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CE 423 Negros Oriental State University

College of Engineering and Architecture
Main Campus II, Bajumpandan, Dumaguete City
INTRODUCTION
TIMBER Wood can be considered the best natural building DESCRIPTION OF TOPICS
DESIGN material.
Timber is that sort of wood which is proper for buildings
Bending and Shearing Stress Flexural and Axial Tension
or for tools, utensils, furniture, etc. Technically the wood Notching on Beams Flexural and Axial
of growing trees which can support loads and suitable for Allowable Bending Stress Compression
construction purposes is known as Timber.
Curvature of Beams Axial Load with Bending
Timber is used for making doors, windows, ventilations,
shelves, rafters, floors, beams, columns, etc. During Design of Bolted Notching on Trusses
construction, it is also used for formworks, etc. Connections
Prepared by:
Design of Wooden Purlins
Engr. John Ronald R. Fortuito Design of Wooden Columns
fortuitojohnronald@gmail.com Design of Composite Beams

BENDING STRESS SHEARING STRESS SAMPLE PROBLEM 1

Bending Stress, fb Bending Stress, fb
A 100 mm x 300 mm rectangular beam carries a uniformly distributed load of “W” kN/m over its entire span. The beam is freely
Mc VQ supported at its ends. If the max. allowable bending stress is 8.27 MPa and simultaneously the max. allowable shearing stress is 0.70
fb = c = d/2 fv = c = d/2 MPa.
I Ib a) Compute the max. vertical shear. W
6M d 3V d
fb = ( for rectangular section) fv = ( for rectangular section) b) Compute the span of the beam. 300 mm
bd2 2bd c) Compute the value of “W” in kN/m.
fb = M where: fv = Shearing Stress [Solution] L 100 mm

S V = Max. Vertical Stress a) Max. Vertical Shear, V b) Span of Beam, L

2
b b fv = 3V fb = 6M2 M = wL wL2 = 99.24
where: fb = Bending Stress Q = Statical Moment of Area 2bd bd 8
wL = 28
bd2 Q = Ay 0.70 =
3V
8.27 =
6M
12.405 =
wL2
L = 3.54 m
S = (section modulus) 2(100)(300) 100(300) 8
6 bd d bd2 wL2 = 99.24
Q = = (section modulus) wL
bd3 2 4 8 V = 14,000 N M = 12.405 x 106 N.mm V= c) Value of “W”
I = (moment of inertia at the neutral axis) V = 14 kN M = 12.405 kN.m
2
WL = 28
12 bd3
I = (moment of inertia at the neutral axis) 14 =
wL
W = 28/3.54
12 2
wL = 28 W = 7.91 kN/m
b = width at critical shear

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 2 SAMPLE PROBLEM 3 SAMPLE PROBLEM 4

A floor is supported by 75mm x 200mm wooden joists spaced at 400mm on centers with an effective span of 3m. The total floor load A timber beam having a simple span of 4m carries a total load including its own weight of 10 kN/m. It has a width of 200mm and a Wooden joists are used to support a floor load of 6.95 kPa. exclusive of its own weight. The joists will have an effective span of 4.25
transmitted to the joists is 5 kPa. Weight of wood of 6.3 kN.m3. Ew = 12 x 103 MPa. depth of 260mm, used dressed dimension by reducing its dimensions by 10mm. The wooden section is made up of 80% grade m and be placed at 0.40m on centers. Weight of wood is 7.5 kN/m3 .
a) Compute the max. bending stress. Apitong. Ew = 12 x 103 MPa. a) Design the wooden joists so as not to exceed the allowable bending stress of 10.35 MPa.
b) Compute the max. shearing stress. W 200 mm
a) Compute the max. flexural stress of the beam. W = 10 kN/m b) Design the wooden joists so as not to exceed the allowable sheering stress of 0.85 MPa.
250 mm
c) Compute the max. deflection of the joist. b) Compute the max. shearing stress of the beam. c) Design the wooden joists so as not to exceed the allowable deflection of 10mm. Es = 12135 MPa.
[Solution]
3 m 75 mm c) Compute the max. deflection of the beam. 4m [Solution]
6M
a) Max. Bending Stress, fb fb = 2 b) Max. Shearing Stress, fv c) Max. Deflection [Solution] 190 mm
a) Size of joist by Bending: fb = 6M2 wt. of joist = 0.05(0.3)(7.5)
bd
fb = 6M2 bd
4
Wt. of wood = 6.3(0.075)(0.2)(1000) fv = 3V δmax = 5wL a) Max. Flexural Stress, fb
bd
b) Max. Shearing Stress, fv c) Max. Deflection Live load: wt. of joist = 0.1125 kN/m 300 mm
3 2bd 2094.5(3) 384EI 3V 5wL 4
6(6.28)106
Wt. of wood = 94.5 N/m fb = (6)(2356.3)10 V= From the Table: fv =
2bd
δmax =
384EI WL = 6.95(0.4) 10.35 = Total wt. = 2.78 + 0.1125
(75)(200) 2 2 6 bd 2
fb = 6(20)10 2
3
Total wt. of wood V = 3141.75 N I = 75(200) Fb = 16.5 MPa
190(250) WL = 2.78 kN/m W = 2.8925 kN/m
12 190(250)3
W = 94.5 + 5000(0.4) fb = 4.71 MPa I = 50 x 106 mm4 Ew = 7310 MPa V = 10(4) / 2 I= Try b = 50mm
12 2.8925(4.25)2
3V Fv = 1.75 MPa fb = 10.105 MPa V = 20 kN I = 247.4 x 106
W = 2094.5 N/m fv = ML = WLL2 / 8 M= 8 50 mm
2bd 5(2094.5)(3)4(1000)3 fv = 3(20000)
6
M = WL2/8 δmax = M = wL2 / 8 < 16.5 MPa (safe!) 4(1000)3 • d2 = 6(6.28)10 M = 6.53 x 106 N.mm
384(12) 103 (50) 106 2(190)(250) 5(10000)(4) 2.78(4.25) 2 50(10.35)
M = (2094.5)(3)2/8 fv = 3(3141.75) M = (10)(4)2 / 8 δmax =
384(7310)(247.4) 106 ML =
2(75)(200) 8 6(6.53)106
M = 2356.3 N.m δmax = 3.68 mm M = 20 kN.m fv = 0.63 MPa ML = 6.28 kN.m d = 270 say 300 mm fb = 50(300)2
M = 2356.3 x 103 N.mm fv = 0.31 MPa < 1.73 MPa (safe!) δmax = 18.43 mm fb = 8.71 MPa < 10.35 MPa Use 50 mm x 300 mm
(safe!)

[Solution]
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4 [Solution]
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4 SAMPLE PROBLEM 5
Timber joists of 75 mm x 300 mm are placed on a spacing of 0.40 m on centers and their end rest upon steel beams of 150 mm flange
b) Size of joist by Shear: wt. of joist = 0.05(0.25)(7.5) = 0.09375 kN/m c) Size of joist by deflection: try 50 mm x 300 mm width and on a 4.25 m on centers. Compute the maximum allowable working load per sq.m. that the joists could carry including the
fv = 3V total wt. = 2.78 + 0.09375 = 2.87375 kN/m Try b = 50 mm Dead load = 0.05(0.3)(7.5) = 0.1125 kN/m weight of joists and floor
2bd a) So as not to exceed the allowable bending stress of 12 MPa.
Total load = 2.78 + 0.1125 = 2.8925 kN/m 300 mm
5wL4 b) So as not to exceed the allowable sheering stress of 0.83 MPa.
V = 2.78(4.25) / 2 V = 2.87375(4.25) / 2 δ= W = 2892.5 (4.25) = 12293.125 N
384EI c) So as not to exceed the allowable deflection which is 1/360 of span with Ew = 11030 MPa.
V = 5.9075 kN (live load) V = 6.1067 kN 300 mm 300 mm
5(2780)(4.25)(4250)3 5wL4 [Solution]
δ= δ= 50 mm
384(12135)I 384EI
fv = 3V fv = 3V a) Working load due to Bending: b) Working load due to shear c) working load due to deflection
fv = 3V
4
2bd 2bd
I = 97319421 mm4 δ=
5(12293.125)(4250)3 Total load = W(4.25)(0.4) δ = 5wL
384(12135)(50)(300)3 2bd 384EI
3(6.1067)(1000)
0.85 = 3(5907.5) fv = 50 mm
12
50 mm Total load = 1.7W
1.7W 4250 5(1.7W)(1000)(4250)3
2bd 2(50)(250) bd3 WT = 1.7W (kN) V= =
I= 2 360 384(11030)(75)(300)3
12 V = 0.85W (kN)
Try b = 50 fv = 0.73 MPa < 0.85 MPa use 50 mm x 250 mm δ = 9 mm < 10 mm (safe!) use 50 mm x 300 mm WL 12
50d3 6M 3V
(safe!) 97319421 = fb = M= fv = W = 12.93 kN/m2
bd 2 8 2bd
3(5907.5) 12
d = 2(0.85)(50) 6M 3(0.85W)(1000)
d = 286 say 300 mm 12 = 75(300) 13.5 = 1.7W (4.25) 0.83 =
8 2(75)(300)
d = 208.50 say 250 mm M = 13.5 kN.m
W = 14.95 kN/m 2 W = 14.65 kN/m2

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 6 SAMPLE PROBLEM 7 SAMPLE PROBLEM 8

A laminated beam is composed of five planks, each 6 in. by 2 in., glued together to form a section 6 in. wide by 10 in. high. The Find the cross-sectional dimensions of the smallest square beam that can be loaded as shown in the figure if F v = 1.0 MPa and Fb = 8 A box beam carries a distributed load of 200 lb/ft and a concentrated load P as shown in the figure. Determine the maximum value of P
allowable shear stress in the glue is 90 psi, the allowable shear stress in the wood is 120 psi, and the allowable flexural stress in the MPa. if Fb ≤ 1200 psi and Fv ≤ 150 psi.
wood is 1200 psi. Determine the maximum uniformly distributed load that can be carried by the beam on a 6-ft simple span. [Solution] [Solution]
[Solution] ΣMR1 = 0 Based on allowable bending stress:
Maximum moment for simple span beam: For shear stress of wood: thus,
3𝑤 (60) Based on bending stress, 10R2 = 5P + 7(2800) Fb = Mc
3V I
Mmax = 1/8 wo L2 fv =
2bd
90 =
500(6) fb = 6M R2 = 0.5P + 1960 where:
Mmax = 1/8 wo (6) 2 bd2
3(3𝑤 ) M = 2.5P + 1700 lb.ft
6(4)(1000)2
Mmax = 4.5 wo lb.ft 120 = wo = 1250 lb/ft 8= MB = ½ [(0.5P + 840)+(0.5P – 160)](5) c = 12/2 = 6 in
2(6)(10) d3
Maximum shear for simple span beam: d = 144.22 mm MB = 2.5P + 1700 lb.ft I = 10(123)/12 – 8(103)/12
Vmax = ½ wo L wo = 1600 lb/ft Use wo = 1250 lb/ft for safe value I = 773.33 in4
Vmax = ½ wo (6) of uniformly distributed load MC = MB – ½ [(0.5P + 160) + (0.5P + 1160)](5) thus,
Vmax = 3 wo lb For shear stress in the glued joint (2.5P + 1700)(12)(6)
Based on shear stress MC = MB – (2.5P + 1320) 1200 =
VQ 773.33
For bending stress of wood: fv(glue) =
Ib fv = 3V MC = (2.5P + 1700) – (2.5P + 3300)
fb = 6M2 2bd
ΣMR2 = 0 MC = – 1600 lb.ft P = 4475.56 lb
bd 3(4)(1000)
6(4.5𝑤 )(12) where: Q = 6(4)(2.5) = 60 in3 1= 10 R1 = 5P + 3(2800) Checking MC from the overhang segment:
3 3 2d2
1200 = 6(10) I = bd = 6(10) = 500 in4 R1 = 0.5P + 840 MC = – ½ (4)(800)
12 12
w = 22,222.22 lb/ft
o d = 77.46 mm Use 145 mm x 145 mm square beam MC = – 1600 lb.ft (okay!)
b = 6 in

SAMPLE PROBLEM 8 SAMPLE PROBLEM 9 NOTCHING ON BEAMS

Based on allowable shear stress: A simply supported beam of length L carries a uniformly distributed load of 6000 N/m and has the cross section shown in the figure.
If possible, notching on beams should be avoided. Notches in sawn lumber bending members shall not exceed one-sixth the depth of
Fb = VQ Find L to cause a maximum flexural stress of 16 MPa. What maximum shearing stress is then developed?
the member and shall not be located in the middle third of the span. Where members are notched at the ends, the notch depth shall not
Ib [Solution] exceed one-fourth the beam depth. The tension side of the sawn lumber bending members of 100 mm or greater nominal thickness
where: Based on allowable bending stress: Based on allowable shearing stress: shall not be notched except at ends of members. Cantilevered portions of beams less than 100 mm in nominal thickness shall not be
V = 0.5P + 1160 lb Fb = Mc fv = VQ notched unless the reduced section properties and lumber defects are considered in the design.
I wo= 6000 N/m Ib
Q = 10(1)(5.5) + 2[5(1)(2.5)]
Q = 80 in3 where: where: When rectangular-shaped girder, beams or joists are notched at points of support on the tension side, they shall meet the design
L requirements of that section in bending and in shear. The horizontal shear stress at such point shall not exceed:
b = 2 in Fb = 16 MPa V = ½ wo L
Thus, M = 1/8 wo L2 V = ½ (6000)(7.55)
150 = (0.5P + 1160)(80) M = 1/8 (6000) L2 V = 22 650 N
773.33(2) M = 750 L2 N.m Q = 10 000(100) + 2(6 250)(62.5) Where:
c = ½ (250) = 125 mm Q = 1 781 250 mm3 fv = horizontal shear stress
P = 3480 lb
I = 300(2503)/12 – 200(1503)/12 b = 2(50) = 100 mm V = maximum shear
I = 334 375 000 mm4 thus, b = width of the beam
For safe value of P, use P = 3480 lb 22 650 (1 781 250)
Thus, fv = 334 375 000 (100) d = total depth of beam
750L2 (1000)(125) d’ = actual depth of beam at notch
16 = 334 375 000
L = 7.55 m fv = 1.21 MPa

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
The simply supported joist is used in the construction of a floor for a building. In order to keep the floor low with respect to the sill
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
A 150 mm x 300 mm wooden beam having a simple span of 6 meters carries a concentrated load P at its midspan. It is notched at the SIZE FACTOR ADJUSTMENT
ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESS
beams C and D, the end of the joists are notched as shown in the figure. Allowable shear stress of wood is 1.02 MPa and the allowable supports as shown in the figure. Allowable shear stress of wood, Fv = 1.0 MPa. When the depth of a rectangular sawn lumber bending member 125 mm or thicker exceeds 300 mm, the allowable bending stress Fb
bending stress is 11.8 MPa. Ew = 13 800 MPa. The beam carries a concentrated load of 2 700 N at its midspan. Neglect weight of a) If P=30 kN, calculate the maximum allowable depth of notches at the supports. shall be multiplied by the size factor Cf.
beam. b) If the depth of notches is 100 mm, what is the safe value of P the beam can carry?
a) Compute the depth of the beam so as not to exceed the allowable bending stress if it has a width of 50 mm. c) If P=25 kN and the depth of notches is 150 mm, what is the shear stress near the supports? 𝟑𝟎𝟎 1/9
Cf = then, Fb’ = Cf Fb
b) Compute the smallest height “h” so that the beam will not exceed the allowable shearing stress. [Solution]
𝒅

c) Compute the deflection of the beam at the midspan. a) Depth of notches if P=30 kN b) safe value of P if depth Where:
[Solution] V = ½ P = ½ (30) = 15 kN of notches = 100mm c) shear stress if P=25 kN Cf = size factor
a) Depth of beam: b) smallest value of “h” so that c) deflection of the beam: d’ = d-100 = 300-100 and depth of notches = 150 mm
3 d = depth of beam
M = PL/4 = 2700(9)/4 it will not exceed the allowable I = 50(250) Fv = 3V 2
d’ = 200 mm d’ = d – 150 = 300 – 150 = 150 mm
12
M = 6075 N.m = 6 075 000 N.mm shearing stress of 1.02 MPa I = 65 104 167 mm4 2bd’
2 V = ½ P = ½ (25) = 12.5 kN For beam of circular cross section having a diameter greater than 340 mm the size factor Cf may be determined on the basis of an
Fb = 6M2 Fv = 3V 1.0 =
3(15000) 2
Fv = 3V
2
equivalent conventionally loaded square beam.
bd 2bd’ 3
δ = PL = 2 700(9 000)
3
2(150)(d’) 2bd’ 3V 2 πD2 = d2
6(6 075 000) 48EI 48(13800)(65104167) fv =
11.8 = V = 2700/2 = 1350 N 3V(1000) 2 2bd’ 4 2 2
50d2 d’ = 238 mm 1.0 = 2 d = π (340)
d = 248.6 say 250 mm 1.02 = 3(1350) 2 δ = 45.64 mm 2(150)(200) 3(12500) 4
depth of notch = 300 – 238 fv = 2(150)(150)
Use d = 250 mm 2(50)(h) depth of notch = 62 mm V = 8.89 kN d = 301.3 > 300 mm
h = 99.63 say 100 mm Safe value of P = 2V = 17.78 kN fv = 3.33 MPa
Use h = 100 mm

ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESS ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESS SAMPLE PROBLEM 1

Considering Lateral Stability Considering Lateral Stability
SLENDERNESS FACTOR, CS A. Short Unbraced Beam A wooden beam 200 mm x 350 mm has a simple span of 6 m. If the weight of the beam is 6.3 kN/m3 and its allowable bending and
When the depth of a bending member exceeds its breadth, lateral support maybe required and the slenderness factor Cs shall be When Slenderness factor Cs < 10, Use Fb’ = Fb shearing stresses are 10.6 and 0.70 MPa respectively.
computed using the relation: a) Compute the size factor adjustment.
𝑳𝒆 𝒅 B. Intermediate Unbraced Beam b) Compute the safe uniform load that the beam could support based on flexural stress with size factor adjustment.
Cs =
𝒃𝟐
𝑪𝒔 4 c) Compute the safe uniform load that the beam could support based on shear strength.
Where: Cs = slenderness ratio When Cs > 10 but less than Ck Use Fb’ = Fb [1 – 1/3 ]
𝑪𝒌 [Solution]
Le = effective length of beam a) Size factor adjustment b) safe load capacity with
Where Ck = 0.811
d = depth of beam 1/9
Cf = size factor adjustment
b = breadth of beam E = modulus of elasticity of wood
1/9
Type of Beam Span and Nature of Load: Effective Length, Le Fb = allowable unit stress for extreme fiber in bending Cf = Fb = 6M
bd2
1. Single span beam, load concentrated at center Le = 1.61 Lu Fb’ = allowable unit stress for extreme fiber in bending adjusted for slenderness Cf = 0.983 Fb’ = 10.6 (0.983)
2. Single span beam, uniformly distributed load Le = 1.92 Lu Fb’ = 10.42 MPa
3. Single span beam, equal and moments Le = 1.84 Lu C. Long Unbraced Beam 10.42 = 6M
4. Cantilever beam, load concentrated at unsupported end Le = 1.69 Lu . 200(350)
When Cs > Ck but less than 50 Use Fb’ =
5. Cantilever beam, uniformly distributed load Le = 1.06 Lu M = 42.5 x 106 N.mm Dead load = 0.20(0.35)(6.3)
Cs should not exceed 50.
6. Cantilever beam, uniformly distributed load M = wL2 / 8 Dead load = 0.440 kN/m
with concentrated load at cantilever end. 42.5 = w (6)2 / 8 Safe Uniform Load = 9.44 – 0.44
7. Single span, or cantilever beam, any other load w = 9.44 kN/m Safe Uniform Load = 9 kN

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 SAMPLE PROBLEM 2 SAMPLE PROBLEM 2

c) Safe Load capacity based on shear capacity A single span beam having an unsupported span of 20 m carries a uniform load of “w” kN/m throughout its span. The beam has a a) Load ‘w’ that the beam could carry
Fv = 3V cross section of 150 mm x 600 mm. Allowable bending stress of the wood is Fb = 12.4 MPa. with a modulus of elasticity of 13800
2bd MPa. 6M
fb =
3V a) Compute the allowable bending stress with size factor adjustment. bd2
0.70 =
2(200)(350) b) Compute the allowable bending stress with slenderness factor adjustment. 6M
5.9 =
c) Compute the load “w” that the beam could carry. 150(600)
V = 32 667 N
V = 32.667 kN [Solution] M = 53.1 kN.m
𝐸
a) Allowable Bending Stress b) Allowable Bending Stress Ck = 0.811 𝐹
V = wL / 2 with size factor adjustment with slenderness factor adjustment M = wL
2

1/9
13800
8
32.667 = w(6) / 2 Cf = Le = 1.92 Lu (uniformly distributed load) Ck = 0.811 12.4
w (20)2
W = 10.89 kN/m 1/9 53.1 =
Cf = Le = 1.92 (20,000) Ck = 27.06 8
Safe uniform load = 10.89 – 0.44
Cf = 0.926 Le = 38,400 mm since Cs > Ck but < 50
Safe uniform load = 10.45 kN/m w = 1.062 kN/m
0.438 E w = 1062 N/m
Allowable bending stress Cs = use Fb’ = C
= 0.926 (12.4) (38400)(600) 0.438(13800)
= 11.48 MPa Cs = 150 F b’ = 32
Cs = 32 Fb’ = 5.9 MPa

CURVATURE OF BEAMS SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 SAMPLE PROBLEM 2

CURVATURE OF BEAMS PLACED ON TOP OF THE OTHER A 300 mm x 75 mm wooden plank is placed on top of another 600 mm x 150 mm wooden plank having the same material. The super A 75 mm x 300 mm wooden beam is not sufficient to carry the loads imposed upon it. It has a simple span of 7.2 m. It is to be used by
imposed beam is subjected to a total moment of 42 kN.m. Span of both planks is 6 m. E = 8000 MPa for both planks. two men in removing concrete forms on the side of a reinforced concrete structure. Each man has a weight of 55 kg but one of them
EI can carry 80 kg while the other can carry only 35 kg. The two men will at no time be closer than 1.2 m while moving along the plank.
R= a) Compute the moment carried by the lower plank.
M Neglecting the weight of the planks, it is desired to place another plank of equal length and width of gangplank to be placed on top of
b) Compute the flexural stress of the upper plank. the 75 mm x 300 mm gang plank. Allowable bending stress = 9.68 MPa.
EI = EI = EI c) Compute the radius of curvature of both planks.
M a) Compute the size of the gangplank to be placed on top of the 75 mm x 300 mm gangplank.
M M
[Solution] b) Compute the flexural stress of the old gangplank after the placement of the new gangplank on top of it.
a) Moment carried by lower plank b) flexural stress of upper plank c) Compute the flexural stress of the new gangplank placed on top of the 75 mm x 300 mm gangplank.
6M EI = EI = EI EI = EI M1 = 42 - 39.53
f1 = M M [Solution]
b d M M M 6M
M1 = 2.47 kN.m
6M a) size of new gangplank: fb = 6M2 f1 =
I = I1 + I2 E(179,296,875) = E(168,750,000) f1 = bd b d
6M 42 M2 225x = 135(0) + 90(1.2)
b d 6M
f2 = 300(75)3
6(2.47)10 6 x = 0.48 m f2 = 9.68 = 6(738.47)(1000)
b d I1 = 12 M2 = 39.53 kN.m f1 = b d 300(d1)2
300(75)2 Σ MR2 = 0
I = 10 546 875 mm4
1 6M
7.2 R1 = 225(3.36) 9.68 = 300(75) d1 = 39.06 say 50 mm
f1 = 8.78 MPa
M = M1 + M 2 600(150)3 R1 = 105 kg M2 = 2722500 N.mm Use 50 mm x 300 mm
I2 = 12 c) Radius of Curvature:
R1 = 105(9.81) = 1030.05 N M2 = 2722.5 N.m
I2 = 168,750,000 mm4 R = EI = 8000(179296875) = 34,152 mm = 34.152 m
I = I1 + I2 M 42 x 106 M = R1 (3.36) M 1 = M - M2
I = 10,546,875 + 168,750,000
M = 1030.05(3.36) M1 = 3460.97 – 2722.50
I = 179,296,875 mm4
M = 3460.97 N.m M1 = 738.47 N.m

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DESIGN OF BOLTED DESIGN OF BOLTED

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
CONNECTIONS CONNECTIONS
[Solution] Timber connectors and fasteners may be used to transmit forces between wood members and between wood and metal members. The (b) If the side members are more than one-half the main (enclosed) member, no increase in the tabulated loads for main member is
b) flexural stress of old gangplank: c) flexural stress of new gangplank allowable loads and installation of timber connectors and fasteners shall be in accordance with the tables as provided in this permitted.
3 6M presentation.
I1 = 300(50) f1 =
12 b d
M M BOLTS
I1 = 3.125 x 106 =
3 EI E(I + I ) Safe loads in kN for bolts in shear in seasoned lumber shall not exceed the value set forth in Table 4-4.
I2 = 300(75) (c) When the side members are less than one-half the thickness of the main member, the tabulated loads indicated for main member
12 M 3460.97 that is twice the thickness of the thinnest side member used shall apply. For example, with 75-mm side members and 200-mm main
=
3.125 x 10 13.675 x 10 Allowable shear values used to connect a wood to concrete or masonry are permitted to be determined as one half the tabulated double member, the tabulated loads for 150 mm main member shall apply.
I2 = 10.55 x 106
shear values for a wood member twice the thickness of the member attached to the concrete or masonry.
I1 + I2 = 13.675 x 106 M1 = 791 N.m
M = M
EI E(I + I ) 6M The loads given in Table 4-4 are for a joint consisting of three members as shown in Figure (a). The bolts are in double shear. The
f1 =
M 3460.97 b d length of the bolt is the thickness of the main member. (d) When the joint consist of two members of equal thickness (the bolt being in single shear), one-half of the tabulated load for a piece
=
10.55 x 10 13.675 x 10 twice the thickness of one of the members shall apply. For example, with 75-mm members, one-half the tabulated value for a 150 mm
f1 = 6(791)(1000) main member shall apply.
(300)(50)2 (a) The loads given in Table 4-4 applies directly when the side members of wood are each one-half the thickness of the main
M2 = 2670 N.m (enclosed) member.
6M
f2 = = 6(2670)(1000) f1 = 6.33 MPa < 9.68 MPa (safe!)
b d 300(75)2

f2 = 9.49 MPa < 9.68 MPa (safe!)

DESIGN OF BOLTED DESIGN OF BOLTED DESIGN OF BOLTED

CONNECTIONS CONNECTIONS CONNECTIONS
(e) When members of a two-member joint are of unequal thickness, one half the tabulated load for a piece twice the thickness of the SPACING OF BOLTS:
thinner member shall apply. For example, with 100-mm and 150-mm members, one-half the tabulated value for a 200 mm main
member shall apply. S = RI
VQ

where:
S = spacing of bolts in mm
(f) The direction of the bolt pressure on the grain of the wood must be taken into consideration. In Figure (f), the bolt pressure is R = shear capacity of bolts
parallel to the grain in the inclined member, but in the horizontal member the load is neither parallel nor perpendicular to the grain. To
find the allowable bolt load on the horizontal member, we use the Hankinson’s Formula. I = moment of inertia of section at N.A.
V = maximum shear
Q = statical moment of area

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 SAMPLE PROBLEM 2

The cantilever shown is composed of three 75 mm x 200 mm actual size timbers fastened together to form an I-beam. [Solution] The box beam in the figure is secured by screws spaced at 100 mm apart along the length of the beam. The beam carries a
a) Compute the shearing stress in the glued portion if the timbers are glued together. b) Max. Shearing stress: c) Shearing stress in the bolts: concentrated force P at the third point of its 3.6 m simply supported span.
b) Compute the maximum shearing stress of the beam. fv = VQ S = RI a) Determine the maximum allowable value of P that will not exceed a shearing stress of 800 kPa.
Ib VQ b) Determine the maximum allowable value of P that will not exceed a total shearing force of 1200 N in the screw.
c) Compute the shearing stress in the bolts if the timbers are bolted together by a single row of 10 mm ø bolts spaced at 150 mm
apart in the row. Q = 200(75)(137.5) + 100(75)(50) Q = 200(75)(137.5) c) Determine the corresponding maximum flexural stress in the beam.
[Solution] Q = 2,437,500 mm3 Q = 2,062,500 mm3 [Solution]
a) Shearing stress in glued portion: a) Value of P if shearing stress governs: fv = VQ
Ib
fv = VQ I = 631.25 x 106 mm4 S = RI Σ MR2 = 0
Ib VQ V (416000)
fv = VQ b = 75 mm 3.6 R1 = 2.4P 0.80 =
Ib 6 65.7 x 106 (40)
V = 3(2.4) + 9 150 = R (631.25 x 10 ) R1 = 0.667P
V = 162 kN fv = 16200(2062500) fv =
16200(2437500) 16200(2062500) V = 5054 N
631.25 x 106 (75) 631.25 x 106 (75) 160 (200)3 120 (160)3
Q =Ay R = 7939.6 N I= - V = 0.667 P
12 12
Q = 200(75)(137.5) fv = 0.706 MPa fv = 0.834 MPa 5054 = 0.667 P
Q = 2,062,500 mm3 R = As Ss I = 65.7 x 106 mm4 P = 7577 N
7939.6 = Ss π (10)2 Q = 160(100)(50) – 120(80)(40)
200(350)3 (200-75)(200)3 4
I= - Q = 416,000 mm3
12 12
I = 631.25 x 106 mm4 Ss = 101.10 MPa b = 40 mm
b = 75 mm

SAMPLE PROBLEM 4
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2 SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
CE NOVEMBER 2002
[Solution] A bolted wooden fish plate splice is made up of the main member 100 mm x 250 mm and splice plates is 50 mm x 250 mm. The two As shown in the figure, a secondary member inclined at an angle θ = 30° is composed of two plates each 250 mm wide and 50 mm
b) Value of P so that it will not exceed c) Maximum flexural stress: splice plates are bolted on the sides with 9 bolts on three rows as shown on the figure. The timber section is made up of Yakal. thick. The secondary member is joined by bolts to the 100 mm thick main member. The timber is 80% stress grade Apitong (Species
the capacity of screw: M = 0.667P (1.2) Diameter of bolts is 25 mm. Assume diameter of holes to be 2 mm bigger than bolt diameter. Group III).
Q = 120(20)(90) M = 0.667(5472)(1.2) a) Determine the capacity of the joint if compression parallel to the grain controls. a) Calculate the force carried by each bolt.
Q = 216,000 mm3 M = 4380 N.m b) Determine the capacity of the joint if tension or bending controls. b) If failure will occur in the secondary member, calculate the minimum diameter of the bolts.
90 c) Determine the capacity of the joint if the capacity of bolt controls. c) If failure will occur in the main member, calculate the minimum diameter of the bolts.
S = RI fb = Mc [Solution] [Solution]
VQ I a) Safe capacity based on allowable c) Safe capacity of bolts: a) Load carried in each bolt c) minimum diameter of bolt if failure occur in the
100 = 1200(65.7 x 106) fb = 4380000(100) Compression parallel to the grain Allowable capacity of bolts Load/bolt = F/n secondary member:
V(216000) 65.7 x 106 q = 15.8 MPa (from the table) perpendicular to the grain = 13.7 kN = 44/6 Under 100 mm length of bolt in main member:
V = 3650 N fb = 6.67 MPa T = 15.8(25)(9)(100) (from the table, group 1) Load/bolt = 7.33 kN For 16 mm diameter bolt: p = 8.47 kN ; q = 5.41 kN
V = 0.667 P T = 355.5 N Length of bolt in main member = 100 mm b) Minimum diameter of bolt
𝑝𝑞
3650 = 0.667 P b) Safe capacity for tension: diameter of bolt = 25 mm if failure occur in the secondary member N=
𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∅ + 𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅
P = 5472 N Allowable tensile stress T = 13.7(9) Under 2 x 75 = 150 length of bolt:
8.47(5.41)
St = 24.5 MPa T = 123.3 kN in secondary member, N=
8.47𝑠𝑖𝑛 30° + 5.41𝑐𝑜𝑠 30°
T = Anet x 24.5 T = 123,300 N P = 8.45 for 16 mm dia. of bolt
T = [250-3(27)]100(24.5) and P = 8.45 kN > 7.33 kN N = 7.42 kN > 7.33 kN (ok)
T = 414,050 N ⸫ use 16 mm diameter bolt ⸫ use 16 mm diameter bolt

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 5 DESIGN OF WOODEN PURLINS SAMPLE PROBLEM 1

Two 75 mm x 200 mm members are bolted to a 100 mm x 250 mm horizontal member, as shown in the figure, with 4 – 20 mm A. By Bending Wind Load: (Duchemins Formula) A roof truss having a span of 8 m a height of 2 m is spaced at 4 m apart. Purlins are placed on top of the top chord of the trusses at a
diameter bolts. The angle between the members is 45°, the sloping member transmits a compressive force to the horizontal member 6M spacing of 800 mm on centers.
fn =
and the wood is Yakal (Species Group I). bd
Pn = 2 P sinθ kPa Weight of roofing = 70 Pa
a) If failure will occur in the inclined member, compute for the value of F without exceeding the allowable loads in the bolts. 6M 1 + sin2θ Velocity of wind = 178 kph
ft =
b) If failure will occur in the horizontal member, compute for the value of F without exceeding the allowable load in the bolts. db Weight of purlins = 5.5 kN/m3
where:
c) What is the safe value of F. f = fn + ft P = wind pressure perpendicular Modulus of elasticity = 17300 MPa
[Solution] to vertical surface Size of purlins = 100 mm x 150 mm
a) Considering the inclined member: B. By Shear P = 0.0000473 V2 a) Compute the wind load normal to the roof in kPa.
Length of bolt in main member = 150 mm 3V b) Compute the maximum bending stress of the purlins. 8m
𝑝𝑞 Vn =
Bolt diameter = 20 mm Allowable load per bolt = 2bd c) Compute the maximum shearing stress of the purlins.
𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∅ + 𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅ Pn = wind pressure perpendicular
Allowable load per bolt (from table) = 22.30 kN 3V
22(12.1) Vt = to normal surface d) Compute the normal deflection of the purlins, neglecting tangential deflections due to the presence of roofing.
Since there are four bolts, Allowable load per bolt = 2bd
(22)𝑠𝑖𝑛 45° + (12.1)𝑐𝑜𝑠 45° [Solution]
F = 22.3 x 4 = 89.2 kN 2 P sinθ
V = (𝐯𝐧)𝟐 + (𝐯𝐭 )𝟐 V = wind velocity (kph) a) Wind load normal to roof: P = 0.0000473V2 Pn =
1 + sin2θ
Considering the main member: Allowable load per bolt = 15.61 kN tan θ = 2/4 P = 0.0000473 (178)2
b) Length of bolt = 100 mm Since there are four bolts, F = 15.61 x 4 = 62.44 kN 2 (1.5) sin 26.6°
θ = 26.6° P = 1.5 kPa of vertical surface Pn =
1 + sin2 26.6°
Bolt diameter = 20 mm Wind load normal to roof:
Allowable compression parallel to grain, p = 22 kN c) Safe value of F: Pn = 2 P sinθ Pn = 1.12 kPa (normal to
2
1 + sin θ
Allowable compression perpendicular to grain, q = 12.1 kN Safe value of F = 62.44 kN roof surface)

SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 SAMPLE PROBLEM 2

[Solution] [Solution] A wooden purlin is used on a truss with a top chord inclined at 30° with the horizontal. The purlin is 50 mm x 100 mm and has length
3V
b) Max. bending stress of purlins: Mn = Wn L / 8 c) Max. shearing stress: f vt = d ) normal deflection of 3.5 m spaced by 0.45 m on centers. It carries a live load of 750 Pa, weight of roofing is 120 Pa and ceiling load equal to 140 Pa.
2bd Using Apitong.
x = 0.80 cos 26.6° Mn = 4.059(4) / 8 Vn = ½ (4.059) 6M
3(119) 5wL4 a) Compute the uniform load carried by the purlin in N/m. fx =
x = 0.72 m Mn = 2.030 kN.m Vn = 2.0295 kN f vt = δ= bd
2(100)(150) 384EI b) Compute the maximum flexural stress.
Wind load normal to the purlins: Vn = 2029.5 N
W3 = 1.12(0.8)(4) Wt = (0.33 + 0.2016) sin 26.6° I=
100(150)3 c) Compute the vertical deflection of the purlin. fx = 6(521.97)(1000)
3V 12 50(100)2
W3 = 3.584 kN Wt = 0.238 kN f vn = f vmax = (v ) + (v ) [Solution]
6M
2bd a) Uniform load carried by the purlin: b) Maximum flexural stress: fy =
Weight of roofing: I = 28125000 db
6M Loading: Wx = 393.62 cos 30°
W1 = 70(4)(0.72) Mt = Wt L / 8 ft = f vn = 3(2029.5) f vmax = (0.203) +(0.012)
W1 = 201.6 N Mt = 0.238(4) / 8
db 2(100)(150) 3
δ = 5(4.059)(4) (1000)
4 Live load = 750 (0.3897) Wx = 340.88 N/m fy = 6(301.36)(1000)
384(17300)(28125000) 100(50)2
6(0.119) 106 Live load = 292.3 N/m Wy = 393.62 sin 30°
W1 = 0.2016 kN ft = f vn = 0.203 MPa f vmax = 0.204 MPa
6M 150(100)2 Roofing = 120(0.3897) Wy = 196.81 N/m fy = 7.23 MPa
Weight of purlins: fn = δ = 6.95 mm
bd Roofing = 46.76 N/m
W2 = 0.10(0.15)(4)(5.5) ft = 0.476 MPa Vt = ½ (0.238) 2
W2 = 0.33 kN fn =
6(2.03)106
Vt = 0.119 kN Ceiling = 140(0.3897) Mx = 340.88(3.5) Max. flexural stress:
150(100)2 8
fmax = fn + ft Vt = 119 N Ceiling = 54.56 N/m fmax = fx + fy
Wn = 3.584 + (0.33 + 0.2016) cos 26.6° fn = 5.41 MPa fmax = 5.41 + 0.476 Total load = 292.3 + 46.76 + 54.56 Mx = 521.97 N.mm fmax = 6.26 + 7.23
196.81(3.5)2
Wn = 4.059 kN fmax = 5.886 MPa Total load = 393.62 N/m My = fmax = 13.49 MPa
8
My = 301.36 N.mm

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 2 DESIGN OF WOODEN COLUMNS DESIGN OF WOODEN COLUMNS

[Solution] COLUMN CLASSIFICATIONS SIMPLE SOLID-COLUMN DESIGN
c) Vertical deflection of the purlin: A) SIMPLE SOLID-WOOD COLUMNS The effective column length, le shall be used in design Equations given in this section. The effective column length, le shall be
δy = 5w L Simple column consist of a single piece or of pieces properly glued together to form a single member. determined in accordance with good engineering practice. Actual column length, l may be multiplied by the factors given in Table 4-2
384EI determine effective column length, le. (le = Kel)
3
δy = 5(196.81)(3.5)(3500) B. SPACED COLUMN, CONNECTOR JOINED
384(7310) 100(50)3
Spaced columns are formed of two or more individual members with their longitudinal axes parallel, separated at the ends and middle
12
δy = 50.50 mm points of their length by blocking and joined at the ends by timber connectors capable of developing the required shear resistance.

5w L
δx = C. BUILT-UP COLUMNS
384EI
Built-up columns, other than connector-joined spaced columns and glued-laminated columns, shall not be designed as solid columns.
δx = 5(340.88)(3.5)(3500)3
384(7310) 50(100)3
12
δx = 21.87 mm

δv = 21.87 cos 30° + 50.50 sin 30°

δv = 44.19 mm

SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
DESIGN OF WOODEN COLUMNS SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
CE NOVEMBER 2001
Effective Column Length Le = Ke L A timber column of square cross section has a length of 3 m and a dimension of 140 mm x 140 mm. It is hinged at the ends so that K = A steel beam is used as a girder with 7.3 m span carrying a total uniform load of 145 kN/m including its own weight.
Allowable unit stress in MPa of cross-sectional area of square or rectangular simple solid columns. 1.0. The relevant code on the compressive strength Fc is given on the specifications and also a table of timber with their corresponding Properties of steel:
1. Short Columns: working stresses for visually stress-graded unseasoned Apitong with 80% stress grade. Modulus of elasticity = 200 000 MPa
when Le = 11 or less F c ’ = Fc a) Is the column short? Intermediate? Long? Not allowed by the code? Moment of Inertia Ix = 723 x 106 mm4
d b) Compute the allowable compressive stress. Properties of wood:
2. Intermediate Columns: c) Compute the allowable axial load. Allowable compressive stress parallel to the grain = 10.35 MPa
Le/d [Solution]
when Le > 11 but less than K
4
Fc’ = Fc [1 – 1/3 ] 7310 Modulus of elasticity = 13790 MPa
d K a) Column classification: K = 0.671 9.56 c) allowable axial load: a) Compute the deflection at the midspan.
𝐸 Le = 1(3000) = 21.43 P = A Fc’
K = 0.671 𝐹 d 140 b) Compute the reaction at the midspan support if it is planned to underpin at the midspan by using a wooden post so as to reduce the
K = 18.55 MPa P = 140(140)(4.78) deflection to 12.7 mm.
𝐸 Le > K, it is a long column
3. Long Columns: K = 0.671 𝐹 P = 33.69 kN c) Compute the size of the square wooden post if it has a height of 3 m.
0.3 E d
when Le > K Fc’ = 𝐿𝑒 [Solution]
d ( ) from the table for 80% stress b) allowable compressive stress: a) Deflection at midspan: b) Reaction at midspan to reduce the deflection to 12.7 mm:
𝑑
0.3 E 0.3(7310) 5wL4
Where: For round sections: Grade Apitong: Fc’ = = y1 = y = y1 – y2
𝐿𝑒 (21.43) 384EI 3 3
( )
E = 7310 MPa 12.7 = 37.08 - R(7.3) (1000)
2
Fc = allowable compressive stress parallel to the grain d2 = π D 𝑑
4 Fc = 9.56 MPa Fc’ = 4.78 MPa 5(145000)(7.3) 4(1000)4 48(200000)(723) 106
E = modulus of elasticity of wood y1 = 6
384(200000)(723) 10
Le = effective column length D = diam. of column R = 434,985 N
d = least dimension of the column d = equivalent square section y1 = 37.08 mm

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 2 SAMPLE PROBLEM 3 SAMPLE PROBLEM 3

[Solution] An elevated water tank with a gross weight of 150 kN is acted upon by a horizontal wind pressure of 200 kN acting 9 m from the top [Solution]
Le/d 4
c) Size of wooden post: Fc’ = Fc [1 – 1/3 ] of the footing. The tank is supported by five – 200 mm diameter wooden posts battered 1 horizontal to 5 vertical, whose lower ends b) Actual load acting on each column section:
K (resting on concrete footing) lie equally spaced in a circle 4.86 m in diameter. Neglecting wind pressure on the posts and bracing.
Trial area = P Vertical load due to moment: Vertical load due to wt. of tank:
Fc 12 4 Unsupported height of column is 3.5 m and the allowable compressive stress parallel to the grain is 11 MPa with modulus of elasticity
Fc’ = 10.35[1 – 1/3 ] M = 200(9) = 1800 kN.m P1 = 150 / 5
24.49 of 13800 MPa.
A = 434985 c = 4.86/2 = 2.43 m P1 = 30 kN
10.35 a) Compute the capacity of each column section.
Fc’ = 10.15 MPa I = 1(2.43)2 + 2(0.75)2 + 2(1.97)2 Total vertical load = 295.71 + 30
b) Compute the actual load on each column section.
A = 42028 I = 14.7917 m4 Total vertical load = 325.71 kN
c) If the column is not safe, what is the recommended size?
d2 = 42028 Capacity of 250 x 250 mm column section:
[Solution] P
d = 205 mm P = A Fc ’
a) Capacity of each column section: f= Mc = 5.1
I 325.71 5
P = 250(250)(10.15) π D2 = d2 11 < L < K (intermediate column) P = A Fall
Try 250 mm x 250 mm P = 634375 N > 434985 N (safe!) 4 d f = 1800(2.43) P = 332.224 kN > 290.60 kN (not safe)
L = 3000 π (200)2 Le/d 4 2 14.7917
=d 2 Fall = Fc [1 – 1/3 ] P = π (200) (9.25)
d 250 4 K 4
try 200 mm x 200 mm P = 200(200)(9.86) 19.75 4 f = 295.71 kN
L = 12 L = 3000 = 15 P = 394400 N < 434985 N (fail) d = 177.25 Fall = 11[1 – 1/3 ] P = 290597 N
d d 200 L = 3500 = 19.75 > 11 23.77
P = 290.60 kN
𝐸 13790 15 4 d 177.25 Fall = 9.25 MPa
K = 0.671 𝐹
= 0.671 10.35
Fc’ = 10.35[1 – 1/3 ] Therefore use 250 mm x 250 mm 𝐸 13800
24.49 K = 0.761 𝐹 = 0.761 11 = 23.77
Fc’ = 9.86 MPa wooden column
L
K = 24.49 > d (intermediate column)

SAMPLE PROBLEM 3 DESIGN OF COMPOSITE BEAMS DESIGN OF COMPOSITE BEAMS

[Solution] The theory of flexure does not apply to composite beams, because it was based on the assumption that the beam was homogenous and
Furthermore, in order to be equal, the loads carried by the steel fiber and equivalent wood fiber must be equal.
c) Size of column recommended: that plane section on the traverse section remained plane, while the strains varies directly with their distances from neutral axis. In
investigating the bending of composite beams, only one assumption is retained; plane sections remain plane, that is, the strains vary P s = Pw
Try 220 mm diameter
directly with their distance from the neutral axis. Ps = As fs
π (220)2 = d2
4 Pw = Aw fw
The most common method of dealing with a non-homogeneous beam is to transform it into an equivalent homogenous beam to which As fs = Aw fw
d = 194.97 the flexure formula maybe applied. The basic principle involved here is that the strains and load capacities must remain unchanged.
L = 3500 = 17.95 < 23.77 (intermediate column) f A
d 194.97 =
f A
Le/d 4 Let us consider here a beam whose cross section is shown. The timber is reinforced with a steel strip, the steel being securely fastened
Fall = Fc [1 – 1/3 ] to the timber so that no slip occurs between them as the beam is bent. E A
K =
E A
17.95 4
Fall = 11[1 – 1/3 ] To obtain an equivalent section, consider a longitudinal steel fiber of the beam at A. Since the steel and wood are assumed to be firmly f f
23.77 But: =
bolted together, the strains of the steel and wood fiber at A are equal to es = ew . E E
Fall = 9.81 MPa f E
f f =
P = A Fall But es = ew = f E
E E
P = π (220)2 (9.81) 𝑬𝒔
4 f f If we let =n This indicates that the area of the equivalent wood is n times the area of the steel. The
Then, = 𝑬𝒘
E E location of the equivalent area is governed by the condition that the equivalent wood fiber
P = 372910 N > 332224 N (safe) Therefore use 220 mm diameter column Aw = n As must be at the same distance from the neutral axis as the steel fibers they replaced in order
to satisfy the criterion of equal deformations.

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 SAMPLE PROBLEM 2 SAMPLE PROBLEM 3

A timber beam 250 mm x 300 mm is reinforced with steel plates 150 mm x 10 mm is rigidly attached at the top and bottom of the A timber joist 100 mm x 200 mm is reinforced on its top and bottom surfaces by steel plates 15 mm thick x 100 mm wide. The A 100 mm x 250 mm timber beam has a span of 4.80 m and carries a uniform load of 12 kN/m including its own weight.
beam. Allowable stresses of wood and steel are 8 MPa and 120 MPa respectively. Es = 300000 MPa, Ew = 20000 MPa. composite beam is simply supported over a span of 4 m and carries a uniformly distributed load of 10 kN/m. Modular ratio is 15. For wood:
a) Determine the moment capacity of the beam without steel reinforcement. a) Find the maximum stress in timber. Modulus of elasticity = 16000 MPa
b) Determine the moment capacity of the beam when reinforced with steel. b) Find the maximum stress in steel. Allowable flexural stress = 10.34 MPa
c) Determine the moment increase by the reinforcement. c) Find the shear force per unit length transmitted by the timber/steel connection. For steel:
[Solution] [Solution] Modulus of elasticity = 200000 MPa
a) Moment capacity without b) moment capacity when for steel: a) Maximum stress in timber: b) Maximum stress in steel: c) shear force per unit length Allowable flexural stress = 124 MPa
f
the steel reinforcement: reinforced with steel:
f
= Mc fw = Mc = Mc transmitted by timber/steel a) Compute the safe moment capacity of the unreinforced beam.
6M 3 n I I n I
fb = 2 INA = [ 2250(10) 2
+ 2250(10)(155) ]2 connection: b) Compute the width of a steel plate 8 mm in thickness which will reinforced to the top and bottom surface of the wooden section to
bd 2 f
M = w L = 10(4) = 20 kN.m
6
= 20 x 10 (115)
2
12 3 120 = M(160) Max. shear force = 10(4)
+ 250(300) 8 15 587.5 x 106
sufficiently carry the load.
12 15 1644 x 106 8 2
8 = 6M c) Compute the shear stress at the inner surface of timber and steel.
250(300)2 M = 20 x 106 N.mm fs = ± 58.7 MPa Max. shear force = 20 kN [Solution]
INA = 1644 x 106 mm4 Ms = 82.2 x 106 N.mm
3
M = 30 x 106 N.mm for wood: Safe M = 82.2 x 106 N.mm INA = [ 1500(15) + 1500(15)(107.5)2]2 V = 20000 N a) Moment capacity of unreinforced beam: b) Width of steel plate at the bottom:
12 20000 E
fb = 6M2
3 2
fw = Mc + 100(200) Average shear stress in timber joist = M = wL n=
I 12 100(200) bd 8 E
c) change in moment capacity: INA = 587.5 x 106 mm4 Ave. shear stress = 1 MPa
6 6M 12(4.8)2 200000
8 = M(150) 6 Δ M = (82.2 – 30) 106 fw = 20 x 10 (100) Shear force per unit length = 1(1000) 10.34 = M= n=
1644 x 10 587.5 x 106 100(250)2 8 16000
Shear force per unit length = 100 N/m
Δ M = 52.2 x 106 N.mm
M = 87.68 x 106 N.mm Δ M = 52.2 kN.m fw = ± 3.4 MPa M = 10.77 kN.m M = 34.56 kN.m n = 12.5

SAMPLE PROBLEM 3 SAMPLE PROBLEM 3 SAMPLE PROBLEM 4

[Solution] [Solution] A timber beam 150 mm by 250 mm is reinforced at the bottom only by a steel plate as shown. The neutral axis is 170.2 mm below the
b) Width of steel plate at the bottom: for wood: c) Shear stress at the inner surface of timber and steel: top and that moment of inertia about the neutral axis is 416 x 106 mm4, and n = 20
3 3
I = 100(250) + [ 12.5b(8) + 12.5b(8)(129)2]2 fw = Mc V = 12(4.8) = 28.8 kN = 28800 N a) Compute the concentrated load that can be applied at the center of a simply supported span 6 m long without exceeding the stress
12 12 I 2 of wood of 8 MPa.
b) Compute the concentrated load that can be applied at the center of a simply supported span 6 m long without exceeding the stress
fv = VQ
6
I = 130208333.3 + 1066.67b + 3328200b 10.34 = 34.56 x 10 (125) 1250
I Ib of steel of 120 MPa.
I = 130208333.3 + 3329266.67b
c) What is the safe concentrated load that can be applied at the center of a simply supported span 6 m long?
For steel: I = 417794971 I= 463354838.7 mm4
f [Solution]
= Mc 417794971 = 130208333.3 + 3329266.67b Q = A y = 1250(8)(129)
n I a) Concentrated load that can be applied at the center of a simply supported span 6 m long without exceeding the stress of wood of 8
b = 86.38 mm Q = 1290000 mm3 MPa.
124 34.56 x 106 (133)
= therefore use b = 100 mm b = 100 mm fw = Mc
12.5 I
I
I = 463354838.7 fv = 28800(1290000)
463354838.7(100) ( )
463354838.7 = 130208333.3 + 3329266.67b fw =
b = 100 mm fv = 0.802 MPa
8 = P(6000)(89.8)
4(416 x 106 )

P = 13035.64 N
P = 13.04 kN

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 4 SAMPLE PROBLEM 5 SAMPLE PROBLEM 5

[Solution] In order to reinforced the steel beam, a wooden plank is placed between the flanges as shown. Allowable flexural stress is 170 MPa [Solution]
and for wood is 21 MPa. Es = 200000 MPa, Ew = 11400 MPa. Moment of inertia of steel Ix = 8.5 x 106 mm4 and its cross sectional area c) Max. bending moment when the wooden plank is attached:
b) Concentrated load that can be applied at the center of a simply supported span 6 m long without exceeding the stress of steel of
is 5680 mm2 . For steel: For wood:
120 MPa.
a) Compute the max. bending moment that the beam can support without the wooden plank. fs = Mc n fw = Mc
f Mc b) Compute the moment of inertia about the neutral axis when the wooden plank is attached. I I
=
n I c) Compute the max. bending moment that the beam can support when the wooden plank is attached. 171 = M(117.73) 17.54(21) = M(92.27)6
120 = ( ) [Solution] 13.9 x 106 13.9 x 10
20 a) Max. bending moment without b) Moment of inertia at N.A. A ӯ = A1 y1 + A2 y2 M = 20.19 x 106 N.mm M = 55.49 x 106 N.mm
120 = P(6000)(89.8) the wooden plank: convert wood to steel section: 7390 ӯ = 5680(0) + 1710(55) M = 20.19 kN.m M = 55.49 kN.m
20 4(416 x 106 ) ӯ = 12.73
E
fs = Mc n= = 200000 = 17.54 Safe M = 20.19 kN.m (steel controls)
P = 18530.07 N I E 11400
INA = 8.5 x 106 + 5680(12.73)2
P = 18.53 kN M(105) 300 3
170 = t= = 17.10 mm + 17.10(100) + 17.10(100)(42.27)2
c) Safe concentrated load that can be applied at the center of a simply supported span 6 m long: 8.5 x 106 17.54 12
Safe P = 13.04 kN
M = 13.76 x 106 N.mm A1 = 5680 mm2 INA = 13.9 x 106 mm4
M = 13.76 kN.m A2 = 100(17.1) = 1710 mm2
A = A1 + A2 = 7390 mm2

SAMPLE PROBLEM 6 FLEXURAL AND AXIAL TENSION SAMPLE PROBLEM 1

The composite beam is constructed from wood and reinforced with steel strap. The beam is subjected to a moment of 90 kN.m and a A single span member is 3 m in length is made up of Apitong 150 mm x 300 mm wooden section, with an allowable stress based on
max. vertical shear of 50 kN. Es = 200000 MPa. Ew = 15000 MPa. Members subjected to both flexure and axial tension shall be proportioned such that: 80% stress grade as shown below:
a) Compute the max. flexural stress of wood. bending and tension parallel to grain = 16.5 MPa
b) Compute the max. flexural stress of steel strap. modulus of elasticity in bending = 7310 MPa
c) Compute the max. shearing stress in the beam. compression parallel to the grain = 9.56 MPa
[Solution] compression perpendicular to the grain = 2.20 MPa
a) Max. flexural stress of wood b) max. flexural stress of steel: shear parallel to the grain = 1.73 MPa
f
Convert steel to equivalent wooden = Mc The beam carries a uniform load of 18 kN/m besides its own weight. Weight of wood = 7.5 kN/m3 . The beam carries an axial tensile
n I load of 180 kN.
section: Where:
E f 6
n= = 200000 = 13.33 = 90 x 10 (160) a) Compute the actual tensile stress if only tensile force is acting.
E 15000 13.33 1515.30 x 106 ft = actual axial stress =
b) Compute the interaction value of both bending and tensile stress.
2333.33(10)3 c) Compute the ratio of the difference between its actual bending and tensile stress to the adjusted bending stress for slenderness.
I=[ + 2333.33(10)(155)2]2 fs = 126.68 MPa
12
I = 1515.30 x 106 mm4 c) max. shearing stress in the beam: fb = actual bending stress = [Solution]
6
fw = Mc = 90 x 10 (150) fv = VQ Q = 2333.33(10)(155) + 150(175)(75) a) Actual tensile stress:
I 1515.30 x 106 Ib
Q = 5585416.67 mm3 Ft = allowable axial stress ft = =
fw = 8.91 MPa fv = 50000(5585416.67) ( )
Fb = allowable bending stress
1515.30 x 106 (175)
Fb’ = allowable unit stress for extreme fiber in bending adjusted for slenderness
ft = 4 MPa
fv = 1.05 MPa

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FLEXURE AND
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
AXIAL COMPRESSION
[Solution] A timber wall is 50 mm wide, 50 mm deep and having a height of 3.50 m is assumed to be hinged at top and bottom (use K=1.0). It is
Members subjected to both flexure and axial compression shall be proportioned such that: subjected to an axial load of 15 kN on the centroid. A uniformly distributed load is also acting along the weaker axis of its entire
b) Interaction value: + c) ration =
height. The wall is made up of Apitong wood and stresses are shown below. To be safe, the actual stresses should not exceed the
W= 18 + 0.15(0.3)(7.5) Le = 1.92 Lu allowable stresses.
W = 18.3375 kN/m Le = 1.92 (3000) bending and tension parallel to grain = 16.5 MPa
modulus of elasticity in bending = 7310 MPa
M= Le = 5760 mm
compression parallel to the grain = 9.56 MPa
M=
. ( )
Cs = a) Compute the allowable compressive stress.
b) Compute the allowable bending stress.
M = 20.63 kN.m Cs =
( ) c) Compute the allowable uniform load “w” it could carry.
( )
[Solution]
fb = Cs = 8.76 < 10 (slenderness factor) a) Allowable compressive stress if only axial load is acting:
Where:
. 𝒇𝒃 𝒇𝒕 𝟗.𝟏𝟕 𝟒 .
fb = = = 0.313 Fb’ = corrected allowable bending stress for slenderness factor Le = 1(3500) = 3500 K = 0.671 Fc ’ =
( ) 𝑭𝒃 𝟏𝟔.𝟓 ( )
Fc’ = allowable unit stress in compression parallel to the grain adjusted for Le/d ratio where d is the least dimension 𝐿 3500
fb = 9.17 MPa
. fc = actual unit where stress in compression parallel to the grain 𝑑 = 150 K = 0.671 Fc ’ =
. ( )
+ = + . ( . )
. . fb = actual unit stress for extreme fibers in bending 𝐿
𝒇𝒕 𝒇𝒃 = 23.33 K = 18.55 Fc’ = 4.03 MPa
+ = 0.798 𝑑 𝐿 > K (long column)
𝑭𝒕 𝑭𝒃
𝑑

AXIAL LOAD WITH BENDING

SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
[Solution] [Solution] A timber column carries an axial load of 310 kN at the center and an eccentric load of 130 kN at an eccentricity of 75 mm and another
b) Allowable bending stress: c) Safe uniform load it could carry: moment of 4500 kN.m acting at the top due to unequal length of girders supported by the column. The column has a length of 3.6 m.
c) Safe uniform load it could carry (continuation): fb =
𝐿 6720 Allowable compressive stress parallel to grain = 12.4 MPa
Le = 1.92 L = 1.92(3500) = 6720 mm fc =
= = 44.8 2.99 = Allowable bending stress = 13.2 MPa
𝑑 150 ( )( )

Cs = fc = M = 560625 N.mm Modulus of elasticity of wood = 13800 MPa

( )
The column section is 250 mm x 250 mm
.
Cs =
( )
fc = 2 MPa J= = = 4.48 M= a) Compute the max. limit of the slenderness ratio which would indicate whether it is a long, or intermediate column.
.
( )
b) Compute the allowable compressive stress.
Cs = 20.08 Fc’ = 4.03 MPa (allowable compressive stress) ( . )
Use J = 1.0 (shall not be less than zero nor 0.560625 = c) Compute the interaction value for both axial and bending acting simultaneously.
Ck = 0.811 use: Fb’ =
.
Fb’ = 7.94 MPa (allowable bending stress) greater than one) [Solution]
a) Max. limit of slenderness ratio which indicates whether it is a long or intermediate column:
. ( )
+ ≤ 1.0 w = 0.366 kN/m
Ck = 0.811 F b’ = J= K = 0.671
. ( . )
+ = 1.0 w = 366 N/m
. . ( )( )
Ck = 17.07, since Cs > Ck Fb’ = 7.94 MPa K = 0.671 K = 0.671
= 0.504 .
.
fb = 2.99 MPa K = 22.38
K = 0.671 = 18.55
.

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AXIAL LOAD WITH BENDING AXIAL LOAD WITH BENDING AXIAL LOAD WITH BENDING
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 SAMPLE PROBLEM 2 SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
[Solution] A timber column having a cross section of 300 mm x 300 mm has a total height of 6 m which are supported at both ends. It carries an [Solution]
b) Allowable compressive stress: c) interaction value for both axial and bending: axial load of 360 kN and an eccentric load of 90 kN acting at an eccentricity of 500 mm at a point 2 m above the bottom of the beam. b) Allowable bending stress: c) interaction value:
f Allowable bending stress = 10.5 MPa L’
= = 14.4 < K + ≤ 1.0 M = Pe L + ≤ 1.0
Allowable compressive stress parallel to grain = 12.6 MPa
Intermediate column: M = 130(75) – 4500 = 5250 kN.mm Modulus of elasticity of wood = 10800 MPa M = 90000(500)(2)
6
Le/d 4 a) Compute the allowable compressive stress of the column section. 𝑓 = = = 5 MPa
Fc [1 – 1/3 ] ( )
Fc ’ = K P = 310 + 130 = 440 kN b) Compute the actual bending stress of the column section. M = 15000000 N.m Fb = 10.5 MPa
14.4 4 c) Compute the interaction value due to axial and bending.
12.4[1 – 1/3 ] 𝑓 =
Fc ’ = 22.38 𝑓 = = = 7.04 MPa [Solution]
( ) ( )
a) Allowable compressive stress: 𝑓 = + ≤ 1.0
Fc’ = 11.69 MPa 0.30 E ( )
L/d = 6000/300 = 20 > 11 Fc ’ = fb = 3.33 MPa
( )( ) (L/d)2
𝑓 = = = 2.02 MPa .
( )
K = 0.671 + = 0.934 < 1.0 (𝑜𝑘)
. . .

f K = 19.64 < 20 (long column) Fc’ = 0.30 (10800)

+ ≤ 1.0 (20)2
. .
+ = 0.76 < 1.0 (safe) Fc’ = 8.1 MPa
. .

NOTCHING ON TRUSSES NOTCHING ON TRUSSES NOTCHING ON TRUSSES

SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
The force on the 100 mm x 100 mm strut that makes an angle of 30° with respect to the horizontal is 30 kN. The angle that BC makes [Solution] In the figure shown, section D has a cross section of 100 mm x 100 mm and section E has a cross section of 100 mm x 150 mm.
with the horizontal is 12°. Allowable compressive stress parallel to the grain is 7.8 MPa and allowable compressive stress c) Allowable compressive stress e) Allowable compressive stress Section A is subjected to an axial load of 25 kN acting at an angle of 30° with the horizontal. Allowable compressive stress parallel to
perpendicular to the grain is 2.62 MPa. Use Jacoby’s Formula. on section AB: on section BC: the grain p = 8.3 MPa and the allowable stress perpendicular to the grain q = 2.5 MPa. Use Hankinson’s Formula.
a) Compute the depth of the dap. rAB = p sin2 θ + q cos2 θ rBC = p sin2 θ + q cos2 θ a) Compute the depth of a suitable notch.
b) Compute the compressive stress on section AB. rAB = 7.8 sin2 78° + 2.62 cos2 78° rBC = 7.8 sin2 12° + 2.62 cos2 12° b) Compute the allowable compressive stress on section AC.
c) Compute the allowable compressive stress on section AB. rAB = 7.58 MPa rBC = 2.84 MPa c) Compute the allowable compressive stress on section BC.
d) Compute the compressive stress on section BC. d) Compute the actual compressive stress on section AC.
e) Compute the allowable compressive stress on section BC. d) Compressive stress on section BC: e) Compute the actual compressive stress on section AB.
[Solution] F2 = 30000 sin 18° = 9270.51 N [Solution]
a) Depth of dap: b) compressive stress on section AB: a) Depth of suitable notch:
sin 30° = 100 / AC F1 = 30000 cos 18° = 28531.70 N 9270.51 For a most suitable notch, bisect the angle
SBC =
AC = 200 mm 100(195.63) between the diagonals and bottom chord.
28531.70
AB = 200 sin 12° = 41.58 mm SAB = SBC = 0.47 MPa sin 30° = 100 / AB Depth of notch:
41.58(100)
BC = 200 cos 12° = 195.63 mm AB = 200 mm d = BC sin 15°
Depth of dap = 195.63 sin 12° SAB = 6.86 MPa AC = 200 sin 15° d = 193.19 sin 15°
Depth of dap = 40.67 mm AC = 51.76 mm d = 50 mm
BC = 200 cos 15°
BC = 193.19 mm

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NOTCHING ON TRUSSES NOTCHING ON TRUSSES

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2 SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
[Solution] For the timber joint shown in the figure, θ = 30°. The allowable compressive stresses are 19.65 MPa and 2.76 MPa parallel and normal
b) Allowable compressive stress on d) actual compressive stress on to grain, respectively. Determine the safe value of F.
member AC: section AC: [Solution]

THANK
𝑝𝑞
rAC = F1 = 25000 cos 15° θ1 = 15 ° ; θ2 = 75 °
𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ + 𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ
F1 = 24148 N p = 19.65 MPa ; q = 2.76 MPa
8.3(2.5)
rAC = 𝑝𝑞
8.3𝑠𝑖𝑛 15° + 2.5𝑐𝑜𝑠 15° 𝐹 24148

YOU ! ! !
SAC = = F1 = In right triangle ADC: From the force triangle:
𝐴 51.76 (100) 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
rAC = 7.18 MPa AD = 100/sin 30° = 200 mm F = F2 / sin θ1 = 56601.74 / sin 15 °
19.65(2.76)
SAC = 4.67 MPa F1 = In right triangle ABC: F = 218,692.33 N
19.65𝑠𝑖𝑛 15° + 2.76𝑐𝑜𝑠 15°
c) Allowable compressive stress on e) actual compressive stress on AB = AD sin 15° = 51.76 mm
member BC: section BC: F1 = 13.94 MPa BC = AD cos 15° = 193.18 mm F = F1 / cos θ1 = 72153.44 / cos 15 °
𝑝𝑞
rBC = F = 74,698.74 N
𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ + 𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ 𝐹 25000 sin 15° 𝑝𝑞
SBC = = F2 = AreaAB = 51.76 (100) = 5176 mm2
8.3(2.5) 𝐴 193.19 (100) 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
rBC = (F1)allow = F1 x AreaAB Thus, the safe value
8.3𝑠𝑖𝑛 75° + 2.5𝑐𝑜𝑠 75° 19.65(2.76)
SBC = 0.33 MPa F2 =
19.65𝑠𝑖𝑛 75° + 2.76𝑐𝑜𝑠 75°
(F1)allow = 13.94 (5176) = 72,153.44 N of F is 74.699 kN Prepared by:
rBC = 2.62 MPa AreaBC = 193.18 (100) = 19,318 mm2
F2 = 2.93 MPa (F2)allow = F2 x AreaBC Engr. John Ronald R. Fortuito
(F2)allow = 2.93 (19318) = 56,601.74 N fortuitojohnronald@gmail.com

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