c. B.F. Skinner
a. William James d. Ivan Pavlov
b. Addresses social structure 6. Cognitivism
c. Function of constituents a. Study of mental processes
3. Psychoanalysis including how people think,
a. Sigmund Freud perceive, remember, and learn
i. Life force – libido (sex drive b. Jean Piaget
that influences the i. Stages of cognitive
unconscious mind of child’s development
personality) c. Alan David Baddeley
i. Working memory
 7. Humanism
a. Abraham Maslow
i. Fundamental and uniquely
human needs and issues
b. Carl Rogers
i. Unconditional positive
regard
8. Existentialism
a. Rollo May
i. Humanistic themes of
death, free will, meaning
ii. Meaning can be shaped by
myths or narrative patterns
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Growth and Development
1. Prenatal
a. conception – 8 weeks
b. where the development of embryo
and fetus occurs
i. Zygote – conception to
implantation (10-14 days)
ii. Embryo – 3rd to 8th week
(all major organs are
formed, and heart begins to
beat)
iii. Fetal stage – 9th week to
birth (all organ systems
begin to function, organism
grows rapidly)
2. Fetal
a. 8 weeks – birth
3. Infancy
a. Birth – 15 months
4. Toddler
a. 15 months – 2 ½ years
5. Preschool
a. 2 ½ years – 6 years
6. Middle Childhood
a. 6 years – 12 years
Development of nervous system:
 Occurs in utero (before birth) and
continues in adult life
 Age 5 – reached 90% of brain growth
 Four-fold increase in weight and size of
brain occurs in neocortex due to growth
and branching of dendrites
 Important dates:
o Day 16 – dorsal thickening of
ectoderm to form the neural plate
o 6th week – neural tube forms the
cerebral vesicle
o 10th week – cerebral cortex starts
to form
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Growth – increase in the size of the whole or any
of its parts
 Hyperplasia – increase in number of cells
 Hypertrophy – increase in size of cells
Development – progressive increase in
individual’s capacity (maturation, learning)
Principles of growth and development:
- Process
o Conception to birth
o Orderly, definite, predictable
- Sequential
o Cephalo-caudal: head to toe
o Proximo-distal: from the center
(heart) outwards
o Gross to fine skill
Rates and Stages
- Optimum stage and initiation of skills and
learnings
- Neonatal reflexes: rooting, sucking,
palmar grasp
- Imprinting: offspring follows and imitates
his parents (e.g., ducks)
Heredity – transmission of traits from parents to
offspring
- Gives individual similarity and uniqueness
Maturation – follows an orderly sequence
- Process referring to sequences of growth
that are readily independent of
environment
Motor development – movement (walking,
swimming)
Prehension – grasping objects (palmer grasping)
Language development – child starts with cries
and grunts then as they grow, they learn new
words
Factors affecting growth and development
Nature: genetics
Nurture: environment
 DIFFERENT THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT
Freud’s Psychosocial Development
 Based on modern books, there are six
psychosocial stages
 Personality formed will be the same in
puberty to the end
All stages are named after parts of the body
except latency stage
- Parts of body that are erogenous
(stimulate part of body and evoke
pleasurable sensation)
- Individual don’t know that this is sexual
1. Oral stage
a. First 18 months
b. Most vulnerable and dependent on
others
c. Oral area or buccal mucosa
d. Infant’s needs are centered in
mouth, lips, tongue etc.
e. Baby likes oral zone to be tickled.
Baby loves suckling milk to
stimulate buccal mucosa
f. Oral sensation: hunger, thirsty
g. Oral triad: eat, sleep, reach
h. Oral drive consists of two
components:
i. libidinal (eroticism) –
predominate in early oral
phase
ii. oral aggression – biting,
chewing, spitting, crying;
destroying
i. Development of Id
2. Anal stage
a. Six months overlap with oral stage
b. 1 to 3 years old
c. Shift from passivity to activity
d. Erogenous zone: anus
e. Anal triad: orderliness,
parsimony, obstinacy
f. Kaya na ng bata I expel yung feces
g. He can get the attention of
caregiver by expelling bowels
h. Anal sadism – aggressive wishes;
discharging feces as powerful and
destructive behavior
i. Anal eroticism – child learns that
moving bowels tickle rectal
mucosa which is pleasurable for
baby; child doesn’t know it is a
sexual pleasure
j. Toilet training – reflect later in
adulthood
i. strict toilet training: rigid
with themselves and
always follow rules, show
more aggression; have
OCD
ii. lax toilet training –
complacent, don’t worry
about missed deadlines
3. Urethral stage
a. Transitional stage
b. 4 to 6 months
c. Related to urination
d. Pleasurable to urinate but child
doesn’t know that it is a sexual
pleasure
4. Phallic stage
a. 3 to 5 years
b. Principal organ of interest to both
sexes: penis
c. Penis Envy – baby boy is proud to
have the penis; baby girl is jealous
of not having a penis (females
question why boys have
appendages)
d. Castration anxiety – kuya will
realize that girl is envious of the
penis and he will be anxious na
baka nakawin ni girl yung penis
e. If a person flashes genitals
nonconsensually – patient has
castration anxiety as a child
f. Oedipus complex – male child is
closer to mother (mommy’s boy)
g. Electra complex – female child is
closer to father (daddy’s girl);
pinagseselosan ng girl yung mom
since mas close sila ng dad
h. Leads to gender identity
complex
i. boy ends up gay due to
Oedipus complex
5. Latency stage
a. 5 to 13 years
b. Inactivity of sexual drive
c. Child will play with same sex
 d. Conscience is developed
6. Genital stage
a. Puberty
b. Erogenous zone: genitals (more
sexual compared to phallic stage)
c. Look for a partner of opposite sex
Erikson’s Stage Theory in Final Version
Freud – personal development is up to stage five
- Emphasized sexual drives and genitals
- Highlights sexual tension
Erikson – personal development is until old stage
- Emphasized social and cultural factors
- Highlights social tensions
3 key elements in psychosocial development
1. Ego identity
a. developed by human interaction
b. How you become conscious with
surroundings
2. Ego strength
a. Individual becomes competent
b. Competent makes them feel more
important
c. Develops self-esteem
3. Conflict
a. Struggle to attain psychological
quality
b. Referred to “psychosocial crisis”
c. Conflicts must not stay but
resolved
Two spectrum point for psychosocial
development. Failure to manage:
1. Maladaptation – too much positive, too
little negative (e.g., trusting too much)
2. Malignancy – too much negative, too little
positive (e.g., person cannot trust at all)
1. Infancy
a. Trust vs mistrust
b. Too much mistrust – withdrawal
c. Too much trust – maladaptation
d. Dependent on maternal
relationship
e. Successful resolution – child does
well
f. Pollyana perspective – too much
trust; uto-uto
2. Early childhood
a. Autonomy vs shame
b. Too much autonomy =
impulsiveness
c. Too much shame =
compulsiveness; may develop
paranoia
d. Sphincter and muscle control
3. Play age
a. Initiative vs guilt
b. Independence is key event
c. Too much initiative = ruthlessness
d. Too much guilt = inhibition
e. Parents should give children
freedom to play and use
imagination
f. Psychological crisis
4. School age
a. Industry vs inferiority
b. Virtue is competence
c. Too much industry = narrow
virtuosity
d. Too much inferiority = too
malignancy
e. Industry – transmit social values
(e.g., child is praised for good
drawings etc.)
f. Inferiority – child is told that
drawing is dirty
g. Neighbors and school friends
5. Adolescence
a. Identity vs role confusion
b. Have peer relationships
c. “Who am I?”
d. Fidelity – cornerstone of identity
e. Find your identity by taking a break
(Erikson)
f. Role confusion – delinquency,
gender identity disorders
g. Too much identity = fanaticism
(they’re way is the only way)
h. Too much role confusion =
repudiation (join cult; easily
swayed)
6. Early adulthood
a. Intimacy vs isolation
b. Intimacy – close to others (tied to
fidelity); make and honor
 commitments even if it requires
sacrifice and compromise
c. Distantiation – ready to repudiate,
isolate
d. When you navigate this stage, you
learn how to love

7. Adulthood
a. Generativity vs stagnation
b. Maturity needs guidance
c. Virtue is care
d. Too much generativity = extension
(leads no longer have time for
yourself)
e. Too much stagnation = self-
absorbed
f. Generativity - guiding the next
generation; challenge to raise the
family and work in the community
g. Stagnation - cannot find purpose,
infidelity

8. Old age
a. Integrity vs despair
b. Too much integrity = presumption
c. Too much despair = disdain
d. Relationship is with whole human
race
e. Key event: acceptance of life,
forgiven yourself for regrets
f. Individual is nearing the end-of-life
cycle
g. Room to tolerate proximity of death

NOTE:
Premature individualism – Generativity vs
Stagnation

Ascendance of Oedipus complex – Initiative vs

guilt

Sphincter and muscle control – autonomy vs

shame

Acute identity diffusion – identity and role

confusion