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POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

Assignment - 11

TYPE OF QUESTION: MCQ

Number of questions: 5 Total marks: 20

QUESTION 1-2:

A fault induced wavefront of 25 kV travels in the transmission line section-A towards the junction J. At the
junction transmission line-A is connected to transmission lines B, C and cable section-D. The corresponding
characteristic impedances (𝑍𝑐 ) are provided in the figure.

600 
B
25 kV
600 
C
A 450 
60 
D
J

Fig. 1

QUESTION 1: Mark: 4
For the system in Fig. 1 with given data, the magnitude of reflected voltage and current waves in transmission
line-A are
(A) 20 kV and 44.44 A
(B) - 20 kV and - 44.44 A
(C) - 15 kV and – 33.33 A
(D) 15 kV and – 33.33 A

Correct answer: (B)

Detailed Solution:
For an incident travelling wave in line-A, lines-B, C and D are in parallel.
The equivalent impedance (𝑍𝑒𝑞 ) of the parallel combination [60*(600/2)/ (60+(600/2))] = 50 Ω
𝑍𝑒𝑞 −𝑍𝐴 50−450
Reflection coefficient at the junction J = 𝜌 = 𝑍 = 50+450= −0.8
𝑒𝑞 +𝑍𝐴

Reflected voltage (𝑉𝑅 ) = 25 × (−0.8) = -20 kV

Reflected current (𝐼𝑅 )= −20 kV/450 Ω = −44.44 A
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QUESTION 2: Mark: 3
For the event mentioned above with the system in Fig. 1, the magnitude of transmitted current through lines-
B, C and D are
(A) IB = 16.67 A, IC = 16.67 A, ID = 166.67 A
(B) IB = 166.67 A, IC = 166.67 A, ID = 16.67 A
(C) IB = 8.33 A, IC = 8.33 A, ID = 83.33 A
(D) IB = 83.33 A, IC = 83.33 A, ID = 8.33 A

Correct answer: (C)

Detailed Solution:
Transmitted voltage at junction J (𝑉𝑇 ) = 25-20=5 kV
5 𝑘𝑉 5 𝑘𝑉 5 𝑘𝑉
𝐼𝐵 = 600 Ω = 8.33 A; 𝐼𝐶 = 600 Ω = 8.33 A; 𝐼𝐷 = 60 Ω = 83.33 A;

QUESTION 3: Mark: 3

For a 400 kV transmission network (Fig.2), the system parameters are:

𝐿1 = 8.852 × 10−7 𝐻/𝑚 ; 𝐶1 = 1.302 × 10−11 𝐹/𝑚
Length of section AB = 100 km; Length of section BC = 200 km;
iB iC

F1 F2
A B C
Fig. 2
For a fault in the network, first travelling waves after the fault inception are recorded at terminals B and C
are provided in the table.

Terminal-B Terminal-C
iˆTW  B  434 A iˆTW C  379 A
Time = 3.425000 s Time = 3.4256789 s

Assuming there is no synchronization error and communication latency, locate the origin of the fault point
(F1 or F2 as in the figure).

(A) F1
(B) F2

Correct answer: (A)

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Detailed Solution:

From the system parameters given, the velocity of wave propagation:

1 1
   2.9456 108 m/s
( 7) ( 11)
LC 8.852×10 1.302×10
The propagation time for line section BC:
l 200 103
 BC    6.78 104 s
 2.9456 108
As recorded, the time difference between initial travelling waves appearing at terminal B and C is,
tBC =3.425678-3.425000=0.000678 s = 𝜏𝐵𝐶
From the analysis it is observed that:
- The time difference of the appearance of initial travelling waves at terminal B and C (𝑡𝐵𝐶 )
matches the line propagation time (𝜏𝐵𝐶 ).
- The polarities of the initial travelling waves are opposite to each other.
Thus, it can be concluded that the fault is external to section BC i.e. F1 (fault origin in line section AB).

QUESTION 4: Mark: 5

For a 200 km transmission line section shown in the figure (Fig. 3), a fault is incepted at 50 km from terminal
A. If the velocity of wave propagation is 2.960000 ×108 m/s, using Bewley lattice diagram, find the times
of arrival of first and second travelling waves at terminal A, after fault inception. The time of fault inception
recorded is 0.321 s.

d l d
l
iA iB

A B
Fig. 3

(A) 0.321029 s and 0.321303 s

(B) 0.321363 s and 0.321701 s
(C) 0.321478 s and 0.321602 s
(D) 0.321169 s and 0.321506 s

Correct answer: (D)

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Detailed Solution:

The following Bewley lattice diagram can be drawn for the section AB:

d l d
l iB
iA
A B
t0

d
2d

3d


Note, d =50 km, t0 = 0.321000 s.

𝑑 3𝑑
From Bewley diagram, the first and second travelling waves appear after 𝛾 and s following the
𝛾
fault inception.
The time at which the first travelling wave appears at terminal A:
d 50 103
t A1  t0   0.321000   0.321169 s
 2.96 108
The time at which the second travelling wave appears at terminal A:
3d 3 50 103
t A 2  t0   0.321000   0.321506 s
 2.96 108
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QUESTION 5: Mark: 5

Travelling wave based differential protection (TW87) is employed for the transmission line AB of 100 km.
The velocity of wave propagation is 2.9456×108 m/s for the line.

iA iB

A B
Fig. 4
The following initial travelling waves are recorded at terminals A and B for a fault case:

Terminal-A Terminal-B
iˆTW  A  434 A iˆTW  B  379 A
Time = 3.425000 s Time = 3.425203 s

Assuming no time synchronization error and channel asymmetry, select the correct option regarding the TW
based differential relay decision and fault position from terminal A.

(A) Trip, fault is at 50.307 km from terminal A

(B) Trip, fault is at 20.102 km from terminal A
(C) No Trip, the fault is external to line AB and is at 110.502 km from terminal A in forward direction.
(D) No Trip, the fault is external to line AB and is at 10.206 km from terminal A in reverse direction.

Correct answer: (B)

Detailed Solution:
l 100 103
The propagation time of the line section AB:  AB    0.000339 s
 2.9456 108

The time difference between initial TWs at terminal A and B:

t AB  3.425203  3.425000  0.000203 s

t AB   AB
Thus, .
In such a condition,

iˆop  iˆTW  A  iˆTW  A  (434)  (379)  813 A

iˆres  iˆTW  A  iˆTW  A  (434)  (379)  55 A

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The differential element checks the followings:

(i) iˆop  iˆres
(ii) sign ( iˆTW  A ) = sign ( iˆTW  B )
(iii) t AB   AB

Thus, an internal fault is confirmed.

The location of the fault:

1 1
d  l  t AB   (100 103  0.000203 2.9456 108 ) 
2 2 20. 102 km

The fault location is 20.102 km from terminal A.