LABORATORY EXERCISE 1

MICROSCOPY AND CYTOLOGY

A. CALCULATING MAGNIFICATION
Calculate the total magnification by multiplying the magnifying powers of the microscope
lenses.
scanning lens magnification 4 X ocular lens 10 = 40 TOTAL
low-power lens magnification 10 X ocular lens 10 = 100 TOTAL
high-power lens magnification 40 X ocular lens 10 = 400 TOTAL
oil immersion lens magnification 100 X ocular lens 10 = 1000TOTAL

B. DIRECTIONAL MOVEMENT OF OBJECTS UNDER THE MICROSCOPE

While observing the object through the ocular lens(es), describe the movement that you
observe as you move the slide:

to the left: if the slide is moved left while looking through the microscope, it will appear
to move right.

to the right: if the slide is moved right while looking through the microscope, it will
appear to move left.

forward: if the slide is moved forward while looking through the microscope, it will
appear to move backward.

backward: if the slide is moved backward while looking through the microscope, it will
appear to move forward.

C. PARTS OF THE MICROSCOPE

Write the term that the phrase describes.

Coarse focus knob 1. Large knob that moves the stage or objective lens a great
distance. Used with scanning or low-power objective
lenses only.

Stage 2. Flat platform beneath the objective lens on which the microscope slide is
placed.

Ocular Lens 3. Removable lenses that you look through to observe the microscope
slide.

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fine focus knob 4. Small knob that moves the stage or objective lens a very small
distance and is used for precision focusing.

Head 5. Extends from the arm and contains the ocular lenses and rotating nosepiece.

Condenser 6. Lens that concentrates light through the specimen and is located below
the stage.

Objective Lens 7. Light from specimen passes through these lenses first. These lenses
are located in the revolving nosepiece.

Base 8. Wide bottom part that supports the microscope.

Iris diaphragm 9. Regulates the amount of light passing through the condenser.

Arm 10. Vertical portion that connects the base to the head.

D. STATE THE REASON WHY THERE IS A NEED TO STAIN SPECIMENS TO BE

VIEWED UNDER THE MICROSCOPE.

- The main reason you stain a specimen before putting it under the
microscope is to get a better look at it, but staining does much more than
simply highlight the outlines of cells.

E. CELLULAR STRUCTURES
Fill in the blank with the name of the cell structure that fits the description.

Cilia 1. short, hair-like projections for movement of substances along cell surface

Cytoplasm 2. intracellular fluid

Mitochondrion 3. site of energy production by cellular respiration

ribosomes 4. site of protein synthesis

smooth er 5. site of steroid and fatty acid synthesis

lysosome 6. small vesicle with digestive enzymes

centrosome 7. organelles needed to form cilia and flagella

chromatin 8. thread-like strand of DNA with associated proteins

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rough ER 9. site of secretory and membrane protein synthesis

Golgi Complex10. site where protein products are stored, packaged, and exported
Nucleus 11. contains DNA that control cellular activities
nucleoli 12. site of ribosome synthesis
cytoskeleton 13. gives the cell shape, support, movement, and holds organelles in position
plasma membrane 14. controls movement of substances into or out of the cell
microvilli 15. folds of the plasma membrane that increase the cell’s surface area
peroxisome16. detoxifies harmful substances, produces hydrogen peroxide, and oxidizes
amino acids
nuclear envelope 17. double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
secretory vesicles18. a small membranous sac that delivers proteins to the plasma
membrane to exit the cell

F. CELL CYCLE
Identify which stage or phase of the cell cycle the cells are in.

anaphase

Interphase

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 metaphase

telophase

prophase

Write the phase of the cell cycle that the phrase describes.

Cytokinesis 1. cytoplasmic division

Interphase 2. cell performing normal functions; longest phase

mitosis 3. nuclear division

metaphase 4. chromatid pairs line up at equatorial plate

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Prophase 5. chromatin condenses into chromosomes

telophase 6. spindle fibers break up; nucleus reappears

anaphase 7. centromeres divide; chromosomes move to opposite poles

Prophase 8. nuclear membrane disassembles and disappears

telophase 9. chromosomes unravel to form chromatin

Prophase 10. mitotic spindle forms

s phase 11. DNA replicates

Answer each question with a short answer.

A. Explain the role of somatic cell division as a person ages from infancy to adulthood.

- Cell division is not only used for growth, but also to replace damaged or
worn out cells, so when a wound occurs, new cells replace the old
damaged ones.

B. Explain the role of cell division in wound healing.

- When the cells undergo oriented mitotic division to repair the wound naturally,
the impaired skin can complete the perfect repair; however, when the cell division
orientation is random, fiber hyperplasia, abnormal tissue structure, and scar
formation occur.

C. Can red blood cells undergo mitosis? Explain.

- No, red blood cells do not have a nucleus which is the main component in
cell division

D. Sperm and eggs have one-half the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells that
divided to form them. Are sperm and eggs formed by mitosis? Explain.

- No, they are formed by meiosis. Mitosis results in cells with a complete set
of chromosomes

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