Compilation Uts

Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University

Province of Laguna
College of Engineering
Understanding the Self
Final Term
Sta. Cruz Main Campus
Sta. Cruz Laguna
In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for Tertiary Education
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
BSCE-1B
2022
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLES PAGE
TOPIC 1: THE PHILOSOPHICAL VIEW OF THE SELF
I. WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY 2
II. PHILOSOPHERS AND THEIR VIEWS ABOUT THE SELF 2
A. Socrates 2
B. Plato 3
C. Saint Augustine 4
D. Saint Thomas Aquinas 6
E. Rene Descartes 6
F. John Locke 7
G. David Hume 8
H. Immanuel Kant 8
I. Sigmund Freud 9
J. Gilbert Ryle 10
K. Paul Churchland 10
L. Maurice Merleau-Ponty 12
TOPIC 2: ANTHROPOLOGICAL, SOCIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW

OF SELF
I. ANTHROPOLOGICAL VIEW OF SELF 16
A. What is Anthropology?
16
B. Focal Point of Anthropology 16
C. “What man is now, is a product of his past” 16
D. Four Subfield of Anthropology 16
a. Archeology 16
b. Biological Anthropology 17
c. Linguistic Anthropology 17
d. Cultural Anthropology 17
II. SOCIOLOGICAL VIEW OF SELF 19
A. What is Sociology? 19
B. Three level of Sociology 19
a. Personal Level 19
b. Societal Level 19
c.Global Level 19
C. Father of Sociology 20
D. Frank Blackmar 20
E. Love Relate in Sociology 21
F. Why does Love have such Power? 21
G.What is the Sociological View of Self? 21
III. PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW OF SELF 22
A. William James’s Self Theory 22

B. Three Categories of the Self 22
a. Constituents of the Self 22
b. Self-feeling 23
c. Self-seeking 23
C. Carl Rogers’s Self Theory 23

D. Aspects of Self-concept 23
a. Existential Self 23
b. Categorical Self 24
E. Three Components of Self-Concept 24
a. Self-worth or self-esteem 24
b. Self-image 24
c. Ideal Self 24
F. Donald W. Winnicott’s True Self and False Self 25

a. True self 25
b. False self 25
c. Social Mask 25
G. Global versus Differentiated Models 25
H. Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung Theory 25
a. Id 25
b. Ego 25
c. Super ego 25
I. Albert Bandura’s Agentic Theory of the Self 26
TOPIC 3: THE PHYSICAL SELF; HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL; SEXUAL SELF
I. THE PHYSICAL SELF 26

A. Theories of Physical Self 26
B. Conclusion 27
II. HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL 28
A. What does Heredity Influence 28

B. What is Environment 28
C. Nature V.S Nurture 29
D. Twin Studies 29
E. Factors Affecting An Unborn Child 30
F. Mother's Existing G Health Condition 30
G. Lifestyle
H. Uterine Blood Flow
III. SEXUAL SELF 30

A. Sexual Development 31
B. Development of Sex Characteristics And 31
The Human Reproductive System
C. Sexual Arousal and Erogenous Zone: What Turns People On 31
D. The Phases Of Sexual Response 31
E. Attraction , Love , and Attachment 32
F. Sexual Transmitted Infections (STIS) 32
G. What You Need to Know About HIV/AIDS 33
TOPIC 4: THE MATERIAL ECONOMICAL SELF AND THE SPIRITUAL SELF
I. THE MATERIAL AND ECONOMICAL SELF 38

A. What is Material Self 39
B. SUMMARY 42
II. THE SPIRITUAL SELF 42

A. Spirituality and Religion 42
B. The Concept of Spirit or Soul 43
C. The Soul According to the Ethnolinguistic Groups of the 43
Philippines
D. Ritual and Ceremonies 47
E. Finding and creating meaning 47
F. Discovering the meaning in life 48
TOPIC 5: THE POLITICAL SELF AND BEING FILIPINO
I. WHO IS FILIPINO? 50
A. Citizenship 50
B. Jus soli 50
C. Jus sanguinis 50
D. Nationality 50
II. CULTURE 51
III. HISTORY OF FILIPINOS 51
IV. DIALECTS 52
A. Tagalog 52
B. Ilocano 52
C. Pangasinan 52
D. Pampango 53
E. Bicol 53
F. Cebuano 53
G. Hiligaynon 53
H. Waray-Samarnon 53
V. FOOD IN THE PHILIPPINES 53
A. Food courts 53
B. Street food 54
C. Popular dishes 54
D. Seafood 54
E. Meat 54
F. Vegetarian food 54
G. Alcoholic Drinks 54
H. Non Alcoholic Drinks 55
VI. PHILIPPINES THROUGHOUT HISTORY 55
VII. PHILIPPINE NATIONAL HEROES 56
VIII. FESTIVES 57
IX. DEVELOPING A FILIPINO IDEA 58
X. FILIPINO VALUES AND TRAITS 58
A. Positive 58
a. Hospitability 58
b. Adaptability and resilience 58
c. Resourcefulness and creativity 59
d. Faithfulness 59
e. Unity in bayanihan spirit 59
f. Thriftiness 59
g. Politeness 59
h. Jolliness and sense of humor 59
i. Discretion and dignity 59
j. Gratefulness 60
k. Honesty and commitment 60
l. Family-oriented 60
B. Negative 60
a. Crab Mentality 60
b. Ningas Kugon 60
c. Mañana Habit 60
d. Filipino Time 60
e. Being Onion Skinned or Balat-sibuyas 61
f. Disregard for Rules 61
g. Price 61
i. Colonial Mentality 62
j. Balikbayan Box Mentality 62
k. Bahala na Attitude 62
l. Corruption 62
m. Maintaining Double Standards 63
n. Excessive Partying 63
XI. RESPECT FOR ELDERS 64
XII. BELIEFS & SUPERSTITIONS 64
XIII. MYTHS AND LEGENDS 64
XIV. HOW TO BE A GOOD FILIPINO POLITICAL SELF 65
XV. HOW CAN PEOPLE BE INFLUENCED BY OTHERS? 66
A. Normative Influence 66
B. Informational Influence 66
XVI. POLITICAL SELF THEORIES 67
XVII. ORIGIN OF POLITICAL SELF 68
A. Family 68
B. School 68
C. Church 68
D. Peers 68
E. Mass Media 68
F. Democracy 68
XVIII. LEADERSHIP 69
XIX. LEADERSHIP STYLE CLASSIFICATION 69
A. Autocratic Leadership 69
B. Democratic Leadership 69
C. Laissez-Faire Leadership 70
XX. LEADERS DESCRIPTION 70
A. Transactional Leaders 70
B. Transformational Leaders 71
XXI. KEY TERMS 71
XXII. PRINCIPLE OF OST 71
XXIII. THE LAW OF TWO FEET 71
TOPIC 6: THE SOCIAL SELF
I. WHAT IS THE “SELF?”

73
A. The Scientific Study of Self-Awareness 73
B. Testing Self-Awareness: The Mirror Self-Recognition Test 73
C. Defining and Measuring the Self-Concept 74
D. Social Comparison Theory 74
E. Upward Social Comparisons 75
F. Social Identity Theory 75
G.Self-Schema Theory 75
II. HOW DO WE KNOW THE SELF IS SOCIAL?

75
A. Self-Perception Theory: Behaviors Tell Us Who We Are 76
B. Self-Discrepancy Theory: Are We Trying to
Juggle Three Selves? 76
C. The Actual Self 76
D. The Ideal Self 76
E. The Ought Self 77
F. Self-Expansion Theory: Inclusion of Others in the Self 77
G.Self-expansion theory 77
III. WHY DO WE PRESENT DIFFERENT SELVES

IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS? 78
A. We Use Impression Management to Get What We Want 78
B. Ingratiation: Other-Enhancements and Opinion Conformity 78
C. Self-Promotion: Self-Enhancements and Entitlements 78
D. Conspicuous Consumption 79
E. Brain Damage Can Limit Self-Presentation Ability 79
F. Self-Monitoring: Social Chameleons 79
IV. IS THE TRUTH ALWAYS THE SELF’S FRIEND?
79
A. Optimal Margin Theory: Positive Illusions Can Be Beneficial 80
B. Self-Serving Cognitive Biases 80
V. WHAT IS SELF-ESTEEM AND HOW CAN WE MEASURE IT?

81
A. Defining Self-Esteem 81
B. Two Strategies for Measuring Self-Esteem 81
C. Collective Self-Esteem 82
TOPIC 7: THE DIGITAL SELF
I. DIGITAL SELF
83
A. SOCIAL MEDIA 84
II. CYBERSPACE
85
III. DIGITAL IDENTITY
85
IV. THE SELF AND OTHERS IN A CYBERSPACE
86
A. Online Identity & Self in Cyberspace: I, Myself & 87
My Online Id Online Identity
B. Selective Self Presentation and Impression 87
Management
V. TYPES OF SELF PRESENTATION
87
A. Prosocial Self Presentation 87
B. Self- Serving Self Presentation 87
VI. IMPACT OF ONLINE INTERACTIONS ON THE SELF

88
VII. POSITIVE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA AND ONLINE

88
INTERACTION ON THE SELF
VIII. 5 CHANGES EMERGING FROM OUR CURRENT
89
DIGITAL WORLD
A. Dematerialization 89
B. Re-embodiment 89
C. Sharing 89
D. Co-construction of self 89
E. Distributed memory 89
IX. BOUNDARIES OF THE ONLINE SELF

90
X. FACTORS THAT ALLOW INDIVIDUALS TO CREATE

90
A DIVERSE EMISSION OF THEMSELVES ONLINE
A. Online disembodiment 90
a. True self 90
b. False self 91
B. Online disinhibition 91
XI. 2 PARTS OF ONLINE DISINHIBITION
91
A. Benign disinhibition 91
B. Toxic disinhibition 91
XII. 5 WAYS OF HOW PEOPLE PRESENT THEMSELVES

91
A. Self-promotion 91
B. Ingratiation 91
C. Exemplification 92
D. Intimidation 92
E. Supplification 92
TOPIC 8: MANAGING & CARING FOR THE SELF AND SETTING GOALS FOR
SUCCESS
I. LEARNING TO BE A BETTER STUDENT

95
II. METACOGNITION
96
III. MANAGING YOUR OWN LEARNING
100
IV. GOALS
103
V. BANDURA’S SELF-EFFICACY THEORY
103
VI. DWECK’S MINDSET THEORY
106
VII. GOAL SETTING THEORY BY LOCKE
111
TOPIC 9: TO BE A HEALTHY WELL-BEING
I. DEFINITION OF WELL - BEING

114
II. TYPES OF WELL - BEING
115
III. IMPORTANCE OF SELF - CARE
118
IV. SELF - CARE TIPS
119
V. NUTRITION AND LIFESTYLE
122
VI. EFFECTS OF UNHEALTHY LIFESTYLE
123
VII. LIFE EXPECTANCY
123
TOPIC 10: STRESS AND STRESS MANAGEMENT
I. STRESS
125
II. TYPES OF STRESS
126
III. WHAT CAUSES STRESS
128
IV. SYMPTOMS OF STRESS
129
V. EFFECTS OF STRESS
131
A. Effects of Stress in our Physical Body 131

B. Effects of Stress in our Mental Health 132
C. Effects of Stress in our Behavior 133
VI. STRESS MANAGEMENT 134
A. The Importance of Managing Stress 134
B. Tips to Manage and Reduce Stress 135


Province of Laguna
TOPIC 1:
The Philosophical Views of
the Self
GROUP 1
Alquiza, Arnalyn
Alvarez, Maria Ashley Nicole
Añonuevo, John Carlos
Arca, Edmark James
I. What is Philosophy?
- Study of fundamental nature of knowledge, reality and existence, especially in
an academic discipline
- A particular theory that someone has about how to live or how to deal with a
particular situation.
- Academic discipline concerned with investigating the nature of significance of
ordinary and scientific beliefs.
- Investigates the legitimacy of concepts by rational argument concerning their
implications, relationships as well as reality, knowledge, moral judgment, etc.
II. Philosophers and their Views About the Self

- Socrates - Hume
- Plato - Kant
- St. Augustine - Freud
- St. Thomas Aquinas - Ryle
- Rene Descartes - Churchland
- Locke - Merleau – Ponty
A. Socrates: Life is Not Worth Living
Who is Socrates?
Socrates was a scholar, teacher and philosopher born in ancient Greece. His
Socratic method laid the groundwork for Western systems of logic and philosophy.
When the political climate of Greece turned against him, Socrates was
sentenced to death by hemlock poisoning in 399 B.C. He accepted this judgment
rather than fleeing into exile.
● Socrates’ work was never published.

○ We are only able to know Socrates and his works because of his
students who detailed his knowledge, wit, wisdom, and intellect.
● He could be considered as the first martyr of education, knowledge and
philosophy.
○ He lightens up the minds of his followers / students which results in him
being charged with corrupting the minds of minors. He dies as a martyr
that fights against ignorance and narrow-mindedness.
● The philosophy of Socrates underlies the importance of the notion of
“knowing oneself”.
○ IT is said that a man’s goal in life is to obtain happiness which
motivates us to act positively and avoid the negative repercussions in
our lives. If one knows himself, according to Plato he could achieve
happiness.
● Socrates also posited that possession of knowledge is a virtue and that
ignorance is a depravity.
2
○ He said that If one accepts ignorance the acquisition of knowledge will
begin. That’s why it is important to have humility to acknowledge one’s
ignorance for him to know what he is lacking and need to know.
● Socrates believes that the answer to our pursuit in knowing ourselves lies in
our own abilities and wisdom, and that the only way for us to understand
ourselves is through internal questioning or introspection.
○ It can happen by assuming the role of both the teacher and the student
or what we know as the Socratic Method or Conversation.
● Socrates was often in the position of an examiner.
○ The art of his philosophy is to look constantly for imperfections in the
ideas of others.
● The Athenian city-state considers him dangerous.
○ Human excellence, according to Socrates, is to question oneself and
others (Maxwell, 2013). In truth, Socrates is simply establishing a
higher standard of truth, which must be logically consistent and not
contradicting itself. This is Socrates’ dangerous idea. Instead of being
satisfied with an answer that sounds pretty good, Socrates asserts that
one should examine more closely the things we call ‘true,’ considering
that there are vast concepts that are not easily defined. To Socrates,
man has to look at himself to understand his long-standing mission, to
“Know Yourself.” For him, “an unexamined life is not worth living”
● He believed that an individual is composed of body and soul.
○ The soul, for him, is immortal. For this reason, he insisted that death is
not the end of existence. Rather, it is simply the separation of the soul
from the body.
● Socrates made a distinction between knowledge and belief
○ Knowledge is always and universally true while the latter is only true in
certain circumstances.
B. Plato: The Self is an Immortal Soul
Who is Plato?
Ancient Greek philosopher Plato was a student of Socrates and a teacher of

Aristotle. His writings explored justice, beauty and equality, and also contained
discussions in aesthetics, political philosophy, theology, and others.
Plato founded the Academy in Athens, one of the first institutions of higher
learning in the Western world.
Plato (c. 428 BCE–c. 348 BCE)
● He wrote tons of books about his teacher Socrates.
3
○ He is upset at what his teacher, Socrates, has suffered which resulted
in him creating numerous books about her making sure that his
dangerous idea lived on.
● Plato sustained the idea that man is composed of a dual nature of body and
soul.
○ He believes that the soul is immortal, and he wrote tons of books about
his teacher Socrates. separated from the body, and he also claims that
the soul is eternal.
● According to Plato, the soul does not exist with the body.
○ It exists prior to being joined to the body. Resembling the idea of
reincarnation, Plato ascertained that the soul lives within a body and
upon death, the soul moves onto another body afterwards.
● The Republic
○ He said that the world can only be led by a philosopher king, a person
who is virtuous as well as intelligent. a person who is a follower of truth
and wisdom will not be tempted by vices and will always be just. It also
includes The Psyche.
● The Psyche
○ Appetitive (desire and need to satisfy oneself) - This satisfaction both
involves physical needs and pleasures and desires. As long as the
person finds an object or situation good or satisfying, the Appetitive
soul can drive the person to lean towards those objects and situations.
○ Spirited (based on our mood or emotions) - This part of the soul can be
attributed to the courageous part of a person, one who wants to do
something or to right the wrongs that they observe. Spirited souls are
very competitive and are very active, his competitiveness drives one to
expect positive results and winning.
○ Rational (based on logic and intellect). - The last part of the soul could
be said to be the driver of our lives, this is the part that thinks and plans
for the future “the conscious mind” decides what to do, when to do it
and the possible results one could have depending on their actions.
C. Saint Augustine
Who is Saint Augustine?
● Augustine of Hipponesis was an early Christian Theologian and philosopher

who lived from approximately 354 AD to 430 AD.
● He was the bishop of Hippo Regius, which is modern-day Algeria
● He is known for his writings that influenced the development of western
Christianity.
● Christian Philosopher and bishop of Hippo in Northern Africa.
● He integrated the Philosophical concepts of Plato with the tenets of
Christianity.
● Man is of a Bifurcated nature
4
● The immortal souls strive to achieve union with God through faith and reason
● The body is the “Spouse” of the soul and both entities are attached to each
other.
Christian philosopher St Augustine’s extraordinary and far-reaching influence

stemmed from his integration of the philosophical concepts of Plato with the tenets of
Christianity. He adopted Plato’s vision of a bifurcated universe in which “there are
two realms: an intelligible realm where truth itself dwells, and this sensible world
which we perceive by sight and touch.”
He believes that “Man is bifurcated in nature,” this man has its natural
division, body, and soul. The body is the aspect of the human body that dwells in the
physical reality and has its imperfections and flaws that continues to strive to be with
the Divine as its soul becomes capable of reaching immortality in the spiritual realm
in communion with God. This is possible through living his life on earth in virtue
Augustine believes that the physical body is radically different from and
inferior to its in habitat, the immortal soul. As his thinking matured, he developed a
more unified perspective on the body and soul. He ultimately came to view the Body
as the “Spouse” of the Soul, both attached by a “natural appetite.”
He believes that the body is united with the soul, so that man may be entire
and complete. Nevertheless, as a religious philosopher, he contemplates the nature
of man with emphasis on the soul as an important element of man. He believes that
the soul is what governs and defines man.
In his work, “Confessions”, Augustine describes that mankind is created in the

image and likeness of God. Everything created by God who is all good is good.
Therefore, the human person, being a creation of God, is always geared towards the
good.
Augustine is convinced that the Self is known only through knowing God.
Accordingly, self-knowledge is a consequence of the knowledge of God. Augustine
espouses the significance of reflection, as well as the importance of prayers and
confessions to arrive at a justification for the existence of God. For him, “knowledge
can only come by seeing the truth that dwells within us.” The truth of which
Augustine speaks refers to the truth of knowing God. God is transcendent and seeks
to be united with God through faith and reason. In his mission to discover the truth of
the existence of God, Augustine develops the fundamental concepts of the human
person, and thus provides the philosophical principle, “I am doubting, therefore I am.”
D. St. Thomas Aquinas
Who is Saint Thomas of Aquinas
5
Was an Italian philosopher and theologian who became a great influence on
subsequent Christian philosophies, particularly that of the Roman Catholic.
● Man is composed of matter and form.

● Matter (Hyle)- Common stuff that makes up everything
● Form (morpe) – essence of the living
● In the case of the human person, the body is something that he shares even
with animals
● What makes a human person is his SOUL, his essence.
● Man is composed of matter (body) and form (soul) - borrowed from Aristotle’s
Metaphysical System.
● Matter (in Greek, hyle), which refers to the common “stuff” that makes up the
material universe;
● Form (in Greek morphe), refers to the essence of a thing, that which makes it
what it is.
For St. Thomas Aquinas, matter and form require each other in order to exist;
it gives us life and makes us human. You are alive because you have a soul: a
corpse has no life, hence has no soul. A soul makes a man who he is. The soul is
what animates the body - it is what makes us human.
From this perspective, Aquinas views persons as material substances whose

souls emerge from the unified relationship of form and prime matter. So rather than
beginning life with a self-composed of a material body and an immaterial soul, as the
Platonists contend, Aquinas believes that life begins with the inseparable union of
form and matter, gradually giving rise to the conscious self as we know it. And in the
same way that a mold pressed onto warm wax creates a unified formal whole, so the
substantive form encountering matter creates a unified self that cannot be separated
into discrete entities, unlike Plato’s (and Augustine’s) dualistic soul and body. For
Aquinas, human beings are living bodies with certain distinguishable potential:
powers, abilities, or capacities. The Latin for “soul” is anima, and Aquinas believes
that every living thing has a soul since the soul is the principle of life—that is, what
distinguishes a living (animate) thing from a nonliving (inanimate) thing.
E. Rene Descartes (1596- 1650)
Who is Rene Descartes?
● Father of the Modern Philosophy

○ He brought an entirely new perspective to philosophy and the self.
The Latin phrase Cogito ergo sum meaning” I think therefore I am” is
the keystone of Descartes’ concept of self. For him, the act of thinking
about the self or being self-conscious is the proof that there is a self. It
was then that he developed his theory of knowledge because he is
confident that no rational person will doubt his or her own existence as
6
a conscious, thinking entity-while we are aware of thinking about
ourselves. For Descartes, the essence of the human self is about a
thinking entity that doubts, understands, analyzes, questions and
reasons.
● The Latin phrase Cogito ergo sum―” I think therefore I am” is the keystone of
Descartes’ concept of self.
● A thinking entity that doubts, understands, analyzes, questions and reasons.
● He emphasized that man has the mind (cogito) and body (extenza) that are
separate but the mind is conjoined with the body.
F. John Locke (1632- 1704)
Who is John Locke?
● Father of the Classical Liberalism

● Inspired by Descartes
● According to John Locke (1975), our self is not locked in the mind, soul, or
body only.
● He included the concept of a person's memory in the definition of self.
● Tabula rasa or blank slate
● Conscious awareness and memory of previous experiences are the keys to
understanding the self.
According to John Locke (1975), our self is not locked in the mind, soul, or
body only. He included the concept of a person's memory in the definition of self. He
subscribes to the memory theory that we are the same person as the past as long as
we can remember something from that past. Personal identity is explained in terms
of psychological connection between life stages in memory theory. We are
connected to that past as long as our memories are around, we are around
For Locke, the human mind at birth is tabula rasa or blank slate. The self or
personal identity is constructed primarily from sense experience― specifically, what
people see, hear, smell, taste, and feel. These experiences shape and mold the self
throughout a person’s life. For him, conscious awareness and memory of previous
experiences are the keys to understanding the self.
G. David Hume: There is no Self
Who is David Hume?
7
Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist known especially for
his philosophical empiricism and scepticism. Hume conceived of philosophy as the
inductive, experimental science of human nature.
David Hume (May 17, 1711-August 25, 1776)
● David Hume is known for his lack of self-theory (holds that the self cannot be
reduced to a bundle because the concept of a self is incompatible with the
idea of a bundle).
● He held to empiricism (all knowledge is derived from human senses).
● Made a clear distinction between impressions (everything that originates from
our senses) and Ideas (faint images of thinking and reasoning based on
impressions).
● bundle theory (properties we can sense are the only real parts of an object).
He said when a person is asked the question “who you are? “That person
tends to answer different impressions such as good, happy, optimistic, contented,
sad, etc. generally they apply to who you are now but at the same time these
characteristics might change from time to time. If the neighbor you knew your entire
life to be happy and have a positive outlook suddenly looked sad and discontented,
can we say that the person you see is not your neighbor anymore?
H. Immanuel Kant (1724- 1804)
Who is Immanuel Kant?
● He refuted Hume’s idea of self.

● Man is a free agent, capable of making a decision for himself. (Kant, 1781)
● “All our knowledge begins with the senses, proceeds then to the
understanding, and ends with the reason. There is nothing higher than
reason.”
● It is the self that makes experiencing an understandable world possible
because it is the self that is actively organizing all our thoughts and
perceptions.
The self that makes experience an understandable world possible because it

is the self that is actively organizing all our thoughts and perceptions. In other words,
the self-constructs its own reality, actively creating a world that is familiar,
predictable, and most significantly, mine. The self is the product of reason, a
regulative principle, because the self regulates experience by making unified
experiences possible. The self transcends experience because the mind can grasp
aspects of reality which is not limited to the senses. To know our duty, we have to
rationally deliberate on it, not expect that higher authority will hand it to us, and not
let our emotions guide us.
8
I. Sigmund Freud
Who is Sigmund Freud?
Sigmund Freud, an Austrian Psychologist and Physician, he is also known as

the father of psychoanalysis and is known for his work on human nature and the
unconscious. Freud believed that man has different constructs of personality that
interact with each other and along with his 11 concepts of the different levels of
consciousness provides an idea how a person develops a sense of self.
● Level of consciousness
○ FREUD’S THREE LAYERS OF THE SELF
1. The Conscious Self- Governed by the “Reality
Principle.” Organized in ways that are rational, practical,
and appropriate to the environment. Usually takes into
account the realistic demands of the situation, the
consequences of various actions, and the overriding need
to preserve the equilibrium of the entire psychodynamic
system of the self.
2. The Unconscious Self- Contains the basic instinctual
drives including sexuality, aggressiveness, and self-
destruction; traumatic memories; unfulfilled wishes and
childhood fantasies; thoughts and feelings that would be
considered socially taboo.
3. The Preconscious Self- Contains material that is not
threatening and is easily brought to mind. According to
Freud, the preconscious part is located between the
conscious and the unconscious part of the self.
● Three provinces of the mind: id, ego, superego
○ ID - consists of instincts and urges, operates on pleasure principle
■ PLEASURE PRINCIPLE - the immediate satisfaction of needs
without regard for the consequences.
○ EGO- rational and logical, works on the reality principle
■ REALITY PRINCIPLE - the satisfaction of the demands of the id
only when negative consequences will not result.
○ SUPEREGO - houses the conscience (the moral compass of our
personality) and is the source of moral anxiety.
J. Gilbert Ryle: The Self is How You Behave
Who is Gilbert Ryle?
9
A British philosopher whose book, The Concept of Mind, had a dramatic
impact on Western thought. Ryle’s behaviorism was a different sort from that of
psychology. He thought of his approach as a logical behaviorism, focused on
creating conceptual clarity, not on developing techniques to condition and
manipulate human behavior.
● Simply focused on observable behavior in defining the self.

○ The solution to the mind/body “problem” is to simply deny—or ignore—
the existence of an internal, nonphysical self, and instead focus on the
dimensions of the self that we can observe. No more inner selves,
immortal souls, states of consciousness, or unconscious entities:
instead, the self is defined in terms of the behavior that is presented to
the world, a view that is known in psychology as behaviorism.
● The self is best understood as a pattern of behavior, a person’s tendency or
disposition to behave in a certain way in certain circumstances. (“I act;
therefore, I am!”)
○ The tendency or disposition for a person to behave in a certain way in
certain circumstances.
● He contends that every human being has both a physical and a non-physical
mind which are ordinarily “harnessed together” while we are alive. However,
after the death of our body, our minds may continue to exist and function.
○ This “dualistic” conception of the mind and body is analogous to the
dualism of Socrates and Plato who viewed the self as being comprised
of a mortal body and an immortal soul, and is also similar to the Neo-
Platonist views of St. Augustine and other Christian philosophers in the
Middle Ages. According to Ryle, this dualistic “official doctrine” has
become the dominant model in academic disciplines like psychology, in
many religions, and in our popular culture.
○ “A person therefore lives through two collateral histories, one
consisting of what happens in and to his body, and other consisting of
what happens in and to his mind. The first is public.
K. Paul Churchland: The Self is the Brain
Who is Paul Churchland?
Paul Churchland (b. 1942): Contemporary American philosopher and

professor at the University of California, San Diego. Churchland’s interests are the
philosophy of science, the philosophy of mind, artificial intelligence and cognitive
neurobiology, epistemology, and perception. His writing includes The Engine of
Reason, The Seat of the Soul: A Philosophical Journey into the Brain (1995).
● Disagrees with the concept of dualism.
10
○ Instead of dualism, he holds to the belief that the physical brain is
where we get our sense of self. This is known as eliminative
materialism, the belief that nothing but matter exists (Churchland,
1981). In short, if it cannot be recognized by our senses, then it is
simply a fairy tale. Therefore, since the mind cannot be experienced by
our senses, then it does not really exist. For him, it is the physical brain
and not the imaginary mind that gives us our sense of self.
○ Dualism has something to do with the interaction between the
existence of mind and body which is something that Churchland
rejects. Since he believes that nothing but matter exist where. Also, he
disagrees dualism because he holds eliminate materialism
● Asserts that since the mind cannot be experience by the senses, it does not
exist.
○ To prove this, Churchland points out that if the mind is the seat of the
self, how can personalities be altered by physical injuries or brain
trauma? Using this argument, he claims that the physical brain is the
origin of the ‘self’ and that the belief in the mind is rather unnecessary.
○ The main philosophy of Churchland built the idea of “eliminative
materialism”. Basically, eliminative materialism opposes that people’s
common sense understanding of the mind is false and that most of the
mental states that people subscribe to, in turn, do not actually exist,
this idea also applies on the understanding of behavior and emotions.
● It is the physical brain, not the imaginary mind, that gives us our sense of self
○ Churchland is referring to two kinds of brain. The imaginary brain and
the physical brain. The physical brain is the processor of our body that
everything is process in our brain that creates our self.
● The term mind, our mood, emotions, actions, consciousness are deeply
affected by the state of our brain that altered our actions, and physical state
when they are manipulated.
○ He believed that to fully understand one’s behavior, one should
understand the different neurological movement of the brain that
pertains to different emotions, feelings, actions and reactions and how
such brain movements affect the body. With this in mind we can
eliminate the ambiguity of subjective and baseless identification of the
mind behavior and self in general because by understanding the
different neural pathways, how they work, and what implications are
those movements are to people, will we not only have proof that there
is a measurable classification on one’s behavior it can also be said that
the constant movement of the brain can be the basis of who the person
is this is emphasized by Churchland and his wife in the statement “The
Brain as the Self”.
L. Maurice Merleau – Ponty : The Self is an Embodied Subjectivity
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Who is Merleau - Ponty?
Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908-1961): French philosopher whose thinking was

influenced by Husserl. Merleau-Ponty objected to philosophies that underestimated
the significance of the body and argued that perception is fundamental to our
knowledge of the world. In The Phenomenology of Perception (1945), he argued that
consciousness is a dynamic form that actively structures our experience.
● Suggest that there is unity in our mental, physical, and emotional disposition,
and they all affect how we experience ourselves.
○ The simple fact is, we experience our self as a unity in which the
mental and physical are seamlessly woven together. This idea of the
self as a unity thus fully rejects the dualist ideas of Plato and
Descartes.
● Our self is a product of our conscious human experience.
○ Consistent with this ontological (having to do with the nature of being or
existence) commitment is the belief that explanations for human
behavior and experience are not to be sought by appeal to phenomena
that are somehow behind, beneath, or beyond the phenomena of lived
human experience but instead are to be sought within the field of
human experience itself, using terminology and concepts appropriate
to this field. And when we examine ourselves at this fundamental level
of direct human experience, we discover that our mind and body are
unified, not separate. It is this primal consciousness, Merleau-Ponty
notes in his book Phenomenology of Perception, that is the foundation
for our perception of the world and our knowledge about it:
○ Consciousness must be reckoned as a self-contained system of Being,
as a system of Absolute being, into which nothing can penetrate and
from which nothing can escape. On the other side, the whole spatial-
temporal world, to which man and the human ego claim to belong as
subordinate singular realities, is according to its own meaning mere
intentional Being, a Being, therefore, which has the merely secondary,
relative sense of a Being for a consciousness.
○ For Merleau-Ponty, everything that we are aware of—and can possibly
know—is contained within our own consciousness. It’s impossible for
us to get “outside” of our consciousness because it defines the
boundaries of our personal universe. The so-called real world of
objects existing in space and time initially exists only as objects of my
consciousness. Yet in a cognitive sleight-of-hand, we act as if the
space-time world is primary and our immediate consciousness is
secondary. This is an inversion of the way things actually are: It is our
consciousness that is primary and the space-time world that is
secondary, existing fundamentally as the object of our consciousness
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● The definition of self is all about one’s perception of one’s experience and the
interpretation of those experience.
○ As a philosophical theory of knowledge, phenomenology is distinctive
in the sense that its goal is not to explain experience but rather to
clarify our understanding of it. A phenomenologist like Merleau-Ponty
sees his aim of describing what he sees and then assuming that his
description will strike a familiar chord with us, stimulating us to say, “I
understand what you’re saying—that makes sense to me!” From this
perspective, the responsibility of philosophy is not to provide
explanations but to seek the root and genesis of meaning, “to reveal
the mystery of the world and of reason,” to help us think and see things
more clearly. For example, to develop a clear understanding of your
“being in love,” you need to delay using elaborate psychological
theories and instead begin by describing the phenomena of the
experience in a clear, vivid fashion, trying to uncover the meaning of
what you are experiencing. Then you can begin developing concepts
and theories to help you make sense of the phenomena of “being in
love.” The danger of using theories prematurely is that you may very
well distort your actual experience, forcing it to conform to someone
else’s idea of what “being in love” means instead of clearly
understanding your unique experience
● The self as embodied subjectivity.
○ Perception guides our action based from what our experiences are, the
body perceives while our consciousness provides the meaning or
interprets the various perception we have in the world and the self
could be established by the perceptions we have in the world, whereas
one’s action, behavior and language used could be said to be the
reflection of our united perception of the world.
○ The self and perception are encompassed in a physical body. The
physical body is part of the self — the body is not a prison house of
self, rather, it is the subject that embodies self.
● Man is all about how he sees himself.
○ For Merleau-Ponty it is a dynamic form responsible for actively
structuring our conscious ideas and physical behavior. In this sense, it
is fundamentally different from Hume’s and Locke’s concept of the
mind as a repository for sensations or the behaviorists’ notion of the
mind as the sum total of the reactions to the physical stimuli that an
organism receives. Consciousness, for Merleau-Ponty, is a dimension
of our lived body, which is not an object in the world, distinct from the
knowing subject (as in Descartes), but is the subjects’ own point of
view on the world: The body is itself the original knowing subject from
which all other forms of knowledge derive
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Province of Laguna
TOPIC 2:
Anthropological,
Sociological and
Psychological View of Self
GROUP 2
Arceta, Alia Mae
Arenas, Sophia Mei
Azur, Mark Lester
Bagasala, Rhen Lawrence
ANTHROPOLOGICAL VIEW OF SELF
What is Anthropology?
Anthropology is a science and philosophical description of the life form from “Homo
Sapiens” the thinking man. The science of anthropology is “doctrina humanae
naturae” includes the bodily characteristics of humans as well as their spiritual physic
and moral dignity. (Ocampo, 2006).
Focal Point of Anthropology
Man in the physical, cultural, and existential features with the purpose of gaining a
deeper understanding of man’s place in the world.
“What man is now, is a product of his past”
The reason why your behavior and your features like your height, skin color, and
your hair growth is because according to Charles Darwin, we came from the man
cave. Our past has a great effect on what we are now. It is the same in the past
where there are dinosaurs, gigantic fishes and also big trees.
A paleontologist is a scientist who studies the history of life on Earth through the
fossil record and according to them there is evidence why these things got extinct
and it is because of necessity. Imagine if there are still dinosaurs till this day, there
will be no food for us humans. It is the same with a person. We adapt because of our
needs and to our adjusting environment and community as well.
The Four Subfield of Anthropology
This suggests that humans are similar, but at the same time are very different. For
example the similarities are people have the same needs of food, water, shelter and
clothing. But there is a difference on how we humans will acquire these things for our
satisfaction. People realize that the similarities and diversities among them is what
makes life interesting.
1. Archaeology- It interprets human behavior through material remains.
- Focus is the past and how it may have contributed to the

present ways of how people conduct their daily lives.
- Made people realize the important aspect of

human nature, which is survival.
- Archeologists are people who study human

history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis
of artifacts and other physical remains. They study artifacts like the
tools and objects that were used by the people in the past, and they
discover how humans were living before.
2. Biological Anthropology - scientific study concerned with the biological and

behavioral aspects of human beings and other non-human.
- Focus primarily on how the human body adapts to the

different earth environments.
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- Human beings at present still share the
same biological strengths and vulnerabilities.
Ex: Eating the right balance of nutrients from food

and intake of minerals is beneficial to all human beings while what may
be lethal for one will most likely have the same effect on others.
- Biological characteristics that human beings

share may earn them complete dominion over all earth creatures and
at the same time be the cause of their extinction.
Ex: A cure during a pandemic (a cure effective for

one may have similar effect on another.)
The virus, Anthrax (which is lethal for one will be lethal for many.)
3. Linguistic Anthropology - language in its social context across time and

space.
- Human survival is primarily linked to their

ability to communicate.
- Language identifies a group of people.
- Linguistic anthropologists also study how

language and modes of communication change over time.
- We all know the story of the power of babel.
- We all know the story of the power of babel.

According to Genesis, the Babylonians wanted to make a name for
themselves by building a mighty city and a tower “with its top in the
heavens.” God disrupted the work by so confusing the language of the
workers so that they could no longer understand one another.
4. Cultural Anthropology - explore the diversity of past and present.
- Ethnography – based on fieldwork
Ethnology – based on cross-cultural comparison
- “culture has an impact on how the individual

views himself or herself”
- Culture is described as a group of people’s

way of life.
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- Cultural anthropologists are interested in
knowing what makes one group’s manner of living particular to that
group and forms an essential part of the member’s personal and social
identity.
- Theory of Cultural Determinism – Human

nature is determined by the ideas, meanings, beliefs and values
learned as a member of society.
- A culture has a positive and negative part in

a person.
o (+) suggests that human beings can be formed or

shaped to have the kind of life they prefer. It further means that
there is no limit placed on human ability to be or to do whatever
they set their minds and hearts into.
o (-) it may mean that people have no control over what

they learn. They blindly accept the learning their cultures expose
them to. Human beings are seen as helpless and do only what
their culture instructs them to do. This places human nature
under the mercy of his culture.
- Cultural Diversity:
o Symbols – are the words, gestures, pictures or objects

that have a recognized or accepted meaning in a particular
culture. Symbols can be shared or copied by other cultures who
find them also fitting for their own culture
Ex: Rings signify commitment
Colors have meanings that are similar in many cultures
o Heroes - are the person form past or present who

have characteristics that are important in a culture. They may be
real or fictitious and are models for behavior
Ex: Jose Rizal
Andres Bonifacio
o Rituals - are activities (maybe religious or social)

participated in by a group of people for the fulfillment of desired
objectives to be socially essential
Ex: Religious ceremonies like baptism and weddings
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Social ceremonies like birthdays and graduations.
o Values - are considered to be the core of every

culture, values are unconscious and can be neither be
discussed nor be directly observed but can only inferred from
the way people act and react to circumstances and situations.
Ex: Respect for elders, Hospitality, Nationalism
All in all, one way for a person to know and recognize oneself is through
anthropology because we became aware that we can recognize ourselves by
understanding our past and present condition.
SOCIOLOGICAL VIEW OF SELF
What is Sociology?
Let’s first define what sociology is. So, Sociology is the study of human social
relationships and institutions. Sociology is the study of social life and change. It is
also defined as a study of the behavior of humans in society and the consequences
of those behaviors.
Sociology is an exciting and illuminating field of study that analyzes and

explains important matters in our personal lives, our communities, and the world.
THERE ARE ALSO A THREE LEVEL OF SOCIOLOGY WHICH IS THE

PERSONAL LEVEL, SOCIETAL LEVEL, AND GLOBAL LEVEL
· At the personal level, sociology investigates the social causes and

consequences of such things as romantic love, racial and gender identity,
family conflict, deviant behavior, aging, and religious faith.
· At the societal level, sociology examines and explains matters like crime and
law, poverty and wealth, prejudice and discrimination, schools and education,
business firms, urban community, and social movements.
· At the global level, sociology studies such phenomena as population growth

and migration, war and peace, and economic development.
Also, it is a subject that can give information about everything from how and why
people use social media to how racism, sexism, and classism show up in everyday
life.
The Father of Sociology
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Auguste Comte is considered one of the founders of sociology. He coined the
term “sociology” in 1838 by combining the Latin term socius (companion, associate)
and the Greek term logia (study of, speech). Comte hoped to unify all the sciences
under sociology. He believed sociology held the potential to improve Society and
direct human activity, including the other sciences.
Auguste Comte is the founder of positivism, a philosophical and political

movement which enjoyed a very wide diffusion in the second half of the nineteenth
century. It sank into an almost complete oblivion during the twentieth, when it was
eclipsed by neo-positivism.
It is difficult today to appreciate the interest Comte’s thought enjoyed a century ago,
for it has received almost no notice during the last five decades. Before the First
World War, Comte’s movement was active nearly everywhere in the world. While his
theory is no longer employed in sociology, Comte, like other Enlightenment thinkers,
believed society developed in stages. He argued for an understanding of society he
labeled “The Law of Three Stages.”
The first was the theological stage where people took a religious view of society.
The second was the metaphysical stage where people understood Society as natural
rather than supernatural. Comte’s final stage was the scientific or positivist stage,
which he believed to be the pinnacle of social development. In the scientific stage,
society would be governed by reliable knowledge and would be understood in light of
the knowledge produced by science, primarily sociology. While Comte’s approach is
today considered a highly simplified and ill-founded way to understand social
development, it nevertheless reveals important insights into his thinking about the
way in which sociology, as part of the third stage, would unite the sciences and
improve society.
Frank Blackmar
Sociology was taught by that name for the first time at the University of
Kansas in 1890 by Frank Blackmar, under the course title Elements of Sociology,
where it remains the oldest continuing sociology course in the United States. The
first academic department of sociology was established in 1892 at the University of
Chicago by Albion W. Small, who in 1895 founded the American Journal of
Sociology. Frank Blackmar was an American sociologist, historian and educator.
Frank Wilson Blackmar has been described as "one of the master builders of
the University of Kansas" and "an outstanding figure in the world of the social
sciences." Despite Blackmar's many accomplishments, he is not well known by
contemporary sociologists.
After he became a professor of history and sociology at the University of

Kansas. Ten years later he was made professor of sociology and economics at the
19
same university. He became active in the university extension movement throughout
the western United States, writing and lecturing on history, sociology and economics.
He was elected dean when the graduate school of the University of Kansas was
organized in 1896. He wrote several books of local history, handbooks of economy
and some political pamphlets.
Frank W. Blackmar served as the 9th President of the American Sociological

Society (name later changed to Association). His Presidential address entitled "A
Working Democracy" was delivered at the organization's Annual Meeting in Chicago
in 1919.
What is Love?
So, what is love? This question is very simple but difficult to define, but it can
also relatable in the sociology because love is interesting sociologically for so many
reasons. To start with, just the one word can represent so many different meanings
and understandings: sexual love, intimate love, companionate love, romantic love,
parental love, friendship love, inter-species love, love for places, belongings, views.
It is a word that is used prolifically to mean so much, which means it is incredibly
difficult to define and study.
There was, however, to support the normative notion that love should be
romantic, once-occurring and life-long. When talking about past relationships,
participants would recall (and re-interpret) their emotions, saying ‘I thought it was
love…’ or ‘it was not love at all…
Why Does Love Have Such Power?
Whether a private emotion, organizing institution, normative expression,

commodity, societal glue or legitimating ideology, love is clearly an important
concept to understand and interrogate in modern society.
Sociological View of Self
So, let’s begin the discussion of our main topic which is the self in sociology or
sociological view of self where from a classical sociological perspective, the self is a
relatively stable set of perceptions of who we are in relation to ourselves, others, and
to social systems. The self is socially constructed in the sense that it is shaped
through interaction with other people.
A sociological approach to self and identity begins with the assumption that
there is a reciprocal relationship between the self and society (Stryker, 1980). The
self-influences society through the actions of individuals thereby creating groups,
organizations, networks, and institutions. And, reciprocally, society influences the
20
self through its shared language and meanings that enable a person to take the role
of the other, engage in social interaction, and reflect upon oneself as an object.
Because the self emerges in and is reflective of society, the sociological

approach to understanding the self and its parts (identities) means that we must also
understand the society in which the self is acting, and keep in mind that the self is
always acting in a social context in which other selves exist
The symbolic interactionist perspective in sociological social psychology sees

the self as emerging out of the mind, the mind as arising and developing out of social
interaction, and patterned social interaction as forming the basis of social structure
PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE SELF
William James’s Self Theory –
divided the self into two categories – Me and I.
A human being has the capacity to be a thinking subject and the object of his
own thinking at the same time. As a thinking subject, an individual is both conscious
of his environment, and conscious of his existence.
I – constituted by the continuous stream of consciousness internal to an individua
Me – a person turns into a ‘me’ when he makes himself the object of his own
thinking.
The “Me” is a separate individual a person refers to when talking about their personal
experiences. On the other hand, the “I” is the part of the self that knows who they are
and what they have accomplished in life (Pomerleau, 2014). For example, in the
statement "I know it was me who ate the cookie,” the "Me" is the empirical self, the
one who does the acting, whereas the "I" is the self that is capable of thinking and
reflecting
Three Categories of the Self
1. Constituents of the Self – refer to the further subcategories of the self,
Including. the material self, social self, spiritual self, and pure ego.
● The material self consists of what belongs to a person, such as the body,
family, clothes, or money.
● The social self marks who you are in a specific social situation. We tend to
change our actions, thoughts, emotions, words, and mannerisms based on the
current social situation or the people with whom we are interacting.
21
For example, we act differently when at work as opposed to when out with friends,
as do we when talking to our boss as opposed to a coworker.
● Finally, our spiritual self is who we are at our core, including our personality,
values, and conscience. Our spiritual self typically remains relatively stable
throughout our lifetime
● The pure ego – it is what provides continuity between past, present, and
future, allowing us to view ourselves to have a consistent, individual identity, one
brought about by the stream of consciousness that James first defined
2. Self-feeling – the feelings and emotions aroused in the individual because of
his knowledge and appraisal of his empirical existence in the world.
3. Self-seeking – the actions the self-prompts – the effort of every individual to
preserve and improve oneself based on one’s self - knowledge and resulting
self-feelings.
Carl Rogers’s Self Theory – the self does not exist at birth, it is developed
gradually during childhood wherein, one differentiates the self from non-self. By
means of free choice and action, one can shape himself based on what she wants to
be.
• Real Self – who an individual actually is, intrinsically. How one thinks, feels, looks,
and acts.
• Ideal Self – the perception of what a person would like to be or thinks he or she
would be. Based on the idealized image.
• Congruence – an agreement between the real self and the ideal self.
• Self-Concept – the totality of a complex, organized, and dynamic system of

learned beliefs, attitudes, and opinions that each person holds to be true about his
personal experience.
Aspects of Self-concept
1. Existential Self – begins when an individual recognizes his existence as a

separate entity from others and realizes that he will continue to exist over a period of
time and space.
2. Categorical Self – starts after a child recognizes his existence as a separate

entity and becomes aware that he is an object of the world.
Three Components of Self-Concept
22
Self-concept is our personal knowledge of who we are, encompassing all of our
thoughts and feelings about ourselves physically, personally, and socially. Self-
concept also includes our knowledge of how we behave, our capabilities, and our
individual characteristics. Our self-concept develops most rapidly during early
childhood and adolescence, but self-concept continues to form and change over time
as we learn more about ourselves.
1. Self-worth or self-esteem – is what one thinks about oneself.
Self-esteem is the value we place upon ourselves. Individual levels of self-esteem

are dependent on the way we evaluate ourselves. Those evaluations incorporate our
personal comparisons to others as well as others’ responses to us.
When we compare ourselves to others and find that we are better at

something than others and/or that people respond favorably to what we do, our self-
esteem in that area grows. On the other hand, when we compare ourselves to others
and find we’re not as successful in a given area and/or people respond negatively to
what we do, our self-esteem decreases. We can have high self-esteem in some
areas ("I am a good student") while simultaneously having negative self-esteem in
others ("I am not well-liked").
2. Self-image – how one sees himself, which is important for good psychological
health.
Self image is the way we see ourselves. Self-image includes what we know about
ourselves physically ,our social roles and our personality traits
Self-image doesn’t always match reality. Some individuals hold an inflated

perception of one or more of their characteristics. These inflated perceptions may be
positive or negative, and an individual may have a more positive view of certain
aspects of the self and a more negative view of others.
3. Ideal Self – the person that one wants to be.
The ideal self is the self we would like to be. There’s often a difference between
one’s self-image and one's ideal self. This incongruity can negatively impact one’s
self-esteem.
According to Carl Rogers, self-image and ideal self can be congruent or

incongruent. Congruence between the self-image and ideal self means that there is
a fair amount of overlap between the two. While it is difficult, if not impossible, to
achieve perfect congruence, greater congruence will enable self-actualization.
Incongruence between the self-image and ideal self means there’s a discrepancy
between one’s self and one’s experiences, leading to internal confusion (or cognitive
dissonance) that prevents self-actualization.
23
Donald W. Winnicott’s True Self and False Self
True Self – known as the real self, authentic self, original self, and vulnerable self.
The core of who you are, the original you, unshaped by the upbringing of society.
False Self – known as the fake self, ideal self, perfect self, and pseudo self.
Composed of the parts of the self, wherein behaviors are altered, feelings are
repressed, and one’s needs are set aside in order to fit in with others. Also called the
adapted self. The true self refers to a sense of self based on authentic experience,
and the feeling of being truly present and alive. The false self is a defensive façade,
behind which the person can feel empty, it’s behaviors being learnt and controlled
rather than spontaneous and genuine.
Social Mask – helps one to interact properly in a larger variety of interpersonal

contexts.
Global versus Differentiated Models
Global Models look into a human being in his or her totality, as an indivisible entity
that cannot be broken down into parts.
Gestalt Psychology – guided by the principle that “the whole is greater than the
sum of all its parts.”
Humanistic Psychology – guided by the principle that “human beings, as humans,

supersede the sum of their parts.”
Differentiated Models look into a human being through examining its parts for it is
divisible or can be broken into components.
For Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, the psyche is divided into three – id, ego,
and superego.
1. Id – exists since birth and pertains to instinct. Driven by libido (sexual energy).
2. Ego – developed as a product of coping with anxiety brought about by the id’s
repression of impulses.
3. Superego – operates according to the morality principle.
Albert Bandura’s Agentic Theory of the Self – rejects the notion that selfhood is
culturally influenced or controlled by urges, rather, it looks upon every human being
as capable of thinking, deciding, foreseeing, and controlling his or her actions, free to
decide for himself. This is called a human agency.
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Province of Laguna
TOPIC 3:
The Physical Self; Heredity
and Environmental; Sexual
Self
GROUP 3
BANTOY, JAILANIE E.
BENGUA, CAMILLA ANGELA D.
BOMBALES, LYNNYL AISLINN S.
BUEDAD, GODWIN D.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the chapter, you should be able to:
● Identify the stages of life and explain the physical changes that occur during
each stage
● Recognize the process of physical growth to understand yourself about our
physical self.
● Examine the impact of culture on body image and self.
THE PHYSICAL SELF
In this topic we will explore the process of physical growth and development.
It is for us to understand more about our physical self.
The physical self refers to the body, both physical extremities and internal
organs that work together to perform their functions, it is to walk, eat, sleep and
breath. The body’s ability is to perform its function gradually that changes through an
individual’s aging.
Adolescence begins with the onset of puberty. Where in this stage it is

characterized by rapid physical changes that include maturation of the reproductive
system in which each individual goes through a succession of development stages
throughout his or her life span.
Life span refers to the development from conception to death Here is the
outline of the stages in the life span based on Elizabeth Hurlock.
1. Prenatal - fertilization to birth

2. Infancy - birth to 2 weeks of life
3. Babyhood - 2 weeks of life to 2nd year
4. Early childhood - 2 to 6 years old
5. Late childhood - 6 to 10 or 12 years old
6. Puberty - 10 or 12 or 14 years old
7. Adolescence - 14 to 18 years old
8. Early adulthood - 18 to 40 years old
9. Middle adulthood - 40 to 60 years old
10. Late adulthood or senescence - 60 to death
THEORIES OF PHYSICAL SELF
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A theory of physiognomy suggests that a person’s physical characteristics
such as facial features and expression and body structures could be related to a
person’s character or personality.
Another theory from Ancient Greek, Hippocrates developed a theory based

on the prominence of body fluids. It suggests that an excess of or deficiency in any
of the four bodily fluids (or humors) in a person influences their personality,
temperament, and well being.
The sanguine type, that tends to be impulsive, cheerful, happy and

optimistic.
The melancholic, that tends to be depressed and pessimistic.
The choleric, that tends to be easily angry, jumpy and temperamental.
The phlegmatic, that tends to be sluggish, dull and slow.
In the 1940s, William Sheldon developed the body type theory. There are
three body types, endomorphic which means the body type is soft and plump that is
perceived to be easy going and sociable; the mesomorphic which means their body
type has strong muscular body that perceived to be energetic, adventurous,
assertive and courageous they are sometimes competitive and tend to be dominant;
lastly, the ectomorphic type has a tall and thin body type they tend to be restrained,
quiet, introvert and artistic.
Last theory is based on The Wisdom of Your Face by Jean Haner which
tackles about the different face shapes where; People with round-shaped face
tends to be friendly, kindhearted and selfless; People with square faces tends to be
witty, analytical and great leads; People with heart shaped faces are patients and
intuitive by nature; People with long shaped faces tends to be creative, artistic,
sensitive and determined; People with triangle-shaped faces tend to be creative,
artistic, sensitive and determined; Lastly, people with diamond shaped faces are
very detailed-oriented and like to be in control.
CONCLUSION:
Our physical self refers to our body, and the body’s ability is to perform its
functions gradually that develop through the years. Each individual goes through a
succession of developmental stages from conception to death.
Let us remember that you and I are not the same. We may have the same
physical characteristics but we are different to each other based on our experiences.
Na ikaw ay ikaw, ako ay ako. Unique ka, Unique ako. And throughout our journey,
our life became unique because of the experiences which will be tackled on Heredity
and Environment by the next reporter.
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● Basic explanation of Heredity and Environmental

● Define dominant and recessive traits
● Difference between Nature and Nurture
● Factors affecting unborn child
HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL
Heredity is the biological process of the inheritance of traits from parents to

offspring. Environment refers to the factors an individual is exposed to throughout life
which includes learning and experiences. It is also defined as the transmission of
genetic traits or characteristics from parents up to the third line of ancestry. It begins
from the moment of conception and within one’s chromosomes, genes carry traits
that are manifested by an individual.
Traits can be dominant or recessive. Dominant traits are those that are
observable while recessive traits are expressed less. Each of us receives a pair of
each trait easily because it is reflected on the child’s overall being. If a child inherits
both recessive traits from the parents, it is the only time that these recessive traits
can be displayed. Knowing which other traits you have inherited from your parents
will unravel during your development.
The biological or psychological characteristics which are transmitted by the

parents to their off-springs are known by the name of heredity. Heredity is, in other
words, a biological process of transmission of certain traits of behavior of the parents
to their children, by means of the fertilized egg. Heredity traits are innate; they are
present at birth.
WHAT DOES HEREDITY INFLUENCE?
Heredity influences the different aspects of growth and development i.e.

height, weight and structure of the body, color of hair and eye, intelligence, interest
and certain behaviors. Heredity is a static social structure meaning once we inherit
certain genes they cannot be modified or changed.
WHAT IS ENVIRONMENT?
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The word environment in this context means the environment around the
child, his interaction with his family, his neighborhood, his school, the nutrition the
child receives. What are the environmental factors which influence development?
There are various environmental factors which influence the development.

Some of these are classified as follows:
1. Physical factors: Physical and geographical conditions influence a child's

behavior, responses, and attitudes.
2. Family: Family plays an important role in a child's development since the
first interaction a child has is with his/ her family. The behaviors that a child
observer, the values she or he is taught are all through these initial
interactions.
3. School and teachers: The school environment, and the teachers also play a
very important role in the grooming of a child. The teachers are the first role
models for a child, and through the way a teacher conducts herself, or
interacts with the child affects the knowledge they acquire, and the people
they become.
NATURE VS NURTURE
The word Nature represents heredity or genes which are carried from parent
to child and NURTURE represents ENVIRONMENT the child is exposed to. It is
believed that both Heredity and Environment together influence the development in
children.
TWIN STUDIES
● Studies conducted on identical or fraternal twins.

- Twins developed from single fertilized egg
- Share of same genes
● Fraternal Twins
- Develop from two eggs
- Same as brother and sister
FACTORS AFFECTING AN UNBORN CHILD
The mother must be healthy to carry out the pregnancy. However, there are
certain factors that affect an unborn child amidst this pregnancy that they must watch
out for.
MOTHER’S EXISTING HEALTH CONDITION
● High Blood Pressure

- Uncontrolled blood pressure can result in damage in the
mother’s kidney and increase the risk for low birth weight or
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preeclampsia. It is important to have the blood pressure checked at
every checkup for the doctor to provide necessary interventions before
the birth delivery.
● Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
- Women with this condition have higher rates of pregnancy loss
before 20 weeks of their pregnancy.
● Diabetes
- It is important that pregnant women are mindful of their sugar intake if
they have diabetes. During the first weeks of pregnancy, high blood
sugar levels can cause birth defects.
LIFE STYLE
Pregnant women should be mindful of their lifestyle. A pregnant woman must

take care of her body and what she takes in. Being healthy during this period matters
a lot for the baby’s health. However, some are not mindful about what they take into
their bodies such as alcohol, tobacco and drugs.
UTERINE BLOOD FLOW
A pregnant woman experiencing an abnormal uterine blood flow has high risk
for eclampsia. This is a threatening complication that can endanger the life of the
expectant mother that can cause seizures or coma.
● Explain the development of sex characteristics and the human reproductive

systems
● Distinguish between attraction, love, and attachment
● Explain Sexual Orientation
● Identify the causes and consequences of sexcually transitted infections and
early pregnancy
● Reflect on the importance of contraception and Reproductive Health Law.
SEXUAL SELF
It is a part of yourself where you learn and understand your sexual

development and how people‟s sexual activity, beliefs, misconceptions and unlimited
access from the internet can influence your own sexual behavior and responses.
It also speaks of your sexual health, sexual orientation, gender identity and
expression and values around sexuality.
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SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
Sexual Development Is a lifelong process that starts at the moment of

conception (Tsiaras, 2006). It can be predicted as part of the human development
but not everyone is expected to have the same pattern of changes or the same
pacing
DEVELOPMENT OF SEX CHARACTERISTICS AND THE HUMAN

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The beginning of adolescence is marked by rapid physical changes, including

the maturation of the reproductive system and the development of primary and
secondary sex characteristics.
Primary sex characteristics – are physical characteristics

present at birth. These characteristics are the characteristics that
distinguish males from females.
Secondary sex characteristics – are developedop during the

onset of puberty.
For women, the earliest evidence of puberty are enlargement of the breast,
the onset of menstruation, widening of the hips, enlargement of buttocks, and growth
of pubic hair. The onset of menstruation varies among countries but usually occurs
at around 10-12 years of age. Testicular growth, sperm production, the appearance
of facial, pubic, and other body hair, and deepening of the voice are some of the first
signs of puberty in men.
The reproductive system is a system of sex organs designed for reproduction

and sexual function. The female reproductive system is composed of the clitoris, the
vagina, the uterus, the fallopian tubes, and the two ovaries. On the other hand, the
male reproductive system includes the penis, the testes, the scrotum, the prostate
gland, the seminal vesicles, the vas deferens, and the epididymis.
SEXUAL AROUSAL AND EROGENOUS ZONES: WHAT TURNS PEOPLE ON
Human sexual arousal is complex. It may be produced by direct stimulation of

the body’s erogenous zones on the areas of the body that provide pleasure.
Erogenous zones are areas of the body which are highly sensitive and
produce sexual responses when stimulated. These include genitals, mouth, breasts,
ears, anus, and to a lesser degree, the entire surface of the body. One of the most
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basic forms of sexual stimulation is masturbation or self-stimulation which causes
sexual pleasure or orgasm.
Culture also influences the expression of sexual desire. Norms continue to

shape sexual activity along with socially acceptable behavior.
THE PHASES OF SEXUAL RESPONSE
Excitement phase – is the beginning of sexual arousal and can last from one
minute to several hours. During this phase, Pulse rate increases, blood pressure
rises, breathing quickens, and the skin shows a rosy flush particularly on the chest
and breast areas.
Plateau phase – In men the penis becomes more erect, the circumference of
its head increases, and few drops of fluid are released. In women, the outer part of
the vagina swells with the surge of increased amounts of blood to that area, while
the clitoris retracts under the clitoral blood but remains highly sensitive.
Orgasmic phase – contractions of the muscles in and around the penis

stimulate the release of the semen which contains sperm cells. Men usually achieve
one intense orgasm during sexual intercourse. In women, orgasm involves the
contradiction of the pelvic muscles that surround the vaginal walls and can happen
multiple times.
Resolution phase – the body returns to its normal state after orgasm. In
men, the erection is lost, the testes decrease its size, and the skin of the scrotum
thins again. In women, the clitoris, and the vagina return to their normal state.
ATTRACTION, LOVE, AND ATTACHMENT
As adolescents grow and mature, they make new patterns of relationships

and commitments with other people. While these new patterns of relationships may
change as they mature, they could form the foundations on which intimacy during
adulthood will be established. During adolescence, dating and courtship emerge and
become increasingly important.
Puberty is an important stage in sexual developement. It is the tie when many

boys and girls first experience their first sexual attraction. Social exchange theory
proposes that attraction is the result of an exchange process.
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STIS)
Also known as Venereal Disease (VD), is a disease that passed through sexual
contact (genital contact, vaginal intercourse – oral sex and anal sex)
Example of STIs:
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Hepatitis B
- Liver damage
- Spreads through blood and other body fluids, sex, needle sharing, and
at birth, razors, and toothbrushes.
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1
- Signs and Symptoms: Occasional cold sores or “fever blisters” on the

lips. Small blisters or sores on the genitals are also possible.
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2
- Genital herpes, caused HSV-2, highly contagious, spread via

intercourse direct contact, with a sore, no cure, antiviral drugs help
clear up symptoms quickly.
- Symptoms: Fluid-filled blisters, painful, crusted on anus, genitals,
thighs, or buttocks. Spread via oral contact.
Syphilis
- Asymptomatic, can lead to paralysis, blindness, and death can be

cured with antibiotics.
- Signs and Symptoms: firm, round, painless sore on the genitals or
anus, spread through direct contact with sore rash on the sores, palms,
swollen glands, fever, hair loss or fatigue, damage to the heart, brain,
liver, nerves, and eyes.
The clap (Gonorrhea)
- Leads to infertility if untreated, Antibiotics stop infection.

- Symptoms: burning urination/discharge, no early symptoms, later skin
rashes
- In men, discharge from the penis, swollen testicles.
- In women, vaginal discharges, pelvic pain, spotting
Crabs (Pubic Lice)
- Treated with over the counter lotions.

- Symptoms: Intense itching, tiny eggs attached to pubic hair, or crawling
lice
Genital Warts (HPV)
- Skin to skin contact, enough to spread HPV, leads to

cervical or anal cancer.
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- Signs: Pink or flesh-colored raised/flat, cauliflower
shaped
WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT HIV/AIDS
HIV or human immunodeficiency virus is the virus that causes AIDS.

Preventable, manageable but not curable. AIDS or acquired immunodeficiency is
developed in people who have been infected by HIV.
How do people get HIV/AIDS
- Through bodily fluids

- Intravenous (IV) Drug abuse
- Through sex
- Mother to baby
You cannot contract AIDS from
Beds, clothing, comb, or hairbrushes, coughing or sneezing, drinking

fountains, door knobs, bath tub, hugging, kissing and shaking hands, sharing of food,
silverware, nail files
Methods of Contraception
Also known as birth control and fertility control; is a method or device used to
prevent pregnancy
Natural Birth Control
Natural control methods that people do to help prevent an unintended

pregnancy; requires commitment when you make the decision, discipline and self-
control for it to be effective.
Sample of natural birth control methods: abstinence, withdrawal, fertility

awareness methods, outercourse, continued breastfeeding
Artificial Birth Control
Artificial control methods to help prevent, unintended, pregnancy
Samples of artificial birth control methods: spermicide, male and female

condoms, diaphragm, cervical cap, today sponge, birth control pills, birth control
patch, birth control shot, birth control implant, intrauterine device (IUD), tubal ligation,
vasectomy, tubal implants, emergency contraception pill
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Province of Laguna
TOPIC 4:
The Material Economical
Self and The Spiritual Self
GROUP 4
Burac, Alesandra
De Guzman, Chizleanne Rose
Delos Ama, Mike Laurence
Diaz, James Vincent
I. THE MATERIAL AND ECONOMICAL SELF
For a start-up:
Did you know that modest luxury was 1000 years ago?
Does luxury have something to do with ourselves?
What does it do to one’s material self?
Going back in the 18th century, In Christianity, too many possessions might
literally possess one’s soul. Here’s the thing, Christians believe that people are
being distracted from understanding the true life of the Holy Spirit because of how
people’s dresses. Religions were very sacred in terms of dress code before. Its
implication is in gendered power, these are the set of roles, behaviors, and attitudes
that societies define as appropriate for women and men.
Also, they believed that luxury brings inequality to the society and slavery.
This is based on Jean-Jacques Rousseau, he is a philosopher, writer, and political
theorist. His famous works were The Discourse on the Origin of Inequality and Moral
Effects of the Arts and the Sciences. In here, it discusses humans that includes
inequality and causes slavery because not everyone is fortunate enough to afford
such luxury. It has been stated that luxury, though prevalent, is still viewed as a fatal
source of infinitely many evils.
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As Trentmann described in his article on Consumer Culture (2016), people
can get punished with just a special piece of pastry, which could also trigger horror
and shock to society. He added that in the 18th century, “women were fined a
month’s pay or thrown in jail for sporting a fashionable cotton neckerchief” in
Württemberg, Germany.
In fact, women are thrown in jail for sporting a fashionable cotton neckerchief.
With just this action a heavy punishment was given. Why? Because it sparks off
envy among the people, sets-off people to show-off and aggravates so cial and
gender hierarchies. In our society today, the more a fashionista you are, the more
praise you may receive, but in the old era, it contradicted this. It is like you are being
punished by just expressing yourself based on how you dress, there’s no freedom in
choosing what you can wear, and you don’t have the respect for others if you are
nicely and elegantly dressed. Knowing these two instances in Venice and Germany
reminds us how people’s attitudes have immensely changed to what is now deemed
more important, that is material wealth. Plato, in his Republic (Lear, 1999) described
the people’s quest for comfortable couches and rich embroidery a form of corruption
that drove them to wars against each other.
It is understood that once we possess things and other materials, it can

become a hobby. Each one of us, surely wants and obsesses over some things. Like
some of the girls like shopping, and to guys they are into gaming equipment. There’s
nothing wrong with wanting something, but in the 18th century in Germany, it was
considered a crime and offensive. Based on (Henriques, 2004), reputable individuals
end up as bankrupt squanderers, disfiguring the society in which they live in and the
desire for goods and novelties from afar started to become a hobby.
We can conclude that the ancient view of the term ‘luxury’ states that the ‘self’
existed apart from the material world. They were blinded by the fact that the things
we desire are the material world that we should be living within. Our self is engaged
in this material world.
A. What is Material Self?
William James, also known as the father of American Psychology, identified

various components of the Empirical self, one of which is what he called a Material
Self. According to James, that Man’s “Material self” is not only consisting of his own
body but also includes the different things he possesses from one’s family, friends,
as well as things such as clothes, house, cars, gadgets, end even the amount of
money he has in the bank
Elaborating more on the first sub-category of the first element of the ‘self’,
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James (1890) asserts that people had a ‘material self.’ According to him, a “man’s
‘Self’ is the total of all that he CAN call his,” which includes his body, clothing, family,
and his house (James, 1890). Our tendency to become affected by and attached to
these possessions can be rooted in the fact that we invest too much of ourselves in
them — the more we invest ourselves in these possessions, the more attached we
inevitably become to them, hence, the more it becomes part of our ‘self.’
In James’ idea of the Material Self, one defines themselves and at the same
time is being defined by the people they are acquainted with along with the
accumulation of objects and achievements that a person acquired from the different
endeavors and experiences in life. For example, a person can identify themselves as
a singer not only from their own beliefs that they can sing, but we can also consider
factors such as if other people also say that he or she can sing, if he or she belongs
to a family of singers, have trophies and awards relating to singing (winning a singing
contest), or works as a singer in a band or a concert hall.
The loss of such objects or people will render one feel that a part of him was
also lost at the same time, for example, in cases of death in the family, losing a
business that a person has invested in for his entire life, sudden inability to play
music because of an accident. Also, at the time a person died his possessions and
associations with other people will be the only objects that will remind the world of
who that person was.
The body is the core of one’s material self. Do you invest in your body? Do
you buy commodities to take care of your body? Do you exercise and eat healthy
food? Do you observe proper hygiene? If your answer is yes, then it means that you
are one of those who make every effort to make sure that the body functions
properly and is in good condition. When we get sick, we get affected. Some people
even become emotionally involved in certain body parts because of the value that it
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has on them. Take, for example, Miley Cyrus insured her tongue for a million dollars
after a controversy stirred up by her performance at the 2013 MTV Video Music
Awards. One of the most powerful and influential women in the music industry,
Jennifer Lopez (JLo) had her voluptuous booty insured from $27 million to $300
million. Mariah Carey has the most expensive body part insurance in the world,
whose legs are insured for a massive one billion dollars (Glamour Vanity, 2016).
The clothes come next in the hierarchy of the material self. How would you
feel if you are in your worst attire, and you saw your ultimate crush coming? Would
you be embarrassed, or would you be so confident to even wave hello to him/her?
According to Watson (2014), our clothes reflect our self-image. Most of the time, they
are a form of self-expression. Our style and the clothes we choose to wear reflect
and affect our mood and overall confidence. Professor Karen J. Pine of the
University of Hertfordshire in the U.K. says, “When we put on a piece of clothing, we
cannot help but adopt some of the characteristics associated with it, even if we are
unaware of it” (Mind What You Wear: The Psychology of Fashion, 2014). In one of
the studies that Pine conducted, one participant admitted, “If I’m in casual clothes I
relax and am tomboyish, but if I dress up for a meeting or a special occasion, it can
alter the way I walk and hold myself.” In other words, the features of the clothes we
wear bring impressions to the body that directly influence our attitudes and behavior.
Our family is certainly an important part of ourselves (Tannen, 2001). Just

like the body and the clothes, we invest in our immediate family, simply because our
immediate family is our role model that serves as the closest imitation of our ‘self’.
We first learn many things inside the circle of the family. Their actions, thoughts, and
ideas affect us. When a family member is going through a rough time, we
sympathize because we are affected. When significant accomplishments are
achieved, that success becomes part of the entire family’s milestone. When a
brother or a sister is in dire need, we help without second thoughts.
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The final component of our material self is the home. All of us inherently know
that where we live represents who we are to the outside world (Lemert, 2010). As a
child, the home is our world. It is an outward manifestation of our experiences. In the
same way that we influence our home, our home influences us. Our first explorations
took place inside the four corners of our home which is why while growing up, we
developed our attitudes, goals, values, roles, and priorities in connection to our own
homes and the people in them. As they say, we perceive our house as a mirror of
ourselves — an extension of our self-image.
B. Summary
We represent ourselves through clothes, the gadgets we wear, the friends we

have, and the things that we do. All of these contribute to whether we are accepted
or not in the world we live in.
The choices that we make to achieve the recognition of others depend not
only on our capabilities but more so on the value we and the other people give to
what we have or can acquire.
As we invest in the material self, our attachment to our body, clothes, family,
and home strengthens as well as they become part of our ‘self.’ As these
possessions grow, we, too, feel good about ourselves. Otherwise, we feel
incomplete. To James, people are concerned about achieving a respectable
reputation by acquiring homes and filling them with possessions, which are one’s
treasures. These treasures are said to be investments of self to things, which are
means for people to demonstrate their character and social status. Hence, James
asserts that ‘we are the sum of our possessions (Belk, 1988).
II. THE SPIRITUAL SELF
A. Spirituality and Religion
Religion and Spirituality are both paths to God. However, they have different
approaches. A religious person is someone who believes in a god or group of gods
and consciously adheres to the beliefs of his or her religion. A spiritual person on the
other hand places little importance on beliefs and traditions and is more concerned
with growing and experiencing the Divine.
The root meaning of spirituality is taken from the Latin word spiritus, meaning
breath or life force. Spirituality can be understood as the search for the sacred, a
process which people seek to discover, hold on to, and when necessary, transform
whatever they hold sacred in their lives (hill & Pargamet, 2003) Spirituality generally
refers to the meaning and purpose of one’s life, a search for wholeness, and a
relationship with a transcendent being.
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Spirituality and Religion fulfill numerous social and psychological needs, such
as the need to explain human sufferings and death. Through the practices of
religious activities such as prayers, people may find comfort, security, and stability in
times of sufferings, loss, insecurities and uncertainties. Spirituality and Religion may
also be a source of love, hope and affection.
B. The Concept of Spirit or Soul
Filipino culture is diverse yet colorful. One of the Filipino beliefs is the belief in
soul. According to Mercado (1991) Filipinos believe that the soul of the person
leaves the body and wanders around. He pointed out the different names of souls in
different provinces and tribes
C. The Soul According to the Ethnolinguistic Groups of the Philippines
Ifugao – ‘Linnawa’
The soul (linnawa) of a child float around in the heavens, awaiting its entry
into the human world. During sexual intercourse the soul/spirit enters the female
through the male, resulting in pregnancy.
The soul is believed to continue in existence in the world of its ancestors. In

time the soul of the new-dead becomes one of the callading or ancestral spirits. The
callading are considered man’s benefactors.
Ibaloi
The Ibaloi afterlife is populated by ancestral spirits, and explains animal

sacrifices. In that spiritual world, when the soul arrives with physical treasures, it
receives a great welcome. An empty-handed soul finds himself the object of scorn.
He is unwelcoming and unaccepted in his new world and this feeling of insecurity
may cause the spirit to bring evil, disease and even death among his relatives. In the
light of all those beliefs, relatives of the dead person bring donation of cash or
animals.
Isneg – ‘Kaduwa’
The Isneg believed that dead exist in other world, the Aglalanawan, where the
earthly tasks of planting, harvesting and communal living are functions common to
them. The kaduwa, soul, is believed to cross the pond in a ferry piloted by the spirit,
Kutaw(A psychopomp). In a bid to please kutaw, who could facilitate the spirit’s entry
to aglalanawan, the appropriate customary death rituals would be the key.
Kankana-ey – ‘Ab-abiik’
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Ab-Abiik is the spiritual self as oppsed to the physical self (Awak). The Ab-
abiik can also apply to inanimate objects such as mountains, trees or rivers. It can
also mean ‘inspiration’ in some contexts.
Bikol
No one should miss their dinner and go to bed hungry or their spirit will roam
for food. If a pot of food is covered while the spirit is eating inside, the person who is
sleeping will now wake up until the lid is lifted.
Tagalog – ‘Kaluluwa and Kakambal’
The Tagalog soul, the kaluluwa can leave the body involuntarily. The kaluluwa
refers more to the soul of the deceased. The soul of a living person is called
kakambal (meaning twin or double). The kakambal may travel around at night and
some particularly bad encounters are the cause of nightmares (bangungut). The
kakambal becomes a kaluluwa after death.
Ilokano – ‘Kararua, Karkarma, Aniwaas and Araria’
The first soul of the Ilokanos is called the kararua, or the soul proper. This is
the term used for the equivalent of the Christian soul that can only leave after death.
The Ilokano have a four-soul system. In addition to the kararua there are three
other souls:
Karkarma is the name of the second soul. It can leave the physical body
when one is frightened, or may be stolen. If this soul fails to return the owner
becomes insane, sacrificial ceremonies may be held to lure back a lost
karkarma. Karkarma stands fornatural vigor, mind and reason.
Aniwaas is the name of the third soul. It can leave the body during sleep and
Visits places familiar to the body. If one wakes up while the aniwaas is visiting
these places, they may lose the aniwaas and become insane.
Araria is the name of the fourth soul. This is the liberated soul of the dead,
the soul that visits relatives and friends in the earthworld asking them to pray
for it or perform a duty it failed to do in life. Its presence can be heralded by
the howling of dogs.Thissoul can make sounds and manipulate physical
objects usually relating to what it did in life
Ibanag – ‘Ikaruruwa’
The Ibanag have a distinction between body (baggi) and soul (ikaruruwa).
Ikarurua means ‘a companion of the body’. Mekararuanan (me + kararua – to be rid
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of the soul) is a phenomenon where the soul can leave the body but it is without
sense. The ritual Mangagaggako invites the soul to return to the body
Mangyan – ‘Karaduwa’
The Hanunoo Mangyan believe in a plurality of souls. Karaduwa tawu/tawo

(human soul), karaduwa manok (Chicken soul) Karaduwa Baboy (pig soul) karaduwa
kuti (cat soul) and karaduwa hipon (shrimp soul). An individual may possess 2-5
other souls. These other souls are explanations for miraculous recoveries from near
fatal experiences, their dream life or natural reactions to startling sounds or
movement.
Sulod – ‘Umalagad’
Dying among the Sulod is said to be like passing through a narrow door. The
experience is horrible, as if the person has to pull hard to get in the door. Once one
departs they simply disappear. No trace of them is left behind.
This soul is watched over by three brother gods Mangganghaw, Manglaegas

and Patag’aes. Mangganghaw keeps track over man’s affairs immediately after
marriage. He keeps track of pregnancy. He is also the first to come to the house of a
laboring mother, peeps in the house and sees the child being born, after which he
reports to Manglaegas. Manglaegas, after being reported to by Mangganghaw,
enters the house to look for the child to make sure the child was born alive, then
reports to Patag’aes who waits until midnight then enters the house to have a
conversation with the infant.
Tagbanwa – ‘Kiyaraluwa’ and others
A Tagbanwa has one ‘true soul’ the kiyaraluwa and five secondary souls. The
kiyaraluwa is given to each infant by the god Magindusa as the nose of the child
emerges from the vulva.
The secondary souls are located in the extremities of both hands and feet and
in the head just below the air whorl (puyo). The souls of the feet protect one while
walking and from injuries to the feet, the same functions to those in the hands.
Bukidnon – ‘Makatu’ and ‘Pipitu ha makatu’
The makatu, their world for soul, exists before a child’s birth but it is separate
from the body. There is a ritual in which a miniature cradle is hung over the pregnant
mother in a place where the mother sleeps. The small cradle is where the soul of the
unborn baby will sleep before it joins the infant at birth. The makatu is breathed into
man at birth by Miyaw-Biyaw. If all are present in an individual, they are healthy, if
one or more wanders away from the body then Illness, irritability and sadness follow.
If all makatu leave the body at the same time, the individual dies.
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Bagobo – ‘Gimokud’
There are two souls called gimokud. Right hand gimokud is the good soul that
manifests as a shadow on the right hand side of the path while the left hand gimokud
is the bad soul that manifests as a shadow on the left side of the path.
The right hand is associated with life, health, activity and joy, remaining in the
body throughout life. When death causes the right-hand gimokud to leave the body,
it gives notice by visiting in the form of an insect.
The left-hand soul is the cause of lethargy, pain and illness. The left hand soul
also leaves the body at night and risks various dangers, if it visits the sea the
sleeping person feels shivers, the behavior it engages in leaves a physical effect on
the body. After death the gimokud becomes a busaw (digging up dead bodies).
Dungan
Dungan or the souls according to the Ilonggos (Magos 1986) is not normally
seen by the human eye. Sometimes, however, it comes out of the body and takes a
visible form such as that of an insect or a small animal like lizard. That is why
elderlies are always telling the young children “to eat even just little before going to
bed,” for if the child’s Dungan “gets hungry at night, it might go to the pot of rice in
the kitchen and be mistaken for an insect, and be killed.
The Dungan may leave the body voluntarily as when the person is asleep,
according to the Visayan. When a person see himself in a dream, it means his “other
self” has left the physical body. Among the ancient Filipinos, it was deeply impressed
that a person who was asleep should not be awakened abruptly. Thus, a slumbering
person is first called softly and gradually louder and louder to give the soul a chance
to return to the body.
The Dungan’s travel outside the body should be free from accidents. It could
get trapped in a jar or be poured out with liquid in a vessel. Only when the soul has
freely returned home would the owner be able to wake up. Whatever happens to the
Dungan happens to the physical body as well. It is also believed that another cause
for the voluntary withdrawal of the soul is when the body ismaltreated
The Dungan is ethereal, something light and airy since it travels with the air or
the wind. Prior to its entry and habitation of a human body or Dungan is believed to
inhabit the region above the surface of the earth together with other Dungan. It
awaits the time when it can enter the body. The Dungan then takes the special
interest in the unborn being which it has chosen to inhabit.
The Visayans, believe the soul or Dungan is not located in any specific part of
the body. It is believed to grow proportionately with the person’s body. It is normally
weak at the baby’s birth, that is why attractive babies are said to be susceptible to
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“usog”, that is the unintentional transfer of disturbing vapors of a strong body to a
weak one by holding, talking or looking at the weaker one.
At death, the Dungan leaves the body via the nose, eyes, ears and other
orifices and eventually goes with the air or the wind towards the upper regions. That
is where it waits until it can find another body to enter.
D. Ritual and Ceremonies
Rituals are repeated physical gestures or activities, such as prayers and

mantras used to reinforce religious teachings, elicit spiritual feelings and connect
worshippers with a higher power.
Rituals are best understood in terms of their intentions. At the core of any
ritual, balance between man and nature, and the spirit world is very important.
Rituals is an attempt to enhance and maintain balance. This is evident in some
village which performs ritual to restore the state of affairs when the balance is lost.
Rituals have several functions such as in asking for a good harvest, asking for
guidance and protection from unforeseen forces, to heal the sick, to bring good luck
and conceive. Dance and chants are also essential part of rituals.
E. Finding and creating meaning
Viktor Frankl published “Man’s Search for Meaning “in 1945. The meaning of
life according to Viktor Frankl lies in finding a purpose and taking responsibility for
ourselves and other human beings. By having a clear “why” we can face all the
“how” questions of life. Only by feeling free and sure of the objective that motivates
us will we be able to make the world a better place.
That said, we know there is no question as complicated as what the “meaning

of life” is. Such questions sometimes have philosophical, transcendental and moral
nuances, so often we stick to classic sayings, like “be happy and make others happy
“, “be content “, “do good “.
However, many ask the question and feel a deep existential void. What is the
meaning of life for me if all I do is work, if all my days are the same and if I do not
find meaning in anything around me? Humans don’t have an obligation to define the
meaning of life in universal terms. Each of us will do it our way, starting with
ourselves, with our potential and experiences, discovering ourselves every day.
Moreover, the meaning of life may not only differ from one person to another, but we
ourselves may have a different life purpose at each stage of life. The important thing
is for each goal to give us satisfaction and encouragement to get up in the morning
and fight for what we want.
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F. Discovering the meaning in life
1. Live with decision

We’ve all seen before: people who handle very tough circumstances with
positivity and motivation. How do they do that? We all share the same biological
structures, but what sets us apart from these people is their determination. Being
determined to achieve something, overcome all obstacles and fight for what we
want, however small, will help us clarify our purpose in each stage of our life.
2. Even if you suffer, have your purpose clear and you will find strength
Viktor Frankl explained in his book “Man’s Search for Meaning” that there is
nothing worse than perceiving that our suffering is useless. However, if you can find
a purpose, you won’t just endure your suffering; you’ll see it as a challenge.
3. Change your attitude to find a higher meaning in life

Sometimes life is not fair. Sometimes we work to exhaustion and invest all our
time, energy, emotions and heart… yet fate only hands us setbacks. Every dream
we have falls apart. Backing down is more than logical and understandable, but
when this happens, we have two options.
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Province of Laguna
TOPIC 5:
The Political Self And
Being Filipino
GROUP 5
JOHN LEXUS ESMAS
HANNA WYNE ESPIRITU
RAYMOND FABONAN
CHRISTIAN GAJO
● Take pride of the Filipino Identity

● Identify Filipino values and traits
● Assess one’s own level of active citizenship
● To describe the nature, functions and origin of the political self
● Discuss the role of the family, school, church in the development of the
political self;
● Determine the importance of the Social Interaction in developing of Political
Self – Identify
● Describe the perspectives in the development of Political Self
I. WHO IS FILIPINO?
Filipinos are often referenced from globally known personalities who have
made Filipinos better recognized in the world.
Independence Day and Buwan ng Wika celebrations prompt us to go back to

our roots.
According to the Philippine Constitution, Filipino citizens are those whose

fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines, those born before January 17,
1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of
majority, and those who are naturalised according to the law.
Citizenship – a legal relationship between a person and a country. It can be

acquired by birth or naturalisation.
Jus soli-right of soil
Jus sanguinis- right of blood
Nationality- the country where you came from
KINDS OF FILIPINO CITIZENS UNDER THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this
constitution. Natural born citizens
Citizens through election Naturalized citizens
Culture and history have greatly influenced the manner Filipinos learn, live,
and behave. People who grew up in the same community share the same traits and
values.
Culture
The Philippines is a culture in which East meets West. The Filipino people
have a distinct Asian background, with a strong Western tradition. The modern
Filipino culture developed through influence from Chinese traders, Spanish
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conquistadors, and American rulers. Filipino people tend to be very hospitable,
especially to Western visitors . Because of their strong ties to Spanish culture,
Filipinos are emotional and passionate about life in a way that seems more Latin
than Asian . This is easily seen in the works of contemporary artists such as Rody
Herrera in his painting Unahan Sa Duluhan.
The family is the basic and most important aspect of Filipino culture. Divorce
is prohibited and annulments are rare . The family is the safety net for individuals,
especially older people, during difficult economic times. Children will often stay with
their parents into adulthood, only leaving when they get married . Political and
business ties are often influenced by family relationships.
Two traits that many foreign visitors often have a difficult time understanding
are Pakikisama and Utang na Loob. Pakikisama roughly means "getting along" and
requires individuals to overlook slight improprieties or indiscretions for the sake of
preserving peace within the family, personal, or business relationship. Utang na
Loob refers to the custom of paying back one favour with another. These traits
emphasise the importance that Filipino people place on maintaining pleasant
interpersonal relationships and putting the needs of the group ahead of the
individual.
More than 80% of the population of the Philippines is Roman Catholic. Fiestas
in honour of the patron saint of a town are quite common. Criticism of the Catholic
church is not taken lightly - and should be avoided.
In the Philippines, people greet each other with a handshake. A smile or

raised eyebrows can mean "Hello" or "Yes". Someone can be summoned with a
downward wave of the hand .
HISTORY of Filipinos
(Filipino: Mga Pilipino) are the people who are citizens of or native to
the Philippines. The majority of Filipinos today come from various Austronesian
ethnolinguistic groups and non-native admixed immigrant groups, all typically
speaking either Filipino (Tagalog) and/or English and/or other Philippine languages.
Currently, there are more than 185 ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippines;
each with its own language, identity, culture and history
The name Filipino, as a demonym, was derived from the term Las Islas
Filipinas ("the Philippine Islands"), the name given to the archipelago in 1543
by the Spanish explorer and Dominican priest Ruy López de Villalobos, in
honor of Philip II of Spain (Spanish: Felipe II) During the Spanish colonial period,
natives of the Philippine islands were usually known by the generic terms indio
("Indian") or indigenta ("indigents''). However, during the early Spanish colonial
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period the term Filipinos or Philipinos was sometimes used by Spanish writers to
distinguish the indio natives of the Philippine archipelago from the indios of the
Spanish colonies in other parts of the world. The term Indio Filipino appears as a
term of self-identification beginning in the 18th century
DIALECTS
Most Filipinos speak three languages in the Philippines: their mother

tongue, Tagalog, and English. With 180 languages spoken by locals in
different provinces, it’s not surprising or uncommon for a Filipino to be
multilingual.
However, with the rise of modernity and technology, some use slang for Filipino
words that contribute to the extinction of some languages and dialects in the
Philippines. That’s why it’s important for everyone to learn and preserve the many
Filipino languages that serve as identities of various groups of people in the country.
Major Languages in Philippines
1. Tagalog
Tagalog is a language spoken in the Philippines by the ethnic Tagalog

people, who make up a quarter of the population of the Philippines, and as a
second language by the majority. You might get confused about the Filipino
Tagalog as there have been debates whether it’s Filipino or Tagalog. Truth is, both
are correct but the national Language or Philippines official language is Filipino.
Tagalog is the basis of the national language. Three years after the proclamation of
Tagalog as the basis of the national language (officially called “Pilipino” since 1959)
it was decided as one of the official languages of the Philippines constitution.
2. Ilocano
Babuyan Islands, Cordillera Administrative Region, Cagayan Valley, Central Luzon,

Mindoro and Mindanao (the Soccsksargen region in particular).
3. Pangasinan
Pangasinan, northern Tarlac, northern part of Luzon’s central plains

geographic region, Pangasinan ethnic group, southwestern La Union, Benguet,
Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, Zambales that border Pangasinan, and a few Aeta
groups in Central Luzon’s northern part.
4. Pampango
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Pampanga province, southern Tarlac, northeastern Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva
Ecija, and Zambales that border Pampanga, South Cotabato.
5. Bicol
The original settlers of Bicol were said to be composed of the Tagalog (who
migrated to Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur) and the Visayans (who moved to
Masbate and Sorsogon). These migrations and the isolation of certain areas led to
the formation of different dialects in the Philippines. In Camarines Norte, the Bicol
dialect is interchangeably used with Tagalog, while the one used in Masbate and
Sorsogon is mixed with northern Visayan language. And the Catanduanes dialect
had been influenced by Samar-Leyte language.
6. Cebuano
Cebu, Bohol, Siquijor, Negros Oriental, northeastern Negros Occidental, (as

well as the municipality of Hinoba-an and the cities of Kabankalan and Sipalay to a
great extent, alongside Ilonggo), southern Masbate, Leyte, Biliran, Samar,
Mindanao, Zamboanga, Cagayan de Oro, Davao, Surigao and Cotabato.
7. Hiligaynon
Western Visayas (Iloilo, Capiz, Guimaras, and Negros Occidental) and

Soccsksargen.
8. Waray-Samarnon
Capul, Northern Samar, and Leyte.
FOOD IN THE PHILIPPINES
When we think about food in the Philippines, the first thing that comes to mind
is richness and diversity. The country’s colonial past has heavily influenced the local
food culture, and a blend of local flavours add a touch of authenticity. The hybrid and
constantly evolving culinary traditions are the ideal representation of the country’s
rich history and varied geography. From the familiar to the unusual, Filipino cuisine
has it all, so read on to know more about food in the Philippines. You heard it here-
Filipinos love to eat so you may end up uber full and in love with this cuisine!
Food courts
In most Malls there is a food court. Up to 30 individual restaurants sell different types
of food which is then eaten in a common area. This is a big step forward in eating
out. You are no longer limited to the items on a single menu. But beware of ordering
something that looks like something from home because you may have a surprise
that may not be pleasant.
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Street food
You will see many street vendors selling mais(sweet corn), barbequed
pork, chicken and banana, chicharon(pork skin or ears or chicken skin or
entrails) squid balls, fish balls, kikiam, squid, eggs in bright orange batter,
siomai, peanuts with or without shells, skin and chilli and the famous Balut
(boiled duck embryo) and Penoy (Hard boiled duck egg). There are many sticky
rice snacks many with coconut or casava some coloured with the screaming
violet color of Ube.
Popular dishes
The name of the dish tells you the origin. Traditional and real Filipino foods sit
alongside Chinese adaptations and Spanish/Mexican introductions to give foods like
adobo, dinuguan, ginataan, sisig, turon, puto, bopis, papaitan, sinigang, tinola,
kare-kare, longanisa, tocino, pochero, menudo, lechon, chop suey, pancit,
lumpia, escebeche, afritada, paksiw, beef tapa and hot dogs.
Seafood
Filipnos love seafood. The national fish is Bangus (milk fish) and is found on
sale everywhere. It has many bones, so opt for the boneless bangus if it is available.
Other common seafood are tambakol, espada, tangigue, cream dory, yellowfin
tuna, many varieties of prawns, oysters, squid, mussells, crabs, lobster, sea
cucumber, seaweed and many others.
Meat
Chicken is very popular and the native chicken has a wonderful flavor.
Local pork is of high quality and lean cuts are becoming more popular as the health
lobby against cholestoral gains popularity. Local beef is also very good. Carabao
meat is often available and tastes similar to beef but is a little more gamey.
Goat (kambing) is a popular pulutan (food to accompany beer), however, it is not
found commonly.
Vegetarian food
Vegetarian food is a rarity in the Philippines, and not easily understood (The
vegetables seciton in the menu usually means meat with vegetables, and not
vegetables alone). Additionally, Filipino cooking is usually sparse, and vegetables
tend to be boiled / cooked for just a little time.
Alcoholic Drinks
Alcohol is cheap in the Philippines even by Filipino standards - a bottle

of rum is cheaper than a kilo of potatoes! San Miguel (often called SMB) is by far the
52
largest producer of drinks. Pale pilsen, Light and Red Horse dominate the market
and are excellent lager type beers. Asia breweries are miniscule by comparison.
Localy produced Brandy, Rum, Whisky, Gin and Vodka are all very good and
remarkably cheap. You will pay up to 20 times as much for an imported drink and
they often are not as good as the local variety. There are traditional drinks like
Lambanog (Coconut sap wine) and Tuba (made from Coconut Milk).
Non Alcoholic Drinks
Buko (young coconut milk) is sold at many places (though not as commonly
available as in Thailand and India). Other juices and shakes found at kiosks
include Gulaman, Pineapple, Melon, Buko Pandan but make sure they
advertise that they use purified water. When these are sold at roadside kiosks,
they usually contian 50% synthetic sweetwater, and 50% juice.
PHILIPPINES THROUGHOUT HISTORY
The Early Philippines
The Philippines is named after King Philip II of Spain (1556-1598) and it was a
Spanish colony for over 300 years. n Today the Philippines is an archipelago of
7,000 islands.
1521 La Liga Filipina
Battle of Mactan: Ferdinand Magellan 1896

is killed in the Philippines
Philippine Revolution
1565
1898
Spanish Expedition
The U.S. Congress declares war on
1571 Spain.
Conquest of Manila 1899-1902
1762-1763 Battle of Manila
The Kingdom of Great Britain The Philippines in the 19th Century

occupation of Manila
1935
The Philippines in the 19th Century
Constitution Day
1872
1941-1942
Cavite Mutiny
Japan’s conquest of the Philippines
1892
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1944-1945 1983
Battle of Leyte Gulf Benigno Aquino was shot
1946 1986
Tydings-McDuffie Law or the EDSA Revolution

Philippine Independence Act
1992
1972
Fidel Ramos became president
Marcos declared martial law
The Philippines in the 21st Century
Today the Philippines is still poor but things are changing. Since 2010 the
Philippine economy has grown at about 6% a year. Today there is reason to be
optimistic for the future. Meanwhile, In 2016 the Philippines launched its first satellite.
It was called Diwata-1. In 2020 the population of the Philippines was 106 million.
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL HEROES
Dr. Jose P. Rizal (1861-1896) Mariano Ponce (1863-1918)
Andres Bonifacio (1863-1897) Gregoria de Jesus (1875-1943)
General Gregorio del Pilar (1875- Fernando Ma. Guerrero (1873-1890)

1899)
Felipe Agoncillo (1859-1941)
General Emilio Aguinaldo (1899-1964)
Juan Luna (1857-1899)
Apolinario Mabini (1864-1903)
Rafael Palma (1874-1939)
Father Mariano Gomez (1799-1872)
Marcelo H. Del Pilar (1850-1896)
Father Jose Burgos (1837-1872)
Pedro Paterno (1858-1911)
Father Jacinto Zamora (1835-1872)
Leona Florentino (1849-1884)
Emilio Jacinto (1875-1899)
Artemio Ricarte (1866-1945)
General Antonio Luna (1866-1899)
Isabelo delos Reyes (1864-1938)
Trece Martirez
Jose Palma (1876-1903)
Melchora Aquino (1812-1919)
Rajah Lakandola ( -1575)
Graciano Lopez-Jaena (1856-1896)
Rajah Soliman ( -1571)
Panday Pira (1483-1576)
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Leonor Rivera (1867-1893) Francisco Dagohoy (c. Mid-18th
century)
Galicano Apacible
Teresa Magbanua (1871-1947)
Jose Ma. Panganiban (1863-1890)
Trinidad Tecson (1848-1928)
Diego Silang (1730-1763)
Agueda Esteban
Maria Josefa Gabriela Silang
Julian Felipe (1861-1941)
Lapu-Lapu (c. 16th century)
Marina Dizon (1875-1950)
Francisco Baltazar (1788-1862)
General Francisco Makabulos (1871-
Epifanio delos Santos (1871-1928) 1922)
FESTIVES
1. Ati-Atihan Festival. Dates: December 2021
Dates: January 10-19, 2021 Location: San Fernando City
Location: Kalibo, Aklan, Panay 7. Dinagyang Festival.
2. Sinulog Festival. Date: January 16-24, 2021
Dates: January 10-19, 2021 Location: Iloilo City
Location: Cebu City 8. Pahiyas Festival.
3. Kaamulan Festival. Dates: May 15 till the end of May
Date: February 20- March 10, 2021 Location: Lucban, Quezon
Location: Malaybalay City, Bukidnon 9. Kadayawan Festival
4. Moriones Festival. Dates: 15th to 22nd August
Date: March 28 to April 4, 2021 Location: Davao City
Location: Island of Marinduque 10. Masskara Festival
5. Panagbenga Festival. Date: 15th to 17th October
Dates: February 2021 Location: Bacolod City
Location: Baguio City 11. Higantes Festival
6. Giant Lantern Festival. Date: November 22 and 23, 2021
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Location: Angono, Philippines Date: June 29, 2021
12. Pintados Festival Location: Tacloban City
DEVELOPING A FILIPINO IDEA
Values, Traits, Community and Institutional Factors Collective action,

shared vision, means of sustainable future and the link to generation has been
crucial in the construction of identity and sense of belonging in the democratic
standpoint. On the other hand, in the socio psychological perspective, citizenship or
being a Filipino serve as a cognitive and motivational basis for one's beliefs and
behavior. Thus, enhancing the practice of citizenship and democracy is crucial to the
awareness and understanding of self and community.
The level of individual, community and institution are primary factors

that come into play in building an identity. At the same time, it is essential to
consider the following concerns in building an identity:
● Instrumental - An individual acts in accordance with rules and identities

consistent with support of democratic processes.
● Morals - Values and beliefs embody and reinforce democratic principles.
● Transformative - Includes process of self-reflection and redefinition of
individuals, institutions and communities.
FILIPINO VALUES AND TRAITS
Positive
Hospitability. It’s one of the most popular traits of Filipinos. We are usually
friendly and welcoming to our guests. This Filipino attribute makes the Philippines
one of the most favorite destinations by tourists who want to enjoy the beauty of our
nature and the friendliness of our people, not to mention we can also understand and
speak English.
Adaptability and resilience. Despite all the calamities that struck our
country, like the strong earthquake and Super Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan) that
devastated the central part of Visayas in 2013, Filipinos are persistent enough to get
back on their feet, even without the solid help from the government. Filipinos can
also adapt to any type of environment and mingle with any kind of people all over the
world.
Resourcefulness and creativity. Filipinos are known for ingenuity. We are

creative in many ways, whether it’s in art, music, science, technology and business.
Some of our smartest countrymen can come up with a brilliant idea despite poverty
or lack of financial resources. Filipinos are also good at recycling trash and turn them
into ingenious products.
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Faithfulness. Filipinos are one of the most faithful people in the world.
Whatever our religion is, we remain faithful, and we don’t lose hope for a better
tomorrow. Our faithfulness and hopefulness keep us kind, positive, peaceful and
determined to achieve our goals no matter how impossible they may seem.
Unity in bayanihan spirit. We are in close relationship with our neighbours.

In barangays and most subdivisions, the people in the neighbourhood know each
other, talk to each other, help each other, and protect each other. Our communities
are organised. We help each other to make our fiestas, festivals and other events
lively and colorful to make sure that our visitors will have a great experience.
Thriftiness. There may be Filipinos who are living beyond their means. But
on the brighter side, there are also many Filipinos who are frugal. We shop wisely to
save our money for future important uses. We are conscious of the price tag,
discounts and quality of the products we buy to get the most out of our money.
Filipino parents also do sacrifices like skipping the stuff they want to buy for
themselves just to save their money to buy things that can make their children
happy.
Politeness. Filipinos are courteous people. The children and young Filipinos
will always use the words “po” and “opo” to show respect to someone who’s older or
who’s in a higher position than them. We also do the “mano po” gesture (bringing the
back of the hand of an elder to one’s forehead) as a sign of respect to our elders.
Moreover, Filipino workers will always address their customers with “sir” or “ma’am”
to show humility and honor to serve them.
Jolliness and sense of humor. The Philippines is a country of smiles.

Nothing can take away the humor and jolliness of many Filipinos… not even super
typhoon Yolanda – the strongest recorded typhoon that made landfall. Despite the
tragedy, Yolanda survivors can still be seen smiling, positive and hopeful to rebuild
their lives even better. Filipino humor is evident everywhere, from comedy films, TV
shows, to every Filipino you will meet.
Discretion and dignity. Perhaps many of our politicians don’t have a

delicadeza. But our people, especially the Filipinas, still observe delicadeza. Despite
the growing number of Filipinos who are giving up their delicadeza, there are still
many Filipinos who always think twice before they make a decision that can affect
their dignity and honor.
Gratefulness. Aside from being hospitable, Filipinos are also thankful. We

don’t forget anyone who helped us, whether he (she) is a Filipino or not. We even
build monuments to show our utmost respect and gratitude to our heroes and other
foreign personalities who helped the Filipino people. We show our warmest gratitude
to the international communities who helped us rebuild our lives after Haiyan and
other disasters struck us.
57
Honesty and commitment. Perhaps “palabra de honor” is not evident
among our politicians, but it’s still evident among the common Filipinos. When we
make a promise, we try our best to fulfill that promise even if it will undermine
ourselves. For us, to fulfill a promise to others is a great self fulfillment. We are also
candors. What we see in you, we will tell you frankly.
Family-oriented. Filipinos are willing to make big sacrifices just to make sure
that their loved ones will have a good life. Our parents will do anything just to give us
a brighter future. They are even willing to work in a foreign soil just to achieve such a
goal.
Negative
Crab Mentality. Simply put, this refers to the behavior of preventing someone
from achieving something due to jealousy or envy. Instead of praising or rendering
assistance, someone with crab mentality would think “if I can’t have it, then you can’t
as well” and will purposely try to bring his/her victim down. And just like the crabs
who could have escaped from the bucket if they only stopped pulling each other
down, nothing ever gets accomplished.
Ningas Kugon. One reason why we sometimes exert half-hearted effort in

our undertakings is due to this attitude. Translated to “burning cogon grass” in
English, this idiom is meant to illustrate how Filipinos initially exhibit great
enthusiasm at the beginning of a project. Our eagerness, however, fades away just
as quickly as the fire is extinguished, leaving our work either half-baked or
unfinished.
Mañana Habit. It is ironic that the Spanish would accuse Filipinos of being
lazy when they themselves taught us the mañana habit in the first place. Known as
“tomorrow” in English, the habit encourages procrastination, an “ability” we Filipinos
have since turned into an art form. Even the most urgent of projects and tasks can
be relegated to some other time; we are only forced to work on them when the
deadline is near. It’s a miracle we get things done in this country.
Filipino Time. Related to the mañana habit, Filipino time refers to the
Filipinos’ own unique brand of time, which is known to be minutes or hours behind
the standard time. In other words, we tend not to observe punctuality at all. This
behavior usually drives time-observant foreigners crazy. While we Filipinos with our
easy-going ways have somewhat become used to Filipino time, it still is a bad habit
that needs to be dropped.
Being Onion Skinned or Balat-sibuyas. We Filipinos are famous for being

onion-skinned or easily slighted at perceived insults. While it’s perfectly normal for
us to taunt and criticize others, we can’t handle the same when it’s being hurled
back at us. Incidents showcasing our extra-sensitivity to insults usually involve a
58
foreigner making either a bonafide racist remark or a humorous jab at us Filipinos.
True to form, our reactions would range from righteous indignation to excessive
grandstanding. While it is alright to feel incensed, throwing a fit in front of the world
would inevitably do us no good at all.
Disregard for Rules. Why is it so hard for Filipinos to obey the rules? This
social phenomenon is not exclusive to hardened criminals either—a look at
everyday life in the country shows Filipinos from the entire social strata
nonchalantly breaking the rules, whether it is something as benign as jaywalking or
as dangerous as beating the red light. An interesting theory goes that the Filipinos’
penchant for law-breaking goes beyond mere lack of discipline or failure to
implement the rules. It is something that is ingrained in our very culture. Being
oppressed under the yoke of colonization for such a long time made our ancestors
defiant of the rules they believed to be discriminatory.
Although such “self-righteous disobedience” may have been alright during

their time, the behavior would continue to manifest itself among the later Filipinos,
resulting in an utter lack of respect for the rules.
PRIDE Is an assertion that the people and culture should promote the
interest of the Philippines by developing and maintaining a national identity based on
largely shared characteristics such as language, race, religion or political goals. It is
also when Filipino consider the success of Philippine citizens or foreigners of
Philippine descent–such as boxer Manny Pacquiao, chess prodigy Wesley and so
on, as a national achievement since they were able to accomplish things with they’re
amazing talent like being on national television broadcasts. People’s notions of
“Pinoy Pride,” after all, often stems from a long history of Pinoy humiliation of being
told we were second class, alongside being exploited and held back to such an
extent that our inferiority seemed natural. People have looked at international
validation as a way to affirm their sense of national worth and by accepting Pinoy
pride, we reinforce the power of others to validate us, unwittingly perpetuating our
marginality. The foreign validation that stems from our pride is exploited by
unscrupulous entities, such as those who extract huge fees for children and adults
alike to participate in some international event or get some foreign certificate. And
because, in turn, the resentment for this “foreign validation” is then capitalized on by
racists who insists on a narrow definition of what constitute is Pride as we know is a
trait that almost all Filipinos have, it is sometimes viewed as corrupt or as a vice,
sometimes as a proper or a virtue. We have something called Pinoy Pride, it
promotes the Filipino national identity and shared characteristics and exhibits the
country’s race and culture only when a Filipino athlete or beauty queen takes the
international spotlight. It may seem positive on the surface to others but, it can be
unhinged and misplaced because of the superiority complex that we show towards
one another.
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Colonial Mentality. Probably one of the biggest flaws we have as a nation is
our colonial mentality, defined as a preference for all things foreign over our own, a
negative trait we acquired from our days under the Spanish and the Americans. As a
result, we Filipinos have been indoctrinated with the misconception that our culture is
inferior to that of our past colonizers. Glaring examples of colonial mentality include
patronizing foreign instead of local brands, favoring foreign values over our own, and
even desiring to look more “Western” (think whitening products). If we can’t even
have pride in our own country, then unfortunately we will always be stuck with this
self-defeating mentality.
Balikbayan Box Mentality. While there is nothing wrong with giving gifts to
one’s family and friends (we Filipinos do highly value them after all), it becomes a
different matter when said family and friends either misconstrue or abuse the
OFW’s generosity.
In local parlance, this has become known as the “Balikbayan box mentality.”
People ingrained with this mentality either become exploitative or jealous of the
success of the OFW, not knowing that he/she is working hard away from his loved
ones in a foreign country. Some also believe that the practice undoubtedly
contributes to the Filipinos’ colonial mentality.
Bahala na Attitude. Roughly translated as “come what may”, this is the

Filipinos’ own version of fatalism, the belief of leaving everything to the hands of
fate. This attitude, while not inherently detrimental in itself, is still a double-edged
sword. On one hand, positive aspects of this behavior include belief in Divine
Providence and national social responsibility. On the other hand, the attitude can
also promote a sense of helplessness and resignation of one’s fate at the local
level, and a countrywide lack of empathy and collective action on the national level.
This is also the reason why we tend to have amnesia over past wrongdoings
committed by our leaders.
Corruption. One of the biggest social ills our country has continued to face
since time immemorial is the issue of corruption. Let’s face it, our “culture of
corruption” is embedded deep within our system and reinforced by a complex web
of economic and social factors which include personal ambitions and a twisted
sense of loyalty to friends and kin. The Philippines is in for a long haul if our officials
and we ourselves do not get rid of this very negative habit.
Maintaining Double Standards. This behavior can be observed in just

about every sector of Philippine society, with the most common example being the
condemnation of an adulterous woman while applauding a polygamous man. On
the national scale, we see politicians spouting promises of reform and good
governance only to break them in the end. Long story short, some Filipinos are
hypocrites to the core.
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Excessive Partying. Now there’s nothing wrong with enjoying a fiesta and
party every now and then, it’s just that we Filipinos tend to overdo it. Birthdays,
anniversaries, graduations, and even somber funerals are celebrated by Filipinos
like there is no tomorrow. Sometimes we even make up the slightest of reasons just
so we could have an excuse to party. What’s more, a host would sometimes even
strain his own finances just to impress his guests
FILIPINO HOSPITALITY Is the most common terminology that describes

how Filipinos welcome foreigners or tourists who visit the country. It is a
pleasure and the country’s honor to accept foreigners as visitors and build genuine
relationships and friendship with them.
Every country has its differing values, and the Philippines is no exception.
One thing that stands out the most about Filipinos is their Hospitality between
people from other countries. It has been a long term relationship and it grew even
more because it gets praised from people who experience it. Many foreigners
throughout the years have been fond of the Filipinos because they greet you with a
warm welcome when you visit the country. If you go and look at the social media,
there have been tons of documentaries or even vlogs about the Philippines and its
people that solidifies the praise we get, and their opinions are actually true. And an
important reminder is that you need to have positivity, optimism and humor so that
you can get along with each other.
As we all know Hospitality is a Filipino trait that is known everywhere.

The Filipinos being hospitable makes the culture of the country outstandingly distinct.
It is never taught to an individual because it just naturally comes from within, and
when it comes to foreigners who visit our country, we Filipinos always try to
accommodate them and make them feel welcome in our country and to not be
disrespected as an individual. An article that I found about an American’s
perspective about Filipino Hospitality said “Filipino Hospitality goes beyond
the friendly treatment of guests or a warm welcome into their home. It is
Filipinos welcoming you to their family or in other words, becoming a part of the
Filipino Family.” This statement proves that our Hospitality towards foreigners who
visit our country is getting the recognition it deserves since we are doing a good job
at it. Rest assured, you are bound to get your share of warmth by the Filipinos when
you visit the country.
RESPECT FOR ELDERS
Respecting elders has always been part of our identity or tradition.
A Filipino child is taught to respect older people or family by greeting them

and showing a gesture by taking the older relative's hand and placing it on his
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or her own forehead to express profound respect for the elder called “mano
po.”We also have a wide array of references to older people (such as ate, kuya,
tita, tito, lolo, and lola). One of the very important words that a younger person
must not miss out on is the word ‘po’ or ‘opo’ because forgetting to address
older people properly will regard them as rude and impolite. Although there are a lot
of ways to show respect, we should always show respect to elders not just by
addressing them but by helping, taking care of them and having a respectful
conversation with them.
BELIEFS & SUPERSTITIONS
Filipinos also subscribe to their own set of superstitions passed down

from generation to generation. Some of these beliefs may be influenced by beliefs
from other cultures, but Filipinos have retold these superstitions according to their
own experiences and they sometimes end up even more interesting. Superstitions
that hold to ancient beliefs and traditions are still popular in today's Filipino culture.
Some may be humorous, while others may be strange. According to an article,
superstitions originate from the belief that most early Filipinos worshiped
many gods, creatures, and spirits. They worship them through a variety of rituals,
sacrifices, and practices. Religious beliefs and customs in the Philippines have
shifted from animism to Christianity as a result of the country's long history of
colonization. Filipino superstitions continue to have an impact on everyday life,
ranging from fortune, love, and marriage to family, disease, and death, despite the
union of animism and Christianity.
MYTHS AND LEGENDS
Myths is the body of stories and epics originating from, and part of, the
indigenous Philippine folk religions, which include various ethnic faiths
distinct from one another. It attempts to explain the nature of the world through the
lives and actions of heroes, deities (referred to as anito or diwata in some ethnic
groups), and mythological creatures.
The indigenous religions of the Philippines developed through a variety

of migration phases and trade routes. Scholars theorized that Austronesians
arrived through the “Out of Taiwan model”, where Homo sapiens from mainland Asia
crossed Taiwan, and later the Philippines, until furthering to other islands south of
the Philippines. The Austronesians are believed to have brought complex animist
beliefs with shamanism, ancestor worship, totemism, and tattoo artistry. The beliefs
and malevolent spirits were also established by their arrival. By 200 to 300 CE,
Hindu mythologies arrived in some areas of the Philippines about a variety of
superstitions which gradually established more complex indigenous polytheistic
religions through trade routes and more waves of ethnic migrations.
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Each ethnic group in the Philippines has its own set of stories depicting
their mythical heroes, notably through oral traditions such as epics and verbal
poems. The oral tradition or literature (also known as folk literature) consists of
stories that have been or still are being passed down from one generation to another
through oral means such as verbal communications. Many of these stories have now
been published in scholarly works and books by various folkloristic and
anthropological scholars and researchers throughout the country. And we also have
written literature that is a part of oral tradition that has been committed to writing in
the form of manuscripts or publications. The publication of these books ranged from
the 16th century to the 21st century. There are also printed but unpublished sources
of Philippine mythologies. Specific written literature should not be used as a
generalizing asset of a particular story, as stories differ from town to town or village
to village, despite the people of a particular area belonging to the same ethnic group.
Some examples are the story of Bakunawa and the Seven Moons and the story of
the Tambanokano, which have multiple versions depending on the locality, origin
story, and cultural progression.
HOW TO BE A GOOD FILIPINOPOLITICAL SELF
POLITICAL SELF refers to a representation of oneself about his/her

Political position based on the interest and perspective of one social
organizations" The Political Self is that the conceptually discrete categories of
‘inner’ and ‘outer’ in reality constantly interact, shape, and inform each other.
The Philippines as we know it today has only emerged in the 1890’s after over
three centuries of colonization of the Spaniards. Meanwhile, liberation from the last
colonizers, the Japanese, only occurred in 1946. Foreign culture, beliefs, language
and religion have made a huge dent on our own by setting a foundation to the
contemporary Filipino identity and culture. To date, the colonial mentality remains an
issue. Given the wide discrepancy between the liberation period and today’s time,
would it be safe to say that Filipinos have truly developed an identity of their own? Or
are we still living in the shadow of our colonial friends?
Politics
Politics is also etymologically defined as 'Affairs of the cities ‘Politics is a

process of making decisions that applies to all members of a group.
It is the ability to govern and control a group of people in his community, state
or nation.
It can be inferred from this view that the person's ability to influence others by
making a decision for them is one of the essential qualities of one's political self.
HOW CAN PEOPLE BE INFLUENCED BY OTHERS?
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Martin Deutsch & Harold B Gerard
In 1955, there were people who studied and analyzed the motives of social
influence and bet me the two types of it.
1. Normative Influence
- a type of social influence that is based on conforming to the positive expectation of

others.
2. Informational Influence
- a type of influence based on accepting the information obtained from others as

evidence of reality.
Kendall (1998)
Defines politics as a social institution through which power is acquired and

exercised by people in the groups “man in nature is a political animal”
It serves as a mechanism by which individuals develop power and understand

proper
functioning of a democratic.
Stevens, Anglin, and Jussim (2015)
Politics is a central component of their identity.
Organizes one’s beliefs, attitudes, and affiliations and aids the processing of
politically relevant information
It constitutes knowledge about the Constitution, government and governance.
Exemplifies the ideals and aspirations of the people, embodies the rules and
principle of the States, and determines the status and power of the people,often
defined by Citizenship.
Ma. Serena Diokno (1997) –
Political self and identity are developed through socialization, through

the ways people learn the knowledge, norms, values, motives, and roles
appropriate to their positions in a group or community. Trough social
interaction, people learn the status, duties, rights and power necessary to interact
successfully with other people in the group and community.
The political self is influenced and modified by the opinions, comments and
suggestions of other people.
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POLITICAL SELF THEORIES
"Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura)
A person can acquire learning through observation and imitation
Observation and imitation is important in a process known political socialization,
Political socialization is the lifelong process by which individuals gain knowledge

about politics."
"Cognitive Theory”
Suggest that mental activities (e.g., knowledge, perceptions, ideas) of

individuals are important determinants of behaviour (e.g., political attitude)
Example: individuals interpret the meaning of politics and then choose and decide
the actions they will make. "
"Theory of Symbolic Interaction”
Suggests that behaviors are products of communication, meaning, and

symbols.
People give meanings to symbols and they express these meanings through
language communication.
Example: children develop their political attitudes according to the symbols and
meanings that their parents communicate to them."
"Theory of Political Participation”
Defined as the citizen’s action or activities anchored in politics
The extent and scope of political participation may be an important criteria for
assessing value or quality symbols and meanings that the people ascribe to politics.
Example: An ordinary Filipino citizen must be allowed to take part in the policy and
decision- making process regarding the administrations of the country which is in
accordance with the democratic nature of Philippine society.
ORIGIN OF POLITICAL SELF
Family
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The family has a hierarchical structure Through hierarchy of positions, status
and power. Example: Father acts as a leader and establishes rules to maintain order
in the family This shows that authority is necessary in the development of political
self and identity
School
The school's responsibility is to teach moral, spiritual, and political values that
will help the students to become patriotic and morally upright citizen
Example: UTS subject, GMRC, ROTC The school is similar to family, where the
teacher acts as the leader in the classroom that sets the rules and regulation to
maintain order in class.
Church
Helps the shape ideals of citizenship and democracy through the religious
teachings, values and tradition
Peers
Interaction with the peers encompasses and emphasizes the equal

distribution of power, rights, and privileges among members of the group
Mass Media
Key to the source of information on politics Family, School, Church, Peers and
moral behaviors’ that influence political behavior and political self
Democracy
A government in which the supreme is vested in and exercised by the people

directly or indirectly through a system of presentation, usually involving periodical
held free elections. Although democracy has several flaws it also uniquely
possesses a number of features that most people — whatever their basic political
beliefs- would consider desirable.
Examples:Democracy helps prevent cruel and vicious autocrats from ruling
It fosters human development i.e. health education, personal income and any
other indicators more fully than do other forms of government
Democracy helps protect fundamental individual rights and interest
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Democratic societies provide people the maximum opportunity to take moral
responsibility for their choices and decisions’
Democratic societies offer a relatively high chance of political equality Three

Major Concerns in Building an Identity
LEADERSHIP
Do you know that an important aspect of politics is the capacity to influence

the leadership group of people?
According to Myers, leadership is the process by which certain group

members motivate and guide the group.
Studies revealed that effective leaders consistently stick to their goals, have
the charisma that implements their followers, they do also have the ability to
communicate in simple language and have enough optimism and faith in their group
to inspire them to follow.
Leadership Style
A pattern of leadership behavior that is repeatedly shown as evident across a

variety of situations.
LEADERSHIP STYLE CLASSIFICATION
A. AUTOCRATIC LEADERSHIP
"Do as I say"
Generally, an autocratic leader believes that he or she knows more than

others. They make all the decisions with little input from team members.
This command-and-control approach is typical of the past and doesn't hold

much water with today's talent.
The style may still be appropriate in certain situations. For example, you can
dip into an autocratic leadership style when crucial decisions need to be made on the
spot, and you have the most knowledge about the situation. It also works when
you're dealing with inexperienced and new team members and there's no time to
wait for team members to gain familiarity with their role.
B. DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHIP
"What do you think?"
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Democratic leaders share information with employees about anything
that affects their work responsibilities and also seek employees' opinions
before approving a final decision.
There are numerous benefits to this participative leadership style. It can

engender trust and promote team spirit and cooperation from employees. It allows
for creativity and helps employees grow and develop. A democratic leadership style
gets people to do what you want to be done but in a way that they want to do it.
C. LAISSEZ-FAIRE LEADERSHIP
This leadership style involves the least amount of oversight. On one

end, the autocratic style leader stands as firm as a rock on issues, while the
laissez-faire leader lets people swim with the current.
On the surface, a laissez-faire leader may appear to trust people to know

what to do, but taken to the extreme, an uninvolved leader may end up appearing
aloof. While it's beneficial to give people opportunities to spread their wings, with a
total lack of direction, people may unwittingly drift in the wrong direction—away from
the critical goals of the organisation.
This style can work if you're leading highly skilled, experienced employees
who are self-starters and motivated. To be most effective with this style, it is
necessary to monitor team performance and provide regular feedback.
LEADERS DESCRIPTION
A. TRANSACTIONAL LEADERS
Transactional leadership promotes compliance with existing

organizational goals and performance expectations through supervision and
the use of rewards and punishments. Transactional leaders are task- and
outcome-oriented. Especially effective under strict time and resource constraints and
in highly-specified projects, this approach adheres to the status quo and employs a
form of management that pays close attention to how employees perform their tasks.
B. TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERS
Transformational leadership focuses on increasing employee motivation

and engagement and attempts to link employees’ sense of self with
organizational values. This leadership style emphasises leading by example, so
followers can identify with the leader’s vision and values. A transformational
approach focuses on the individual strengths and weaknesses of employees and on
enhancing their capabilities and their commitment to organisational goals, often by
seeking their buy-in for decisions.
Key Terms
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● TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP: A theory of leading that enhances
the motivation, morale, and performance of followers through a variety of
mechanisms.
● TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP: A theory of leading that focuses on the
role of supervision, organization, and group performance; leader promotes
compliance through rewards and punishments. Also known as managerial
leadership.
OPEN SPACE TECHNOLOGY OR OST
It is an approach to proposal-driven leadership that initially has no formal

agenda but eventually meets the specific or important purposes or tasks.
PRINCIPLE OF OST
1. Whoever comes is the right people’s number
2. Whatever happened is the old things that could have happened
3. whenever it starts is the right time
4. When it's over, it's over
THE LAW OF TWO FEET
If people find themselves in situations where they are neither learning

anything nor contributing, they are responsible for moving to another place using
their two feet to find a place where their participation is more meaningful.
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Province of Laguna
TOPIC 6:
The Social Self
GROUP 6
GERONIMO, JOSH AARON L.
GONZAGA, VON ERIC N.
LIZO, MARY FRANCHETTE T.
MANCINIDO, KRISTIAN ADDISON J.
1. What is the “Self”
Perhaps the familiar slap on a newborn baby’s backside (or the more likely
suction device up the baby’s nose) first jars us into self-awareness. Before that
instant, we were part of someone else’s body. With a cut of the umbilical cord and a
sudden breath of air, we became a distinct, living creature. But did we recognize it at
that moment? The scientific challenge is to develop a consistent way of discovering
how and when we develop self-awareness (also called self-recognition), the
understanding that we are a detached entity from other people and objects in our
world. The knowledge of becoming self-aware is not easy to document with the
reliability and validity that science requires.
The Scientific Study of Self-Awareness
When our infant was only four months old we thought that he tried to imitate
sounds; but we may have deceived ourselves, for we were not thoroughly convinced
that he did so until he was ten months old.
● Since these first explanations from Darwin, scientists have been

studying imitation as an early sign of self-awareness
● A 1977 study well-known 2- to 3-week-old infants imitating a mouth

opening, a finger moving, or a tongue appearing between the lips
● By 1989, the same research team had predicted imitation among

infants who were less than 72 hours old (including a 42-minute-old infant).
● Four-month-old infants reliably display a more distinct sense of self by

smiling more and looking longer at pictures of others related to looking at
pictures of themselves
● Infants mirror the expressions of adults while becoming conscious of

themselves as independent beings
Testing Self-Awareness: The Mirror Self-Recognition Test
Imitation is exciting to see in infants, but does it really mean that they have
self-awareness? To more directly test this, scientists—including Darwin— wanted to
come up with a way to test whether people (and animals) seem to understand they
are independent, unique entities. Do all animals have a sense of self, or is this
observation unique to humans?
Charles Darwin (1872) attempted to answer that question with an experiment.

He stated that many years ago, in the Zoological Gardens, he placed a looking
glass on the floor between two young orangutans. They approached close and
projected their lips towards the image, as if to kiss it, in exactly the same manner as
they had previously done towards each other. Those orangutans acted as if the
creature in the mirror were another animal, not themselves, suggesting that they did
not possess self-awareness. Almost 100 years later, in 1968, Gordon Gallup
followed Darwin’s lead by attempting to find out whether some animals respond to
their mirror image “as if their image represented another animal”. So he created a
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more controlled version of Darwin’s original experiment by first anesthetizing some
chimpanzees, macaques, and rhesus monkeys. While they were unconscious,
Gallup marked each animal with a non-odorous, non irritating red dye just above the
eyebrow. The animals could not smell, feel, or see the red dye without the help of a
mirror. What would it mean if an animal looked into the mirror, saw the unmistakable
red dye, but did not touch the red dye? The animal probably perceived that the
creature in the mirror was just some other animal that happened to have a red
splotch on its forehead. But what if an animal looked into the mirror and touched the
unusual red dye on its own face—not on the mirror?
In that case, the animal was telling us, “That’s me in the mirror: I am—and I
know that I am the one with the red mark.” The mirror self-recognition test (also
called the mark test) creates an opportunity for animals to demonstrate self
awareness. In Gallup’s first study, the four chimpanzees (but not the other primates)
did indeed touch the red mark on their foreheads. Gallup had scientifically
demonstrated self-awareness among chimpanzees
Defining and Measuring the Self-Concept
The self-concept is the personal summary of who we believe we are; it is how

we answer the question, “Who am I?” It includes our assessment of our positive and
negative qualities, our relationships to others, our beliefs and opinions, and more.
We acquire a self-concept in several ways, including the following:
● We compare ourselves to others (social comparison theory).
● Culture creates expectations about how the self should behave (social
identity theory).
● We create mental structures that direct the self’s attention (self

schema theory).
Social Comparison Theory
Social comparison theory suggests that we use social comparisons to

construct our self-concept, especially when we have no other objective standard
available to us. How do you see if you are shy, competitive, rich, anxious, or
anything else? These subjective ideas only become expressive in comparison to
others.
For example, if you are walking by yourself on the beach, you may not even
be thinking about your physical appearance. But when someone much more
attractive walks by, the uncomplimentary social comparison can deliver a small
shock to your previously contented self-concept.
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Upward Social Comparisons
When we make an upward social comparison, we relate ourselves to

someone who is better than us. This type of comparison can be useful when we
want to develop a particular skill. Downward Social Comparisons
This occurs when we compare ourselves to someone who is worse than we

are. This might not help us improve, but it sure feels better. How we process those
social comparisons also makes a change. The W.I.D.E. guide to social comparisons
identifies four factors related to our subjective processing of what we see around us:
● Who.We assess our abilities automatically by comparing ourselves to

similar others.
● Interpretation. How we interpret and take social comparisons

influences our self-concept.
● Direction. The direction of our social comparison impacts our self

concept (upward & downward social comparisons)
● Esteem. Protecting our self-esteem powers our self-concept
● Social Identity Theory
The self is composed of two general categories:
(1) personal characteristics (serious, funny, grumpy, tall, or rich), and (2) social role
characteristics (son, mother, musician, Catholic, or accountant).
Self-Schema Theory
A third way to think about how the self-concept is formed is through self-
schemas, memory structures that summarize and organize our beliefs about self-
relevant information. A schema in general is a cognitive and memory structure for
organizing the world, so self-schemas convert the raw material from cultural social
comparisons into the building blocks of our self concept, also called “the architecture
of personality.”
2. How do we Know the Self is Social? (Sage Publication, n.d.)
Here are three strands of evidence representing that the self is social:
(1) Our Self-Perceptions Depend On The Behaviors We Display To

Others, (2) Self-Discrepancy Theory Defines How Different Components Of The
Self Are Influenced By Others, And (3) Our Sense Of Self Often Comprises
Other People.
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Self-Perception Theory: Behaviors Tell Us Who We Are
Self-perception theory proposes that we get help answering the question,

“Who am I?” by making implications about ourselves based on observing our own
behaviors. To know this theory, first think about how you form perceptions of other
people. You watch their behaviors and assume—or guess, really—about their
motivations, attitudes, values, and core traits based on the behaviors they display to
you.
Self-perception theory suggests that we form our self-concept in very similar

ways. Perhaps we don’t really have special, controlled access to our inner thoughts
and choices all the time—and we thus try to understand our own motivations,
attitudes, values, and core traits based on observing our own behaviors. For
example, if you regularly volunteer at a local dog shelter, then you must be
someone who cares about animals. We define ourselves, in part, by how we
observe ourselves as we interact with others.
Self-Discrepancy Theory: Are We Trying to Juggle Three Selves?
So far, we’ve been discussing about the self as if we all have a fully formed
and single self-concept. Psychologists recommended that in reality, we all have
three simultaneous selves. We manipulate these selves all at once, and they
frequently change shape while in the air. As you learn about each one, consider how
each subsidizes your own self-concept.
The Actual Self
Our first self is our “actual self,” which is simply who we think we are, right
now. It includes both our good and bad qualities, as well as the qualities we think
other people see in us. The actual self is who we are currently, as if someone took a
snapshot of our evolving lives. A meaningful actual self can acknowledge our
strengths and admit our weaknesses.
The Ideal Self
We also have an “ideal self,” which is the person we would like to become in
the future. It includes enhancing or adding positive qualities that we don’t think are
maximized in the actual self, and it means eliminating or at least reducing negative
qualities we have right now. Our ideal self is our dreams and goals, the person we
strive to become. Importantly, our ideal self is truly based on what we want; even if
that means secret desires we’ve never been able to admit to anyone else.
The Ought Self
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In contrast with the ideal self, our “ought” self is what we think other people
expect of us. The ought self is based on our perception of what our social world
hopes for us, perhaps what our parents want us to do or be, what our friends believe
would be good for us, or even what our culture tells us is proper and correct. The
ought self may influence how we dress, for example, because we know what is
expected of us. Interestingly, our ought self might change based on whom our
reference is.
Self-Expansion Theory: Inclusion of Others in the Self
While self-discrepancy theory suggested that we might have more than one
self-concept, other social psychologists have suggested that our self-concept might
even include other people. Certainly, social identity theory noted that our sense of
self includes our group memberships and our relationships with other people.
Self-expansion theory
It is the idea that all of us have a basic motivation to grow, improve, and
enhance our self-concept; we all want to extend our greatest potential. While other
theories have noted that we can do that through things like identifying our flaws or
working toward our ideal self, self-expansion theory specifically recommends that
one common way we attempt to “expand” our self-concept is through close social
relationships.
Psychologically including others in our self-concept is measured by the

Inclusion of the Other in the Self (IOS) Scale, which presents people with a series of
seven Venn diagrams with increasing overlap between “self” and “other”.
Participants simply circle the pair of circles that they feel accurately indicates how
much their self-concept now includes the other person. The IOS Scale is most
commonly used in research on romantic partners, such as, but it has also been used
to measure how much people see them as cognitively including their social groups
on a larger scale.
Source: haverford.edu (1992)
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3. Why Do We Present Different Selves In Different Situations? (Sage
Publication, n.d.)
In the quaint, olden days before mobile phones, a sociology researcher

perceived that it was not unusual for a college woman living in a dormitory to
impress her dorm mates with her popularity by arranging for “herself to be called
several times in order to give all the other girls generous opportunity to hear her
paged”. That kind of low assertion probably still happens today when, for example,
we may subtly show the number of our social media “friends” to signal our
popularity.
Both cases signify behavior that is defined as a performance — even when

we are not fully self-aware that we are performing. People perform in slightly
different ways for family, friends, peers, supervisors, professors, and store clerks.
This tendency is called self-presentation theory or impression management, ways
that we correct the self to gain social influence by h the impressions that we make
on others.
We Use Impression Management to Get What We Want
We engage impression management tactics as social power. There are

specific tactics associated with impression management.
Ingratiation: Other-Enhancements and Opinion Conformity
One mutual tactic was ingratiation. This short-term impression management

tactic is intended to increase liking and attraction by complimenting the other person
and seeming to admire him or her. One practice of ingratiation is other-
enhancement, praising the interviewer. A distinction with the same goal is opinion
conformity, endorsing the interviewer’s perceived attitudes or values.
Self-Promotion: Self-Enhancements and Entitlements
Self-promotion is another short-term impression management tactic that

customs positive statements about the self to convey competence. One form of self-
promotion is self-enhancements; that’s when you suggest that your actual
accomplishments are more significant than they first appear to be. Another common
form of self-promotion is entitlements; that’s when you take praise for positive
events even if you had nothing to do with them. These may be actual short-term
tactics, but they can backfire. For example, taking credit for someone else’s work
may turn a friend into a long-term enemy and lose your reputation with important
people.
Conspicuous Consumption
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Depending on the type of job, getting an advantage during a job interview is a
short-term tactic. But still there are impression management strategies with long-
term goals. Others will try to influence the impression they sort on others by
spending money on flashy or high-status items, such as expensive homes, cars,
clothes, and jewelry. Publicly displaying the use of expensive products in an effort to
impress others is called conspicuous consumption.
Brain Damage Can Limit Self-Presentation Ability
Some people with advanced cases of Alzheimer’s disease cannot pass the
mirror self-recognition test. They look into the mirror and have no idea who is
looking back at them. Alzheimer's disease is not the only tragic but suitable clue
telling us how the self and the brain are connected.
Self-Monitoring: Social Chameleons
Self-monitoring recommends awareness that we have a complicated self that

needs monitoring. Some people outdo at being “social chameleons” that can blend
into almost any environment. Others just don’t seem to care.There are benefits and
drawbacks to both approaches.
● Low Self-Monitors. Some people turn the same way no matter where
they are or who is around them—they are always shy, for example, or always
sarcastic. People who seem to have little change in their personality or self-
presentation across time and situations are measured low in self-monitoring.
They pay little attention to how they “come across” to other people and act
consistently no matter where they are.
● High Self-Monitors. However, other people are high in self-monitoring,

and their behavior is in contrast: They change how they act all the time, liable
on the situation. For example, in a cooperative environment, they cooperate;
in a competitive environment, they compete. High self-monitors are people
who look around and assess their environment, then adjust their self-4. Is the
Truth Always the Self’s Friend? (Sage Publication, n.d.)
4. Is the Truth Always the Self’s Friend? (Sage Publication, n.d.)
The self-story is a compelling story, at least to ourselves, because it is our

kind of event. But what if we are expressing ourselves a very nice story that is not
true? Do people really invent stories to themselves like that? For example, like some
real politicians, we make self-stories that smell a little bit too good to be true
Optimal Margin Theory: Positive Illusions Can Be Beneficial
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Sometimes we really lie to ourselves. Minor self-deceptions appear in many
parts of our lives. For example, when our romantic partner asks, “Does this outfit
make me look fat?” . Most partners know that the desired responses are “No,” or,
“You look great, but your black top might look even better.” But is there anything
wrong with trusting that we are a little bit more attractive, caring, intelligent, or
insightful than we really are?
Optimal margin theory recommends a slight to moderate range of healthy

distortions of reality. A little bit of self-deception can make us feel good but too much
alteration of reality causes problems. Instead of the “cold, hard truth,” we often wish
to trust positive illusions, beliefs that depart from reality in ways that influence us to
remain optimistic.
We use three types of self-deceptions that help our own positive mental
health. (1)adhere to the belief we can control our own lives more than we can
(control), (2) rely on an unrealistically optimistic view of the future (optimism), and
(3) determine meaning in critical life events, such as bereavement (meaning).
Self-Serving Cognitive Biases
Cognitive distortions that improve our self-concept by making us observe that

we’re a little better than we are, objectively, are called self serving cognitive biases.
Biased Views of Our Own Traits
We can confess fears, such as speaking in front of a group, but we express

ourselves that everyone else shares our anxieties and, thus, these problems are not
“fatal flaws.” We ease ourselves by simply enclosing our “best” and “worst” qualities
in this way that makes us feel just a little better.
Biased Views of Our Own Behaviors
Another self-serving cognitive bias arises when we study causes for our own
successes and failures. Like stating negative traits we possess, we can disclose that
we’ve done bad things or failed at something—but we often defend our view of the
self by coming up with an excuse or justification for bad behaviors.
Biased Views of Feedback About the Self
A third self-serving cognitive bias is the tendency for people to view feedback
about themselves in a twisted manner. Many people appreciate taking little quizzes
about themselves on websites like Facebook, for example. When you like the result,
you might think, “Hey that was a great quiz! But if you don’t like the outcome, it’s
easy for you to understand how the questions were flawed.
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5. What is Self-Esteem and How Can We Measure It? (Sage Publication, n.d.)
Defining Self-Esteem
Self-esteem is our subjective, personal evaluation of our self-concept. Earlier,

we learned that our self-concept is our perception of qualities, relationships, beliefs,
and opinions. When we assess that self-concept and choose that it is good, bad,
worthwhile, worthless, or any other type of judgment, that’s self-esteem.
For example, self-esteem is not the same thing as self-compassion, an

orientation to maintain for oneself. It defines that self-compassion as self-esteem but
without the “the self enhancing illusions”. Self-esteem is also distinct from
narcissism, an extreme self-love based on unwarranted belief in one’s specialness
virtual to others. Narcissism is mostly arrogance. Self-esteem emphases on whether
we respect ourselves as a person of worth; narcissism focuses on whether we
regard ourselves as more worthy than others. Self Esteem is also different from self-
efficacy, the degree to which you trust that you are able to complete a specific task
or attaining a particular goal. Self-efficacy appears to be a good thing, at least most
of the time. Self-efficacy contributes to self-esteem; benefits people cope with failure
in the workplace, and encourages resilience in the face of chronic diseases such as
diabetes. Self-esteem is not self-compassion, narcissism, or self-efficacy. It’s our
estimation of our own worth, based on our assessment of our self-concept.
Two Strategies for Measuring Self-Esteem
Because self-esteem is a complex, abstract, and subjective construct, it’s

important to understand how researchers operationalize it in scientific studies.
There are two general strategies for measuring self-esteem: explicit, direct
measures and implicit, indirect measures.
Measuring Explicit Self-Esteem (Directly)
Researchers frequently use this technique, called reverse scoring, to inspire

careful reading of each item on a scale; it stops people from simply writing the same
response to every question without really reading them. Read the scoring
instructions to confirm you come up with the correct result.
Measuring Implicit Self-Esteem (Indirectly)
Sometimes people are neither willing nor able to give researchers a precise
report. A problem called social desirability (one type of impression management)
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may inspire inaccurate answering to topics that, if answered honestly, might trigger
an uncomfortable response. For example, social desirability might reassure
dishonest boost to self-report of taboo or personal sexual behavior, family violence,
or out of favor political loyalties. When this is the case, indirect or implicit
methodologies may yield more reliable, valid responses than direct, explicit, self-
report lines to collecting data.
Collective Self-Esteem
Collective self-esteem is our assessment of the value of the social groups in

which we are members. It is defined as “that aspect of an individual’s self-concept
which comes from his knowledge of his membership in a social group (or groups)
together with the value and emotional significance attached to that membership”.
You have collective self-esteem for the reputation of your college or university, for
example; do you feel proud of your school? What about your religious group, political
party, chosen major, and so on? Do you feel good about these groups?
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Province of Laguna
TOPIC 7:
The Digital Self
GROUP 7
Mendoza, Airian Joy A.
Namuag, James Russel N.
Ointina, Loyzel Grace P.
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OBJECTIVES
● To be able to understand the concept of the digital self and how relative the
technology is to this.
● To determine the positive and negative effects of technology on the self.
● To give awareness of how to improve and develop self- esteem and set
boundaries to online itself.
INTRODUCTION
In this narrative report, we will discuss all about the digital self (self and other
cyberspace). We will know the importance of understanding digital self and how it
helps to build your online identity. Not only that, we will determine the positive and
negative impact of social media and online interaction on the self. In addition, we
will know the extended self in the digital world and the five changes emerging from
this, and how to set the good boundaries to online self.
DIGITAL SELF?
The digital self is the persona you use when you're online. Some people
maintain one or more online identities that are distinct from their “real world” selves;
others have a single online self that's more or less the same as the one they inhabit
in the real world.
The device we have, the media that we consume, the people we follow, and
how we portray ourselves online are all part of our digital self. Is like an rpg (role-
playing games) where you get to create your avatar and use characters as an
expression of who you are, what you want others to perceive and how you want to
portray yourself. Others have a single online self-that’s more or less the same as the
one they inhabit in the real world. In simple words, digital self is in the online world
or digital space. The self you portray online can be either near to your real self or a
totally different persona. Our online self depends on how we want to present
ourselves or how we want to be perceived by others. In the readings this is
described as a mask we put on to draw the innovative world.
SOCIAL MEDIA
Social media refers to a computer-based technology that facilitates the

sharing of ideas, thoughts and information through virtual networks and
communities.
Most people use social media to socialize and communicate with family,
friends, or keep in touch with old classmates. The idea of a technological way of
staying in touch with people is how Facebook was created.
Social media are interactive technologies and digital channels that facilitate
the creation and sharing of information, ideas, interests, and other forms of
expression through virtual communities and networks. Most people use social
media to socialize and communicate with family, friends, or keep in touch with old
classmates.
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The idea that social media are defined simply by their ability to bring people
together has been seen as too broad, as this would suggest that fundamentally
different technologies like the telegraph and telephone are also social media. But
the 3 most popular social network websites today are Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. And the idea of a technological way of staying in touch with people is
how Facebook was created.During this time , people are staying in their prospective
houses because of the pandemic. They use social media to have someone to talk to
as a friend or have a quality time with their lover online (that we call our internet
love).
CYBERSPACE
It refers to the virtual computer world and more specifically an electronic

medium that is used to facilitate online communication.
Typically involves a large computer network made up of many road wide

computer sub networks. Examples of cyberspace are. Google, Yahoo, Facebook,
Instagram and many more. One way to talk about cyberspace is related to the use
of the global Internet for diverse purposes, from commerce to entertainment.
Wherever stakeholders set up virtual meeting spaces, we see cyberspace existing.
Wherever the Internet is used, you could say, that creates cyberspace.
The prolific use of both desktop computers and smartphones to access the
Internet means that, in a practical (yet somewhat theoretical) sense, cyberspace is
growing. Another prime example of cyberspace is the online gaming platforms
advertised as massive online player ecosystems. These large communities, playing
all together, create their own cyberspace worlds that exist only in the digital realm,
and not in the physical world, sometimes nicknamed the “meatspace.”
DIGITAL IDENTITY
The information we have online including unintentional left data known as

data shadow serves as our digital identity.
Digital identity is the collection of data that represents a unique person or

entity online.Or online identity, is a social identity that an internet user establishes
online communities and websites. It can also be considered as an actively
constructed presentation of one's self. Unique identifiers and use patterns make it
possible to detect individuals or their devices.
This information is often used by website owners and advertisers to identify

and track users for personalization and to serve them targeted content and
advertising. A digital identity arises organically from the use of personal information
on the web and from the shadow data created by the individual’s actions online. A
digital identity may be a Pseudonymous profile linked to the device’s IP address, for
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example, or a randomly-generated unique ID. Digital identities are seen as
contextual in nature since a user gives selective information when providing
authentication information.
THE SELF AND OTHER IN A CYBER WORLD
I. Online Identity & Self in Cyberspace: I, Myself & My Online Id Online

Identity
The sum of your characteristics and interactions. You interact differently with
each website you visit, each of those websites will have a different picture of who
you are and what you do.
It is the sum of your characteristics and interactions. And it also says that you
interact differently with each website you visit, each of those websites will have a
different picture of who you are and what you do. Sometimes the different
representations of who you are referred to as partial identities because none of
them has the full picture of who you are. With arrays of social identity providers
such as facebook twitter and google, many people have different options to choose
from which service to use in managing their identities beyond what do you want to
be as a person. And also in those different websites we can be different individuals
as we are in real life because it is free to change our identity without letting other
people know and we can do whatever we want and express the person that we
really want to be.
“Your online identity is not the same as your real-world identity, because the
characteristics you represent online differ from the characteristics you represent in
the physical world.” - Internet Society Org, 2011
How do you build your online identity?
Every website that you interact with will collect its own version of who you are
based on the information that you have shared. It is up to you how you will prepare
to send yourself closely as who you are and what you do in real life. To create a
representation far from your real life.
The goal of this online identity is to allow you to create a representation of

yourself online that is far from your real life in the real world. It also says that social
media sites collect our information based on what we have shared and from there
we create our online identity and we can let people look at us from that information ,
even if it is far from our real self.
II. Selective Self Presentation and Impression Management
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The process of strategic ally concealing or revealing personal information in
order to influence others perception. Can change depending on who we interact
with or what personal information we need to present to be. It means that the
person may or may not reveal personal information that can be used in influencing
others perception of a certain matter.
Two main types of Self Presentation
a. Prosocial Self Presentation - Entails behavior present a person as a role

model and make a person more likable and attractive. A prosocial self
presentation shows us how to be a role model and to look more likable and
attractive that uplift each and everyone. For example, a supervisor may call
on her employees to uphold high standards for business ethics,as well as
modeling that behavior in her own actions, and compliment others when they
exemplify those standards.
b. Self- Serving Self Presentation - Entails behaviors that represent a person as
highly skilled willing to tell each other and someone not to be messed
with.This is when someone shows how competitive they are. They are willing
to challenge others and prove to them that they are the best and somehow
that attitude creates shame for others. Example a person publicly takes credit
for the accomplishment or publicly critiques an employee who failed to meet a
particular substandard.
In general, we strive to present a public image that matches up with our self-
concept, but we can also use self-presentation strategies to enhance our self-
concept.When we present ourselves in order to evoke a positive evaluative
response, we are engaging in self-enhancement. In the pursuit of self-
enhancement, a person might try to be as appealing as possible in a particular area
or with a particular person to gain feedback that will enhance one’s self-esteem. For
example, a singer might train and practice for weeks before singing in front of a
well-respected vocal coach but not invest as much effort in preparing to sing in front
of friends. Although positive feedback from friends is beneficial, positive feedback
from an experienced singer could enhance a person’s self-concept.
Self-enhancement can be productive and achieved competently, or it can be

used inappropriately. Using self-enhancement behaviors just to gain the approval of
others or out of self-centeredness may lead people to communicate in ways that are
perceived as overbearing and end up making an unfavorable impression.In
summary prosocial strategies are aimed to benefit others while self-serving
strategies benefit to self at the expense of others.
lll. Impact of Online Interactions on the Self
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When interacting with other people we automatically make inferences about
them without even being consciously aware of it. The development of the person’s
social aspects can be greatly influenced by technology due to an insufficient amount
of real life social encounters. Although online encounters are easy and more
convenient. This suggests less emotional involvement and cognitive efforts than
interacting with human partners. It shows, social interactions are so demanding and
it requires more emotional involvement. It is clear that virtual interaction is easier
because it does not require cognitive or emotional involvement. Online interactions
and social media platforms are also beneficial because it provides opportunities for
increased identity development.
Positive Impact of Social Media and Online Interaction on the Self
Social media sites inform and empower individuals to change themselves and
their communities. Boast one's moral and feeling of self-worth. Increased self-
esteem when receiving many likes and shares. Social media sites inform and
empower individuals to change themselves and their communities. There are many
vloggers nowadays and they can give information and entertainment to online
users. As well as social media can be used as a tool to help the community in terms
of tourism by creating promotional pages, they can promote their places on different
social networking sites.Boast one's moral and feeling of self-worth. When we post
on social media, we gain many positive reactions and comments.
Negative Impact of Social Media and Online Interaction on the Self
Extensive online engagement is correlated with personality and brain

disorders. Low self-esteem due to risk of being exposed to cyberbullying and
cyberpornography. More occupied in giving attention to social media and giving
their customs and practices.Extensive online engagement is correlated with
personality and brain disorders. Like ADHD or Attention Deficit or Hyperactivity
Disorder. Another is narcissistic personality disorder. It is characterized by a long
term of exaggerated feelings of self-importance. Low self-esteem due to risk of
being exposed to cyberbullying and cyber pornography. And more occupied in
giving attention to social media than keeping their customs and practices.
IV. Extended Self in Social Media
When interacting with other people we automatically make inferences about

them without even being consciously aware of it.As originally conceived, the
extended self is composed of a person’s mind, body, physical possessions, family,
friends, and affiliation groups. The digital world opens a host of new means for self-
extension, using new consumption objects to reach a vastly broader audience. It is
one way of incorporating persons, places, and things into identity. Since it was
formulated in 1988, the way we absorb and introduce ourselves has significantly
changed by many technological changes. With the advent of the internet, social
86
media, online games, virtual worlds, and other digital activities, together with the
devices through which participation in such activities takes place, there is a greatly
expanded set of ways in which we may represent ourselves to others. So there are
major changes that are taking place due to each digital phenomenon.
Five Changes Emerging from our Current Digital World
1. Dematerialization- things are disappearing right before our eyes, like

information, photos, videos, music and even some data are now largely
invisible immaterial.
2. Re-embodiment- breakout of the visual "online leading to new
"constructions". Digital media such as video games, virtual world, vlogs, web
pages, internet, dating sites and mobile phone technology are rapidly
mediating our culture. As new media users are continually recreating, and
reshaping their online identities, the representations of ourselves as formed
by digital technologies become increasingly complex, dynamic and
unidentified.
3. Sharing- Uploading a cheddar provides free access to information through
web surfing. In our current lifestyle, communications are playing a vital role to
enrich the human bondage in their personal relations, academics, business,
and even international interactions. Since the creation of different social
media platforms. Over 2 million people around the world use social media
every day. Many people express their ideas in social media sites like
facebook, twitter, Instagram.
4. Co-construction of Self- Our digital involvement is social in nature. Our
blogs invite comments, social media thrive on interaction and dual cellphones
may be decreasingly used for telephone calls and emails they are used for
text messaging, taking photos and videos, and geolocation to connect with
others. These others help in co- constructing our individuals and joint
extended self. There 2 needed extended self-updates due to co- construction
of self. One is affirmation seeking and building aggregate extended self.
5. Distributed Memory- New set of devices for recording our
memory.According to Beck non-digital objects that form a part of the extended
self are often able to provide a sense of past through their association with
events and people in our lives like souvenirs, photographs, records, books
collection and even letters. However, in the digital world there are a set of
devices and technologies for recording and archiving our memories.
V. Boundaries of the Online Self
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Personally you don't want to give out private information to the world and
professionally you don't want to compromise your credibility and reputation. Good
boundaries are important for healthy relationships, but when it comes to creating
clear-cut borders. With this being said, boundaries of town itself are like our
guidelines or rules that we create especially when going online to identify a
reasonable and a safer way for other people to behave towards a specific situation.
When we talk about our boundaries of the online self it is important for us to set up
our boundaries especially when going online. The purpose of setting boundaries to
our online self is or this will ensure to us our own safety and our own privacy. While
also this will instill to us a respectful and appropriate interaction especially when
going online.
Factors that Allow Individuals to Create a Diverse Emission of Themselves

Online
● Online disembodiment - People are less likely to reveal their true selves.
This is the idea that once the user is online, the need for the body is no longer
required, and the user can participate separately from it. This ultimately
relates to a sense of detachment from the identity defined by the physical
body.
Donald Winnicott - He proposed a theory that

was posited that there is a true self and false self.
He proposed a theory of self that was posited that
there is a true self and false self. It’s often said that
to be truly happy we should align to our ‘authentic’
self, and be ‘true to ourselves’. It sounds like good
advice – but how do we know who or what is our
true self? And how do we connect to that genuine
version of ourselves? The theory of a true self and
a false self was advanced by British psychoanalyst
Dr. Donald Winnicott in a series of papers in the
1960s. Winnicott contends that everyone is divided into these two selves, and that
people develop a false self to protect their inner, more vulnerable true self.
TWO SELF
1. True self - Winnicott used true self to describe a sense of self based
on spontaneous authentic experience and a feeling of being alive or
having a real self. Winnicott used true self to describe a sense of self
based on spontaneous authentic experience and a feeling of being
alive or having a real self.The true self refers to a sense of self based
on authentic experience, and the feeling of being truly present and
alive. Is a defensive facade, which in extreme cases could leave its
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holders lacking spontaneity and feeling dead and empty, behind a
mere appearance of being real.
2. False self- It is a defensive facade, which in extreme cases could
leave its holders lacking spontaneity and feeling dead and empty,
behind a mere appearance of being real.Whereas a false self is a
feeling of emptiness that comes from developing false relationships
with other people and having to keep up a sense of happiness and
contentment without reaching that sense of authenticity in reality.
● Online disinhibition- It refers to the lowering of social restriction and
inhibition in an online environment. Is the lack of restraint one feels when
communicating online in comparison to communicating in-person. This is
usually composed of factors including anonymity, invisibility, asynchronous
communication, empathy deficit, in addition to individual factors like
personality and cultural background.
Two Parts of Online Disinhibition
1. Benign disinhibition - Is when an individual uses an online persona that

seeks to express their full potential. An attempt to understand and explore
oneself works through problems. And find new ways of being. We’re more
likely to open up, sow vulnerability, and share our deepest fears. We help
others, and we are willing to donate on sites like the Red Cross.
2. Toxic disinhibition- Using a person that engages in toxic behavior are
activities online. This includes rude language, threats and visiting places of
pornography, crime and violence on the internet that a person might not go in
a real life. We’re more likely to harass, abuse, and threaten others when we
can’t see them face to face. We indulge our darkest desires. We hurt people
because it’s easy.
Five Ways of How People Present Themselves
1. Self-promotion- It is characterized by wanting to be perceived as a more

capable, smart and skilled person than others. Is the activity of actively
presenting oneself to others as highly capable. When people self-promote,
their primary motive is to be seen as capable, bright, or brilliant by others
(even at the expense of being liked). Self-promoters try to increase their
chances of being chosen over others for any given job or opportunity.
2. Ingratiation- When an individual's do actions to gain others attention or to be

liked by others. Should not be used as a way to manipulate others or hide
your true self. You can easily be yourself while displaying modesty, humor, or
complimenting another person. Be yourself, but remember that the people you
meet are looking for the same things you are looking for: safety, security, love,
and a sense of belonging. According to the research of Valenzuela et al,
through this platform young users report increased self- esteem and general
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well- being because of the positive feedback in their social networking site.
However, online interactions cannot reveal our true feelings and can decrease
people’s happiness.
3. Exemplification- It is a self-presentation strategy where individuals project

themselves and image of integrity or moral worthiness. Defined as a strategic
self-presentational strategy whereby an individual attempts to project an
image of integrity and moral worthiness. A person can accomplish
exemplification by presenting him- or herself as honest, disciplined, self-
sacrificing, generous, or principled.
4. Intimidation- It is presenting oneself as scary or intimidating.- Intimidating

behavior is any behavior that would reasonably cause a person to fear injury
or harm. An action that is strong, aggressive, or violent, even if it is not
directed at anyone, can intimidate. It’s using force that is beyond what is
justified to defend ourselves.
5. Supplification- an act of expressing oneself but only sharing misfortunes or

life misery to depict oneself as weak, needy or dependent on others.
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Province of Laguna
TOPIC 8:
Managing & Caring for the
Self and Setting Goals for
Success
GROUP 8
ZTIUS IVAN PAZ
RADY CEDRICK PABLICO
MA. CLARISSE P. PEDERISO
BERNADETTE T. RAFANAN
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
● Understand the theoretical underpinnings for how to manage and care for
different aspects of the self.
● Acquire and hone new skills and learnings for better managing of one’s self
and behaviors.
● Apply these new skills to one’s self and functioning for a better quality of life.
LEARNING TO BE A BETTER STUDENT
Becoming a Better Person
As a person is an inevitable goal and change will always be present in what

we do. As such, for students, the need to understand that just barely passing
different subjects and graduating after is not necessarily the best option for
successfully landing your dream job, or becoming successful in the world of work. It
is also important to note that being a student does not necessarily mean that the only
thing you have to do is read books, go to class, or prepare and answer tests, these
things may be the usual things expected for a student to do in school, but
understanding that the preparation for real life endeavors may start in the classroom,
but not necessarily end there.
To become a better student, several things are needed to be done, aside from
just listening from the discussions and following the directions taught by teachers, a
student should be able to have I better understanding of what they are doing, have
the ability to recognize and sort the different information that they are encountering,
and to be able to have a certain level of understanding on the concepts that they are
studying in which could result for better application and appreciation of such
learnings.
Tips to Become a Better Student
1. Prepare Before Going to School

● Always try to research or read the next lesson.
● Do your assignments at home.
● Make sure that you have all the tools you need for class.
● Make sure to have your body prepared by making sure to have enough
rest and eating to ensure you have enough energy to go through the
entire day.
2. Use Different Sources
● Don’t forget to use the library and the internet.
● Using different sources will enable you to access more information.
● Be able to learn the latest learnings and information related to the
subject matter that you are studying.
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3. Be Critical and Make Learning Personal
● Know what you are learning, why you are learning and how they are
important to you and your plans in life.
● You will be able to appreciate their value more and be able to apply
and relate them to your situation.
4. Ask Help
● The school may focus on the interaction between the teachers and
students but the institution comprises more than what or who are inside
the classroom.
● The people in the school and even people outside the school such as
your parents, friends, etc. can help you to break limitations.
5. Do Other Things
● Join extra-curricular activities, clubs, or school groups to widen your
experiences.
● An active body and mind that may or may not necessarily be related to
school work can also help a student to balance their lifestyle and
maintain a healthy body and mind.
METACOGNITION
It is a deeper level of thinking that includes your ability to think about your
thinking. It involves thinking about one’s own thinking process to maximize learning
such as study skills, memory capabilities, and the ability to monitor learning. It refers
to what you know about your own thoughts or being aware of what you already know
and what you still do not know.
Metacognition can be broken down into two categories: metacognitive

knowledge (self-appraisal), and metacognitive regulation (self-management).
1. Metacognitive Knowledge or Self-Appraisal
What do you know about yourself as a thinker? Try to evaluate

the different ways you use to study for your tests. How come some
students take down important notes, or while others even make a
reviewer for themselves? This is metacognitive knowledge, which
refers to what people know about themselves as learners — the basic
knowledge of ourselves and our thoughts. This also refers to your
personal reflection on your knowledge and capabilities.
Three deeper ways to look at metacognitive knowledge that

influence how you know yourself are:
a. Person variables (Content Knowledge or Declarative Knowledge)
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This defines how individuals understand their own capabilities which
include their learning styles, strengths, and weaknesses.
b. Task variables (Task Knowledge or Procedural Knowledge)
Deals with a person’s ability to evaluate the difficulty of a task.
c. Strategy variables (Conditional Knowledge)
Something you always do to get ready for a test, like go to the library or
organize note cards.
2. Metacognitive Regulation or Self-Management
It refers to ways to direct thoughts and learning. This is the mental process
that you use in planning and identifying strategies to reach your goals. You might not
notice, but you have certainly used by this time you created a study plan for a test,
you rehearsed for your speech class or a presentation, you read in a quiet place, you
use a checklist to make sure that you are right on track in accomplishing a task, or
you monitor your understanding when reading a complicated text. In other words,
this is how we use our metacognitive knowledge to learn better.
Three skills, as identified by Schraw (1998) and Jacobs, et. Al (1987),

essential in the understanding of metacognitive regulation are:
a. Planning - refers to the appropriate selection of strategies and the correct

allocation of resources that affect task performance.
b. Monitoring - refers to one's awareness of comprehension and task
performance.
c. Evaluating - refers to appraising the final product of a task and the efficiency
at which the task was performed. This can include re-evaluating strategies
that were used.
Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Theory
According to him, many people view intelligence as a

superficial thing wherein an individual may either be
categorized as someone who is smart and not. Howard
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Theory (Gardner, 1983)
provides a different outlook on individual intelligence, stating
that all people can be intelligent in different ways because
everyone is different. These multiple intelligences can be
nurtured and strengthened, or ignored and weakened.
According to Gardner:
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● Each person has a different intellectual composition.
● These intelligences are located in different areas of the brain and can either
work independently or together.
● Education can be improved by addressing the individual’s multiple
intelligences.
● All human beings possess all nine intelligences in varying amounts which
include the following:
1. Verbal-Linguistic Intelligence: well-developed verbal skills and
sensitivity to the sounds, meanings and rhythms of words; skills include
listening, speaking, writing, teaching.
2. Mathematical-Logical Intelligence: ability to think conceptually and
abstractly, and capacity to discern logical or numerical patterns; skills
include problem-solving (logical and math) and performing
experiments.
3. Musical Intelligence: ability to produce and appreciate rhythm, pitch
and timber; skills include singing, playing musical instruments,
composing music.
4. Visual-Spatial Intelligence: capacity to think in images and pictures,
to visualize accurately and abstractly; skills include puzzle building,
painting, constructing, fixing, and designing objects.
5. Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence: ability to control one's body
movements and to handle objects skillfully; skills include dancing,
sports, and performing hands-on experiments.
6. Interpersonal Intelligence: capacity to detect and respond
appropriately to the moods, motivations and desires of others; skills
include seeing from other perspectives, empathy, counseling, and
cooperating.
7. Intrapersonal Intelligence: capacity to be self-aware and in tune with
inner feelings, values, beliefs and thinking processes; skills include
recognizing one’s strengths and weaknesses, reflective, awareness of
inner feelings.
8. Naturalist Intelligence: ability to recognize and categorize plants,
animals and other objects in nature; skills include recognizing one’s
connection to nature, applying science theory to life.
9. Existential Intelligence: sensitivity and capacity to tackle deep
questions about human existence, such as the meaning of life, why do
we die, and how did we get here; skills include reflective and deep
thinking, designing abstract theories.
“NO TWO PEOPLE ARE EXACTLY ALIKE”
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Each of us is unique. For sure, you have heard the saying, “no two people
are exactly alike” - even identical twins differ from each other (Sujit, et. Al, 2011).
This is because we see things differently, we have our own opinions, our own
personalities, even our own fingerprints. And akin to a unique fingerprint, we all
have a unique learning style. In our mission to find out what works best for you in
the classroom to make you better learners, identifying your individual intelligence
is not enough. It is equally important to discuss the different learning styles that
you all have to give you an opportunity to discover your learning strengths and
understand how you learn best.
A learning style is a series of theories that explain the differences in our

individual patterns of understanding information (Coffield, 2004). We all learn
differently, and we prefer information to be presented to us in a particular way - a
way that makes it easiest for us to understand (Willingham, 2015).
The VARK Learning Styles are summarized below (lifted from Fleming &
Baume, 2006):
● Visual Learners prefer the use of images, maps and graphic organizers to
access and understand new information.
● Auditory Learners best understand new content through listening and
speaking in situations such as lectures and group discussions.
● Aural learners use repetition as a study technique and benefit from the use
of mnemonic devices. Students with a strong Reading and Writing Preference
learn best through words. These students may present themselves as copious
note-takers or avid readers, and are able to translate abstract concepts into
words and essays.
● Kinesthetic Learners, on the other hand, best understand information
through tactile representations of information. These students are hands-on
learners and learn best through figuring things out by hand (such as
understanding how the clock works by putting one together).
● Logical (Mathematical) Learners are those who prefer logic, reasoning, and
“systems” to understand concepts. They, too, can easily recognize patterns
and connect the seemingly meaningless concepts without any difficulty.
● Social (Interpersonal) Learners are people-person who learn best in groups
or with other people.
● Solitary (Intrapersonal) Learners are those who prefer to work alone
through self-study, focusing on one’s private and independent introspection
without disruption from others.
MANAGING YOUR OWN LEARNING
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Self-regulation is the process in which students activate, take control of and
evaluate their own learning (Hagger, 2010). What happens when you get a failing
score in an assessment? Do you just shrug your shoulders and tell yourself, “I’ll do
my best next time” or do you ask yourself, “Where did I go wrong?” When you
monitor and evaluate your own learning, and alter the way you study based on your
past performances on your school assessments, you are engaging in self-regulation.
Self-regulated learners are characterized to:
1) Be aware of their strengths and weaknesses,
2) Utilize metacognitive strategies such as questioning one's learning and

monitoring one's learning, to approach academic tasks, and
3) Attribute their success or failure to factors within their control.

Researchers identified three critical dimensions of self-regulation namely,
self-observation, self-judgment, and self-reaction (Zimmerman, 1989).
Self-observation refers to the deliberate monitoring of one's activities. Self-

observation may take the form of recording frequency, duration or quality of a
behavior. Self-observation is also critical to the regulation of performance. Self-
observation may also lead to higher motivation. For example, if you realize your
study habits were causing you to perform poorly on these tests, you may adjust the
way you study, leading to higher test grades and more motivation to continue to
improve your study habits.
Self-judgment refers to evaluating one's current performance levels

compared to the goal level while self-reaction refers to one's behavioral, cognitive
and affective responses to self-judgments. Self-reactions can be motivating if one
believes they are making progress toward their goal. Negative self-evaluations are
not necessarily demotivating if one believes they can still make changes and
progress toward their goal.
Self-regulation is said to be a cyclical process because during the process of

self-evaluation and monitoring, the learner will make alterations to strategies,
cognition and behaviors that will alter learning and ultimately, the end-goal (Burman
et. Al, 2015).
There are three phases of the self-regulation cycle (Zimmerman, 1989 and
Williams et. Al, 2004):
1) Forethought,
2) Performance (volitional) control, and
3) Self-reflection.
Self-regulation begins with the forethought phase. This pre-action phase
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refers to the processes that set up the learner for action toward their goal. This
phase helps the learner to establish a positive outlook, set realistic expectations and
address questions such as: 'When will the work begin? What conditions will help or
hinder learning activities toward the goal?' and 'How often will tasks be completed
toward the goal?' Short-term and long-term goal-planning occur in this stage. The
next stage is the performance- (or volitional-) control phase. This phase involves
processes that occur during learning that affect action and attention. Specific
strategies are established during this stage in order to help a learner be successful.
Metacognitive strategies are identified, preliminary self-evaluation occurs and

motivational strategies are recognized. Questions such as: 'Am I accomplishing as
much as I thought I would? Am I being distracted?' and 'What will motivate me to
continue working?' are common questions during this phase. The final stage is the
self-reflection phase. During this stage, learners reflect on their performance. Did
they accomplish the goals they set forth? Were there hurdles? Did the learner
overcome those hurdles successfully? If the outcomes were positive, the learner will
continue to use the methods established to set and proceed toward future goals. If
the outcomes were negative, the learner will re-evaluate and make necessary
adjustments for future goals. You may be wondering, what influences self-
regulation?
According to Iran-Nejad et. Al (1992), there are several types of influences on

self-regulation. Social and external influences include: modeling (which is observed
behaviors of others that lead to academic success), verbal description (which is
verbal instruction from others describing the processes that made them successful in
their goal achievement), social guidance and feedback. Internal influences are: one's
own internal standards for success and failure, self-reinforcement (for example,
rewarding oneself after completing a certain amount of work or studying) and one's
self-efficacy beliefs (one's belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations or
accomplish a task).
THE METACOGNITIVE LEARNING PROCESS AND STRATEGY
Successful students use metacognitive strategies throughout a task and

actually start thinking before they start the task itself. These four quadrants represent
categories of metacognitive strategies that successful students and adults employ
throughout their daily work: Plan & Organize Self-Reflect Monitor their own Work
Direct.
THREE BASIC STRATEGIES FOR LEARNING

METACOGNITIVELY (BLAKELY & SPENCE, 1990).
1) Connecting new information to former knowledge

2) Selecting thinking strategies deliberately
3) Planning, monitoring, and evaluating thinking processes Application of
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these strategies will help you increase academic achievement by
improving learning.
Metacognitive strategies include the use of KWL Approach which stands for
Know, Want to Know, Learned. When working through a reading assignment, one
will be working on answering the questions using the KWL Chart:
● Know
● Want
● Learn
SQ3R, WHICH STANDS FOR SURVEY, QUESTION, READ, RECITE,

REVIEW.
Three phases of writing namely, pre-writing, writing (or drafting/revising), and

editing. In each phase the writer must consider 4 things:
● What is the purpose of my piece? (Is it informative, persuasive, critical, etc.?)
● What do I know about what I am writing about?
● What do I need to research? (This is to get your points across.)
● What do I want to say about what I have learned? (To express ideas/views.)
Is my message coming across? (Are you achieving your purpose? Is your
writing clear and concise?)
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GOALS
“the object or aim of an action, for example, to attain a specific standard of

proficiency, usually within a specified time limit.” Latham & Locke (2002, p.705)
Goals give us a roadmap to follow.
Goals help you set priorities and remain motivated and committed to your college
success. Setting a long-term goal usually leads to setting medium- and short-term
goals. These are practical goals related to being a student that can help you make
better decisions when considering your choices of how to spend your time. Setting
priorities with shorter term goals can help you see what you need to do next.
Working through goals can help you feel more in control and can reduce stress.
IMPORTANCE OF GOALS
● Gives you way

● Keeps you focused
● Keeps you motivated
● Goals help you to get better life
● Goals make you understand your wants
BANDURA'S SELF-EFFICACY THEORY
Albert Bandura (December 4, 1925 –July 26, 2021)
● Canadian-American psychologist
● Social cognitive theory, therapy, and personality
psychology
● originator of Social Learning Theory
● theoretical construct of self-efficacy
● Bobo doll experiment
SELF-EFFICACY
● Belief that one's actions are effective or make a difference.

● The mind's self-regulatory function
Several things occur:
● They feel much better about themselves.

● They feel that they have a sense of power and control over what happens.
● They feel hopeful in the situation.
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Self-efficacy also relates to motivation (or the drive to perform) since it
revolves around the beliefs that peoples' feelings and actions are based more on
what they believe to be true. In other words, a person who has self-efficacy believes
that his feelings and actions actually have power over the outcome of a given
situation. Just think of the mantra: 'If I work hard, I will be successful.' For a person
who does not have self-efficacy at work, he or she believes that no matter how hard
he/she works, the situation will still be the same — he/she will be in that low-paying
job forever. On the other hand, someone with self-efficacy believes that if he or she
works hard at his/her job, he or she will be promoted to a higher position, with a
much higher salary.
PERSON A PERSON B
Person A and B are in the same math class and are getting ready for a math
test. While Person A has high self-efficacy for math, Person B has the opposite.
Because Person A has high self-efficacy, it is more likely that this person believes
that he/she can control whether he/she gets a high score in the test or not. On the
other hand, Person B’s low self-efficacy in the subject means that he/she might
believe that no matter how much studying he/she does, he/she will still fail in the
upcoming test.
If Person A believes that she can control the outcome of the test by studying
harder, then he/she has an internal locus of control. If Person B thinks the test is
difficult and that no matter how much effort he/she puts in would still result to a failing
grade, then he/she has an external locus of control. Studies have shown that people
with high self-efficacy also tend to have an internal locus of control. When they are
faced with failure, they tend to have an external locus of control for failure in that
arena.
FOUR FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE SELF-EFFICACY
But where does self-efficacy come from? According to Bandura (200), people
tend to rely on four factors when forming self-efficacy judgments about different
situations:
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1. Performance and accomplishments or mastery experiences
Successful performance and accomplishments increase self-efficacy,

while failures diminish them. When you succeed at something, you are likely
to attempt doing it again.
2. Experience gained by observing others or social modeling
Seeing (and knowing) that the task is doable reinforces the belief that
you can also accomplish it. Most people are hesitant to undertake activities
they believe are impossible so when we see others successfully completing a
task, we try to mirror their behavior and we become motivated to experience
success as well.
3. Verbal Persuasion
This usually comes in the form of being coached or getting feedback on

one's performance. When we receive positive feedback from others, self-
efficacy is built. Isn’t it that when your teacher tells you that you have done a
good job, you are likely to remember the phrase and repeat the same action
or behavior in the future? Bandura also tells us that receiving negative
feedback also contributes to developing a lower self-efficacy. Think about how
demotivated you get when you receive negative feedback.
4. Emotions and other physiological factors
People who experience anxiety and stress end-up having low self-
efficacy or sometimes, it is the other way around, people experience anxiety
and stress as a result of their low self-efficacy. Just as positive emotions can
increase feelings of self-efficacy, negative emotions (such as anxiety or fear)
can decrease these feelings.
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High Self-Efficacy
Have the staying power to endure the obstacles and setbacks that
characterize difficult undertakings.
Low Self-Efficacy
Tend to see difficult tasks as threats they should avoid.
Carol Dweck’s Mindset Theory
Another learning theory that explains a person's

acquiring of intelligence and realizing his/her goals is the
Mindset Theory by Carol S. Dweck. She is a psychologist
from Stanford University that tries to explain the way to
understand the effects of learning and education to a
person.
Dweck proposed that people hold for nature and the

cause of intelligence have several implications, specifically
the way the person motivates himself to learn and practice.
Mindset
According to Carol Dweck, our Mindset is the collection of thoughts and

beliefs that shape our thoughts or habits. She states that our thoughts or habits
affect how we think, what we feel, and what we do. Our Mindset affects how we
make sense of the world, and how we make sense of ourselves.
So, take a minute. Think about your intelligence, your talents, or your
personality. Do you think these qualities are simply fixed traits, carved in stone and
that’s that? Or do you think they are things that you can cultivate throughout your
life? It also helps to understand attitude and beliefs, and these are related to mindset
(Dweck, 2006).
Attitude
● Your Attitude is how you feel about something.

● Your Mindset shapes your Attitude, and your attitude reinforces your Mindset.
Beliefs
● The basic building blocks of beliefs are ideas.

● Your beliefs shape your attitude.
● Your attitude also shapes your beliefs.
● Your beliefs and attitude shape your mindset.
● Mindset is a way of thinking.
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So, for example you’re struggling with something like a problem. But then,
you’re not easy to give up because you have a mindset of being positive. This is
because you believe that there's always a reason why it is happening or that there is
always a bigger blessing coming your way. So, your attitude towards any problem is
that you will just keep on going no matter what. This is how these three concepts are
connected.
Below is an excerpt about these two types of mindsets as discussed by Dr.

Melissa Oden:
Two brothers walk out to their backyard the day after a big storm.
They stare in shock at their fort, which has been broken apart by
heavy winds. It's now just a pile of boards. One brother begins to
complain, ''This is horrible! It took us a day to build that fort.'' The
other brother, however, starts grabbing boards and stacking them
into a pile. He tells his brother, ''This is great! Now we can build a
big fire and toast marshmallows.''
Do you see the difference between the reactions of the boys about their
situation? One brother sees the situation as a failure and the other sees it as an
opportunity. Their opposing reactions represent the difference between a fixed
mindset and a growth mindset.
In her book, Mindset: The New Psychology of Success (2007), Dweck believed
that we develop these mindsets at a very early age and the development of either of
the two greatly influences our behavior, our relationships, and even our very
happiness in this lifetime.
According to Dweck, it is important to understand the concepts of the

fixed mindset and the growth mindset because the former can be potentially
damaging. Let us see why.
Fixed Mindset
Before termed as entity mindset, is an innate or in-born personality of a

person. It is basically “who you are”, how God made you. People with a fixed
mindset believe their abilities are fixed and cannot be developed.
In the social science discipline of psychology (Yolles & Fink, 2014) a fixed mindset
refers to the belief that change cannot and does not occur in the brain. Hence, the
level of a person's intelligence cannot change. In other words, a person either has a
high or low level of intelligence.
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Growth Mindset
Also called the Incremental mindset, where people believe that training and
an effort to learn can change one’s qualities and traits. The concept of growth
mindset denotes that intelligence can, in fact, change — not only by learning new
things, but also by the many experiences that a person has gone through. A growth
mindset thrives on challenges and sees failure as an opportunity to see the situation
in a new perspective (Dweck, 2007; Yolles & Fink, 2014).
The Difference between the Two Mindsets
In a fixed mindset, people don’t believe they can develop and improve their
intelligence and talents. They also believe that talent alone leads to success, and
effort is not required. Students with a fixed mindset are scared to try. They do not
seek help because they believe that everything measures their intelligence. A fixed
mindset is the ultimate demotivator.
Alternatively, in a growth mindset, people have an underlying belief that their

learning and intelligence can grow with time, effort and experience. When people
believe they can become smarter, they realize that if they put in the effort it has an
effect on their success, so they put in extra time, leading to higher achievement.
Growth mindset is founded on the belief that good academic performance comes
from persistent effort made in learning.
Thinking Phrases under the Two Mindsets
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If you face challenges with a fixed mindset then you will:
Fixed Mindset Resulting in:
Goal WANT TO LOOK SMART at all Putting quick answers down with
costs no justification
Effort Perceive putting EFFORT IN IS AVOIDING EFFORT

BAD because if you have to try -distract yourself
then you aren’t a “natural” -distract others
-not even try
Setbacks HIDE MISTAKES AND AVOID AVOID ANYTHING YOU THINK

or CHALLENGES because they IS TOO DIFFICULT
Challenges might make you not look as -fractions
smart as people think you are -art
-division -etc
But, if you face challenges with a Growth mindset then you will:
Growth Mindset Resulting in:
Goal Emphasize LEARNING at all Doing whatever it takes to reach

costs the goal or outcome
Effort UNDERSTAND THAT EFFORT Putting in as much effort as it

AND HARD WORK ARE THE takes to master the goal or
KEYS to getting smarter outcome because you know that
is all it takes…hard work and
effort
Setbacks REALIZE THAT MISTAKES Looking for more challenges!

or ARE Because
Challenges GOOD and to be learned from. challenging your brain is how you
Things we are not great at are get
confronted and seen as a SMARTER!
challenge which we do not run
away from.
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So what can you do about it?
● You must figure out which mindset you are truly in. Not the one you want to
be in, but the one you are in.
● Then all you must do is react like a growth mindset people react to challenges
and learning. That’s it!
● Difficult things are a chance to learn and grow! Not things to run away from!
● You can learn anything with enough effort and hard work! That’s all you need!
● If you haven’t learned it yet…then you need some more effort and your brain
will grow!
Change your Words, Change your Mindset!
Instead of… Say this…
This is good enough Is this really my best work?
I made a mistake Mistakes help me improve
I’m awesome at this I’m on the right track
This is too hard This may take some time and effort
I can’t do French I’m going to train my brain in French
I give up I’ll use some of the strategies I’ve learnt
I can’t make this any better I can always improve – I’ll keep trying
I’m not good at this What am I missing?
I’ll never be as good as her I’ll figure out what she does and try it
“In one world, effort is a bad thing. It, like failure,

means you’re not smart or talented. If you were,
you wouldn’t need effort. In the other world, effort
is what makes you smart or talented”
– Carol Dweck (2006).
Which worldview are you aspiring to?
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Goal Setting Theory by Locke
Have you ever felt so accomplished after a really challenging task? Why does
it feel so good to accomplish such a goal?
Edwin A. Locke, an American Psychologist who pioneered the goal-setting

theory, provides an answer to these questions: goals that are well-defined and
challenging to attain are more likely to be met because they hold intrinsic and
extrinsic value to the individual.
Most people would probably agree that goal setting is one of the main
ingredients for a person to succeed. Locke's Goal-Setting Theory uses clear and
challenging goals to increase motivation and improve one’s performance. When
challenging goals are set and proper tools are provided to accomplish those goals,
coupled by positive feedback, the individual feels satisfied. This feeling of
satisfaction makes the person want to strive to accomplish an even more challenging
goal. It is important to note, however, that challenging goals can be accomplished
when clear goals are set and timely feedback is provided.
Goal Setting Theory
States that there is a relationship between how difficult and specific a goal
was and the people’s performance task. He found that specific and difficult goals led
to better task performance than vague or easy goals.
Motivating words such as “Try Hard” or “Do your best” are less effective than
phrases such as “Try to get more than 80% correct” or “Try beating your best score”.
Having a goal that is too easy is not more motivating force than hard and specific
goals.
Locke & Latham published a book in 1990 entitled, "A Theory of Goal Setting
& Task Performance, which emphasized the need to set specific and difficult goals,
while drawing five other characteristics for successful goal setting.
Locke and Latham's Five Principles that can improve our chances of success
include:
A. Clarity
● Clear, measurable and unambiguous (specific) goals.
● You have an idea of what you are trying to achieve when your goals are clear.
You can also measure results accurately, and you know which behaviors to
reward. This is why SMART is such a useful mnemonic. However, when a
goal is vague – or when you express it as a general instruction like "take
initiative" – it is not easy to measure, and it is not motivating. You may not
even know that you have achieved it!
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B. Challenge
● Set a level of challenge to beat yourself with.
● People are often motivated by challenging goals, however it is important not
to set a goal that is so challenging that it cannot be achieved.
C. Commitment
● The harder the goal, the more commitment is required.
● To be effective, your team must understand and agree to the goals – team
members are more likely to "buy into" a goal if they have been involved in
setting it. This does not mean that you have to negotiate every goal with your
team members and secure their approval. They are likely to commit to it as
long as they believe that the goal is achievable, it is consistent with the
company's ambitions, and the person assigning it is credible.
D. Feedback
● Listen to feedback from people to provide opportunities to clarify expectations,
adjust goal difficulty and gain recognition.
● In addition to selecting the right goals, you should also listen to feedback, so
that you can gauge how well you and your team are progressing. Feedback
gives you the opportunity to clarify people's expectations and adjust the
difficulty of their goals. Keep in mind that feedback does not have to come
from other people. You can check how well you are doing by simply
measuring your own progress.
E. Task Complexity
● The more complicated and demanding the role would give a high level of
motivation to a person.
● Take special care to ensure that work does not become too overwhelming
when goals or assignments are highly complex. People who work in
complicated and demanding roles can often push themselves too hard, if they
do not take account of the complexity of the task.
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Province of Laguna
TOPIC 9:
To Be A Healthy Well-
Being
GROUP 9
REBONG, JOHN MICKO A.
REPONTE, NEO JAMES DC.
SAN JOAQUIN, EULLA V.
• To further understand the meaning of well – being

• To know the types of well - being
• To know the importance of self – care
• To help achieve a better life and healthy living
I. Definition of Well – Being
Well-being is defined as the combination of feeling good and functioning well;

the experience of positive emotions such as happiness and contentment as well as
the development of one's potential, having some control over one's life, having a
sense of purpose, and experiencing positive relationships. It is a sustainable
condition that allows the individual or population to develop and thrive. The term
subjective well-being is synonymous with positive mental health. The world health
organization defines positive mental health as “a state of well-being in which the
individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life,
can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her
community”. This conceptualization of well-being goes beyond the absence of
mental ill health, encompassing the perception that life is going well.
Difference between health, wellness and well-being
• Health is defined as the state of complete physical, mental and social well-
being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
• Wellness is the act of practicing healthy habits on a daily basis to attain better
physical and mental health outcomes, so that instead of just surviving, you're
thriving.
Health refers to a state where the physical body is free from disease, while wellness
refers to an overall balance of a person's physical, social, spiritual, emotional,
intellectual, environmental and occupational well-being. Wellness is achieved when
someone strives for balance in their life by constantly making choices to further their
health and fulfillment. Wellness has a direct influence on overall health.
II. Types of Well – Being
• Environmental well - being
Is the branch of public health concerned with all aspects of the natural and
built environment affecting human health. Environmental health focuses on the
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natural and built environments for the benefit of human health. The major
subdisciplines of environmental health are: environmental science; environmental
and occupational medicine, toxicology and environmental epidemiology. The major
subdisciplines of environmental health are: environmental science; environmental
and occupational medicine, toxicology and environmental epidemiology.
Environmental wellness refers to leading a lifestyle that values the relationship
between ourselves, our community and the environment.
Impacts of Environmental health in our life and Health
We don’t always see it, but our environment is shaping our health every
moment of every day. Where we live, what we eat, and how we interact with the
world around us can tip the scales (sometimes literally) between healthy or not.
That’s where environmental health professionals, policies, and programs all come
into play. While we tend to think about health in terms of personal choices—like
whether we exercise or get vaccinated—a lot of external things can influence how
healthy we are, including whether we get sick or injured. Environmental stressors
and advantages help shape the kinds of choices you make, or in some cases, make
the choices for you.
• Occupational well - being
Occupational wellbeing means safe, healthy, and productive work is performed

with the ability to achieve a healthy work-life balance, manage workplace stress and
build relationships with co-workers. Occupational health and safety with the goal of
occupational safety and health programs is concerned to foster a safe and healthy
work environment. The main focus of occupational health includes promotion and
maintenance of working capacity and employee health; improvement of working
environment; development of work cultures and organizations to support health and
safety; promotion of positive social climate and smooth operation; enhanced
productivity of the organization. Occupational health and safety (OHS) standards
mandate reduction, removal or replacement of job site hazards.
• Intellectual well – being
Intellectual health or mental health encompasses emotional, psychological,

and social well-being. It influences cognition, perception, and behavior. It also
determines how an individual handles stress, interpersonal relationships, and
decision-making. It is vitally important in creating sustainable health and
happiness. It is what pushes us forward, empowers us to learn from adversity, and
think critically as we navigate life. As we activate and strengthen Intellectual Health,
we are able to create, innovate, and grow in unimaginable ways. People who are
intellectually healthy are resourceful and exhibit the capacity to apply academic
lessons to real-life situations, maintain an open mind, and see issues from many
different viewpoints.
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• Spiritual well – being
Spirit is what cannot be defined as part of the body or as part of the mind.
Body, mind, and spirit all have an effect on one and other. By improving your spiritual
life, you can contribute to the healing process. Spirituality may not be able to cure
you, but it can help to cope with the pain and difficulties that accompany illness.
The following checklist has been designed to help determine whether your spiritual
health is in need of attention.
1.You find yourself more in agreement with negative points of view
2.You are easily irritated or agitated; small things annoy you.
3.Beliefs that once seemed impeccable seem to have let you down.
4.You feel drained or tired most of the time.
5.Hobbies and interests seem less enjoyable.
6.You relive past events trying to determine when things went wrong
7.Migraines and other ailments occur more frequently
8.When you should be relaxing, you feel uncomfortable and nervous.
9.There always seems to be a void in your life which must be filled.
• Physical well – being
Physical health is achieved by maintaining fitness and health through exercise

and proper nourishment. Having good physical health improves an individual’s
overall health and reduces the chance of becoming sick. It also helps in faster
recovery when an individual has been unwell. Out of physical, emotional, social,
intellectual, spiritual and environmental health, physical health is the most visible.
Components of physical health
● Physical activity: Most healthy children and adults should be active on a daily
basis. This should be a mix of both leisurely physical activity and structured
exercise.
● Nutrition and diet: A well-balanced diet should contain carbohydrates,
proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals.
● Alcohol and drugs: Substances that alter mood or other bodily processes
should be limited or avoided.
● Medical self-care: Basic items, such as bandages, lozenges, and over-the-
counter pain-relieving medications, should be easily accessible from home.
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● Rest and sleep: While regular activity is essential for physical health, allowing
the body to rest is just as important.
Impact of Physical Health on Total Health
● When you don’t sleep well or get enough hours of sleep, your ability to
function at work deteriorates, thus influencing your occupational well-being.
● How I feel about my physical body greatly impacts my self-esteem and self-
confidence, which can lead to low mental health.
● our personal level of financial well-being impacts how much access you have
to fitness equipment and to the quality of food you can buy.
Here are some physically healthy habits that we all need in our lives:
● Eat a balanced diet + drink lots of water

● Sleep 8+ hours every night
● Live an active lifestyle and exercise daily
● Practice proper hygiene and disease prevention
• Emotional well – being
Emotional health is one aspect of mental health. It is your ability to cope with
both positive and negative emotions, which includes your awareness of them.
Emotionally healthy people have good coping mechanisms for negative emotions,
and they also know when to reach out to a professional for help. Emotional wellness
is tied to physical health.
Emotional health is one aspect of mental health. It is your ability to cope with
both positive and negative emotions, which includes your awareness of them.
Emotionally healthy people have good coping mechanisms for negative emotions,
and they also know when to reach out to a professional for help. Emotional wellness
is tied to physical health.
• Social well – being
Social health involves your ability to form satisfying interpersonal relationships

with others. It also relates to your ability to adapt comfortably to different social
situations and act appropriately in a variety of settings. Spouses, co-workers and
acquaintances can all have healthy relationships with one another. Each of these
relationships should include strong communication skills, empathy for others and a
sense of accountability.
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Developing Relationship
To effectively develop relationships and maintain good social health, individuals

must be willing to:
● Give of themselves. This could include sacrificing time, effort, energy or

money.
● Have adequate levels of self-esteem. Being mentally and emotionally secure
with oneself can help an individual maintain healthy relationships.
● Establish a sense of identity. Sacrificing personal characteristics often results
in less satisfying relationships, while acting like your true self will strengthen
social bonds.
Characteristics of a healthy relationship include:
● Trust - those involved have faith in each other and will do what is best for the
relationship.
● Compassion - the physical and emotional well-being of others in the
relationship is considered important.
● Respect - sacrifices made for the relationship such as time, effort and money
are acknowledged and valued.
● Acceptance - changing individual characteristics and personality traits is not
an expectation.
● Reciprocity - the give and take within the relationship is relatively equal.
III. Importance of Self – Care
Self-care develops a healthy relationship with yourself to the benefit of the 3

major areas of the health triangle which are the physical, mental, and emotional
health. When you are unable to care for yourself, it is kind of impossible to care for
others. By making the time to let yourself recharge, you will improve the outlook of
yourself and others as well as develop significantly lower unhealthy amounts of
stress. Especially in today's present situation where we are still in a quarantine
because of the pandemic, practicing self-care can help alleviate the psychological
distress and anxiety caused by the pandemic and prevent psychological outcomes.
Self-care can help you manage stress, lower your risk of illness, and increase your
energy. Even small acts of self-care in your daily life can have a big impact; small
progress is still progress, take one step at a time because we do not really need to
rush things because we all know that in the right time, we’ll eventually get there. Self-
care is valuing your self-worth is the recognition that you are a valuable human being
who is worthy of love.
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Self-care helps prevent burnout, reduces the negative psychological &
physical effects of stress, & helps you to refocus on what is true and important. Self-
care basically means taking care of ourselves and it can help us improve our lives
and the way we live. We should know that we are the only ones who are responsible
for ourselves. You have to think about the things that might benefit your mind, body
and your spirit.
IV. Self - Care Tips
Tips for a healthy well-being
❖ Tip number 1:
● ALWAYS THINK POSITIVE
It can have a big impact on your physical and mental health because it is an
attitude that can be a great help for everyone. Having a positive attitude towards
dealing with the things around us doesn’t mean that we are ignoring our reality, it
simply means that we are expecting that in any given situation all things will go well.
You think good thoughts about yourself and about other people, and envision a
better future. The best way to lessen or remove the negative feeling or mindset that
we have is to focus on the good stuff, especially for those things that we currently
have, we have to be thankful for. It is undoubtedly hard to stay positive especially in
today’s current situation that we still have this pandemic thing but we should always
remain positive, not with covid of course but to remain the positive thoughts because
better days are yet to come.
❖ TIP NUMBER 2:
● MAINTAINING YOUR PHYSICAL HEALTH
Maintaining physical health helps us prevent and manage noncommunicable

diseases such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes and several cancers. It includes
eating healthy foods, getting enough sleep, exercising regularly and etc.; eating
healthy foods or having a healthy diet can make our lives longer and it can also give
you the energy you need to keep active throughout the day; correspondingly,
sleeping early improves your focus and keeps you stay healthy. It is proven that you
are more likely to be successful if you sleep early and wake up early because waking
up early can give us a great time to be organized, have strategic thinking and it can
give us the time to plan what we need to do throughout the whole day. Additionally,
exercising is a great way to maintain physical health because it helps us reduce the
risks of having diseases. Being a hygienic individual also counts on maintaining our
physical health.
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❖ TIP NUMBER 3:
● MAKING A GRATITUDE JOURNAL
Writing is another way to express how you feel inside, if you do not want to
share it with others, it is also okay to just write down your feelings; you can write all
your struggles, your fears and rants in life without judgment and punishments. It is
proven that it can help you gain control of your emotions and improve your mental
health. Making a gratitude journal which includes all the things that you are thankful
for, helps you to improve your well – being because it increases your gratitude. But if
journaling is not your thing, it is okay, you are free to do whatever strategies that
eases your mind and thinking.
❖ TIP NUMBER 4:
● CONNECTING WITH OTHERS
Connecting with others in short, socializing,is an act of making or establishing

a connection to someone for a healthy social health. Creating meaningful
relationships enhances the personal growth of an individual. Because we are
connecting to others, it may give us the feelings that we belong. Having a healthy
social support makes an individual happier, have better mental health and have a
stronger sense of belonging in the community. According to some research, not
having social relationships can shorten our lives as much as smoking a hundred
cigarettes per week.
❖ TIP NUMBER 5
● DEVELOPING STRONG COPING SKILLS
Do something you love, as long as you are not harming other people, do
something you love and make yourself happy. Developing strong coping skills
means that you are capable of finding the things that really help you to be free from
stress and other negative thoughts or feelings in your life. It is only yourself that will
help you to know the strongest coping skills that will be helpful for yourself.
❖ TIP NUMBER 6
● ASKING FOR HELP
It is okay to seek help from others especially if you ask for help from a
professional, it may be a therapist or a psychiatrist and also you can seek help from
your trustworthy friend/s because you know that you can trust them and they are
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also willing to listen and give you some advice if you need and ask for it. Lastly, it is
okay to find some help from a complete stranger that you meet online incidentally,
yes! Been there, done that because you know that they cannot judge you and also in
the point of view of that stranger, they can feel at ease knowing that they helped
someone, but of course you need to ask first if they wanted to listen to your story. It
is okay to tell someone what you are worried about and not just keep it to yourself
because no human is an island, and if we keep our problems to ourselves, it can
affect our mental health negatively. Bottling our emotions can cause a sudden
outburst that we may not want to do but we did because of all the pent-up emotions.
Remind yourself that it is okay to show your vulnerable side sometimes because we
are Humans, we are free to feel what we want to feel, our feelings are valid.
❖ TIP NUMBER 7
● TAKING DEEP BREATHS
Whatever situation that we have, if we feel so uneasy or terrified or any kind

of feeling that bothers us, we should always take deep breaths first. Deep
breathing can reduce your stress and can also mitigate symptoms of various
chronic diseases. Moreover, deep, diaphragmatic breathing activates our
parasympathetic nervous system. The calming messages our mind receives-
signal our body to lower our heart rate and blood pressure and, in turn, calm our
mind. Another tip that is purely based on my experience, some of you might know
this and some of you may not so i am going to share this anyway; if you have a
Netflix account, try typing headspace unwinding your mind or just type mind and
choose the video just like the screenshot that you see under the deep breathing
word. It is a great interactive video that helps you to know what to do if you are
feeling stressed, it will give you some options on how long you want to take deep
breaths. On the other hand, if you don’t have Netflix, you can make a to-do list
and include 10 to 15 minutes deep breathing in your daily routine.
❖ TIP NUMBER 8
● CONNECTING WITH NATURE
Nature is the greatest place to heal and recharge. A simple walk with nature
can boost your mental well-being; it may improve your mood, human health, self-
esteem and general emotional well-being. Nature can also generate positive
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emotions such as calmness, creativity, joy and can improve our concentration.
Being in nature, or even viewing scenes of nature, reduces anger, fear, and
stress. A pleasing environment reverses the effect of an unpleasant environment.
You can also grow some flowers or plants and vegetables but if planting is not
your thing, you can just sit back, feel the wind and enjoy the relaxing view of
nature.
V. Nutrition and Lifestyle
Good nutrition and lifestyle is essential for keeping a person healthy across
the lifespan. A healthy diet helps children grow and develop properly and reduces
their risk of chronic diseases, including obesity.
The Nutrition and Lifestyle unit conducts research and advocates for a
healthier food environment in order to reduce the number of deaths and diseases
caused by diets heavy in salt, saturated fat, sugar, or excess energy.
EFFECTS OF HEALTHY LIFESTYLE

1. Prevents disease
Healthy habits can reduce the risk of various diseases, including those that may
run in your family.
2. Saves money
The healthier you are, though, the less likely you are to need to see a doctor.
3. Lengthens lifespan
Living a longer life is linked to basic healthy behaviors.
4. It can be good for the environment
Ultra-processed food production adds to greenhouse gas emissions, water
scarcity, biodiversity loss, plastic waste, and deforestation.
SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE
Sedentary lifestyle is a medical term used to denote a type of lifestyle with no
or irregular physical activity.
A sedentary lifestyle and lack of physical activity can contribute to or be a risk

factor for:
✗ Anxiety
✗ Cardiovascular disease
✗ Migraines
✗ Breast cancer
✗ Computer vision syndrome only for computers and tablets
✗ Depression
✗ Diabetes
✗ Gout
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✗ High blood pressure
✗ Lipid disorders
✗ Skin problems such as hair loss
✗ Mortality in adults
✗ Obesity
✗ Osteoporosis
✗ Scoliosis
✗ Weight gain
✗ Colon cancer
VI. Effects of Unhealthy Lifestyle
Researchers have become more interested in lifestyle as a significant

determinant in health in recent decades. According to the World Health Organization,
60 percent of factors affecting individual health and quality of life are linked to one's
lifestyle. Hundreds of millions of individuals live unhealthy lifestyles. As a result,
individuals face illness, incapacity, and even death. An unhealthy lifestyle can lead to
issues such as metabolic disorders, joint and bone problems, cardio-vascular
diseases, hypertension, obesity, violence, and so on.
VII. Life Expectancy
Researchers have become more interested in lifestyle as a significant

determinant in health in recent decades. According to the World Health Organization,
60 percent of factors affecting individual health and quality of life are linked to one's
lifestyle. Hundreds of millions of individuals live unhealthy lifestyles. As a result,
individuals face illness, incapacity, and even death. An unhealthy lifestyle can lead to
issues such as metabolic disorders, joint and bone problems, cardio-vascular
diseases, hypertension, obesity, violence, and so on.
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Province of Laguna
TOPIC 10:
Stress and Stress
Management
GROUP 10
Temio, Eden F.
Tan, Paula Mariz C.
Siatriz,Mark Deniel M.
Ventura, Bernie S.
Learning Objectives:
1. To define what is stress
2. To know the types of stress
3. To identify the causes of stress
4. Understand the effects of stress to us
5. Understand what is stress management and,
6. To know the ways to manage stress
I. STRESS
According to Hans Selye, stress is the nonspecific response of the body to

any demand.
➔ Stress has a different meaning for different people under different conditions.
The first and most generic definition of stress was that proposed by Hans
Selye: "Stress is the nonspecific response of the body to any demand." Other
definitions have evolved to cater for different situations-for example, cognitive
➔ Homeostasis could not by itself ensure stability of body systems under stress.
He coined the term heterostasis (Greek heteros) as the process by which a
new steady state was achieved by treatment with agents that stimulate the
physiological adaptive mechanisms. And its type for yhe
➔ “Stress” has been dubbed the “Health Epidemic of the 21st Century” by the
World Health Organization and is estimated to cost American businesses up
to $300 billion a year. The effect of stress on our emotional and physical
health can be devastating. In a recent USA study, over 50% of individuals felt
that stress negatively impacted work productivity. Between 1983 and 2009,
Stress levels increased by 10–30% among all demographic groups in the
USA.
Stress is defined as an organism's total response to environmental demands

or pressures. When stress was first studied in the 1950s, the term was used to
denote both the causes and the experienced effects of these pressures. More
recently, however, the word stressor has been used for the stimulus that provokes a
stress response. One recurrent disagreement among researchers concerns the
definition of stress in humans. Is it primarily an external response that can be
measured by changes in glandular secretions, skin reactions, and other physical
functions, or is it an internal interpretation of, or reaction to, a stressor; or is it both?
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Stress in humans’ results from interactions between persons and their
environment that are perceived as straining or exceeding their adaptive capacities
and threatening their wellbeing. The element of perception indicates that human
stress responses reflect differences in personality, as well as differences in physical
strength or general health. Risk factors for stress related illnesses are a mix of
personal, interpersonal, and social variables.
Hormones - a regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in

tissue fluids such as blood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action.
Stress hormones - Stress hormones modulate many aspects of body functioning

(plants and animals) in a genomic fashion. To understand the mechanisms that
underlie stress hormone-mediated effects, profiling stress-responsive gene patterns
may be useful to generate new hypotheses.
Good Factor of Stress Bad Factor of Stress
Sometimes, this stress response can Too much stress can cause negative
be useful: it can help us push through effects. It can leave us in a permanent
fear or pain so we can run a marathon stage of fight or flight, leaving us
or deliver a speech, for example, our overwhelmed or unable to cope long
stress hormones will usually go back to term, this can affect our physical and
normal quickly once the stressful event mental health.
is over and there won’t be any lasting
effects.
II. TYPES OF STRESS
1. Acute stress - Acute stress is the body’s response to a short-term demand or

change. This type of stress can last anywhere from minutes, hours, days, and
even weeks. The duration depends on how long you’re exposed to an intense
situation. Acute stress occurs when we need to fight off danger such as having a
near-fatal experience or completing a marathon.
Example - Acute stress is any type of psychological, emotional, and/or

cognitive strain on an individual that is taking place in the immediate moment
and cannot be easily ignored or coped with. Acute stress is typically disruptive
of someone's everyday functioning
2. Episodic Acute Stress - Episodic acute stress is the body’s response to a

single, isolated stressful event. These types of events include traffic accidents
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and other kinds of emergencies. They may also involve some kind of physical
danger. Episodic or time-limited stress can be short or long-term. This depends
on how you deal with it emotionally.
Example - They are often short-tempered, irritable, and

anxious. People who are “worry warts” or pessimistic or who tend to
see the negative side of everything also tend to have episodic acute
stress
3. Chronic Stress - Chronic stress is when your body experiences low-grade

demands and threats on daily basis. This may include things, such as traffic
jams/delays, having an argument with someone close to you. Working multiple
jobs while trying to get by in life can also cause chronic stress. It’s often caused
by the pressure you put on yourself to meet all of your own expectations.
Examples of chronic stressors include: Disease and disorders, like chronic pain.
Abuse of any kind, including mental and emotional. The loss of a job, loved one
as a result of death, or a spouse due to divorce.
4. Post-Traumatic Stress - post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental health

condition. It is one of the most dangerous types of stress. It can develop after the
experience or witnessing of traumatic events. Traumatic events are war, violent
personal assaults like rape and mugging, or natural disasters. When your brain
processes what has happened to you, it goes through three stages: The first
stage occurs right after the traumatic event, usually within two days of it
occurring. It’s called hyperarousal. The second stage occurs when you
experience repeated memories and nightmares about what happened to you or if
people in your environment trigger reminders of the trauma. Finally, the third
stage is when you isolate yourself from others and avoid things that trigger your
memories.
Example - Trouble remembering key features of the traumatic event
I. Negative thoughts about oneself or the world

II. Distorted thoughts about the event that cause feelings of blame
III. Ongoing negative emotions, such as fear, anger, guilt, or shame
IV. Loss of interest in previous activities
V. Feelings of social isolation
VI. Difficulty feeling positive emotions, such as happiness or satisfaction
VII. Cognition and mood symptoms can begin or worsen after the traumatic event
and can
VIII. Lead a person to feel detached from friends or family members
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III. What Causes Stress?
Stress is the physical and mental response of the body to demands made
upon it. It is the result of our reaction to outside events, not necessarily the events
themselves.
Not all stress is bad. We each function best and feel best at our own optimal
level of physiological arousal. We need some stress to get everyday things done.
Too little can lead to boredom and “rust out” – but too much can lead to “burn out”.
Adaptive stress helps us rise to life’s challenges. Adrenaline, nor-adrenaline

and glucose flow into our blood. We get a buzz of energy and feel alert, focused and
creative. Negative stress occurs when our ability to cope with life’s demands
crumbles. If we don’t break down the stress chemicals (e.g. through physical
activity), they stay in the blood, preventing us from relaxing. Eventually, this results in
a permanent state of stress. That initial buzz turns to worry, irritability or panic.
Challenges become threats; we doubt out ability to do even simple things and
problems appear insurmountable.
Different things cause stress in different people. Some of the things students
commonly cite as causes of stress include:
● Examinations
● Deadlines
● Returning to study
● Pressure of combining paid work and study
● Difficulty in organizing work
● Poor time management
● Leaving assignments to the last minute
● Out of control debts
● Poor housing
● Overcrowding
● Noise
● Adjusting to life in a new environment or even country
● Difficulties with personal relationships (e.g. splitting up)
● Balancing the demands of a family with studying
● Parents or problems at home
A. How Too Much Stress Affects Us
Our bodies go through a number of changes when we are faced with a

stressor. From prehistoric times, physical changes in our body had to occur in order
to prepare us to handle the stress. For example, we needed to be able to run fast to
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get away from something that could hurt us or we needed the energy to obtain food.
This is called the fight or flight response.
It is a positive thing for our body to get ready for acute stress. It prepares our
body to perform at a higher level. However, long-term chronic stress or episodic
acute stress can cause a variety of problems.
Physically
The heart pumps faster, making the heart pound and blood pressure rise.
Some people experience palpitations. Muscle tensions increases, leading to
headaches, dizziness, jaw ache and even insomnia. The mouth goes dry. Digestion
slows causing “butterflies” in the stomach. Breathing is faster and less efficient which
can lead to over-breathing (hyperventilation) and breathlessness. Changes in the
flow of blood to the skin can cause sweating, blushing or clammy hands and feet.
Emotionally
People respond to stress in many different ways. Common emotional effects

are irritability, impatience, anger, frustration, fear, anxiety, self-doubt, panic, and
despondency, feelings of inadequacy, insecurity, hopelessness, unhappiness,
emotional withdrawal and depression
Mentally
A certain amount of stress can be mentally stimulating but too much can
affect our thinking ability. Thoughts may become jumbled and confused. Thinking
becomes focused on worrying. We may become preoccupied with problems. It
becomes much harder to make decisions or find solutions to problems. Thinking
negatively and fearing the worst increases worry and stress.
IV. Symptoms of Stress
Our bodies go through a number of changes when we are faced with a

stressor. From prehistoric times, physical changes in our body had to occur in order
to prepare us to handle the stress. For example, we needed to be able to run fast to
get away from something that could hurt us or we needed the energy to obtain food.
This is called the fight or flight response.
It is a positive thing for our body to get ready for acute stress. It prepares our
body to perform at a higher level. However, long-term chronic stress or episodic
acute stress can cause a variety of problems.
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Physical Emotional Behaviours
· sweating · anger · food cravings and

eating too much or too
· pain in the back or · burnout little
chest
· concentration issues · sudden angry
· cramps or muscle outbursts
spasms · fatigue
· a feeling of insecurity · drug and alcohol

· fainting misuse
· headaches · forgetfulness
· higher tobacco
· nervous twitches · irritability consumption
· pins and needles · nail biting · social withdrawal

sensations · restlessness · frequent crying
· sadness · relationship problems
Diagnosis
A doctor will typically diagnose stress by asking an individual about their

symptoms and life events.
Diagnosing stress can be challenging because it depends on many factors.

Doctors have used questionnaires, biochemical measures, and physiological
techniques to identify stress. However, these may not be objective or effective.
The most direct way to diagnose stress and its effects on a person is through
a comprehensive, stress-oriented, face-to-face interview
Medicines
Doctors will not usually prescribe medications for coping with stress, unless
they are treating an underlying illness, such as depression or an anxiety disorder.
In such cases, they may prescribe an antidepressant. However, there is a risk

that the medication will only mask the stress, rather than help the person deal with it.
Antidepressants can also have adverse effects, and they may worsen some
complications of stress, such as low libido Trusted Source.
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Developing coping strategies before stress becomes chronic or severe can
help an individual manage new situations and maintain their physical and mental
health.
V. Effects of Stress
Stress is your body’s way of responding to any kind of demand or threat.

When you sense danger—whether it’s real or imagined—the body’s defenses kick
into high gear in a rapid, automatic process known as the “fight-or-flight” reaction or
the “stress response”.
The stress response is the body’s way of protecting you. When working
properly, it helps you stay focused, energetic, and alert. In emergency situations,
stress can save your life—giving you extra strength to defend yourself, for example,
or spurring you to slam on the brakes to avoid a car accident.
Stress can also help you rise to meet challenges. It’s what keeps you on your
toes during a presentation at work, sharpens your concentration when you’re
attempting the game-winning free throw, or drives you to study for an exam when
you’d rather be watching TV. But beyond a certain point, stress stops being helpful
and starts causing major damage to your health, mood, productivity, relationships,
and your quality of life.
Stress affects your physical body, mental health, and behavior in different
kinds of causes.
A. Effects of Stress in our Physical Body
Headache
A headache is pain or discomfort in the head, scalp, or neck. Headaches are

more likely to occur when we are stressed because stress is a common trigger of
tension-type headaches, a generally mild to moderate pain that is often described as
feeling like a tight band around the head. It is because our bodies react to stressful
events with a 'fight or flight' response.
This involves the release of certain chemicals that can cause physical
changes – such as in the blood vessels. Serious causes of headaches are rare. Most
people with headaches can feel much better by making lifestyle changes, learning
ways to relax, and sometimes by taking medicines.
Muscle Tension
Muscle tension is when your muscles stay partially contracted for a period of
time, at first causing them to feel stiff and achy, and eventually leading to chronic
pain. Muscle tension can be caused by stress, physical activity, or repetitive motion
128
in daily life. If you’ve ever felt any of these common symptoms, you most likely have
dealt with some kind of muscle tension in your body.
This effect is almost a reflex reaction to stress—the body's way of guarding

against injury and pain. With sudden onset stress, the muscles tense up all at once,
and then release their tension when the stress passes.
Sleep Problems
Stress often impacts on sleep quality and duration. Stress and a lack of sleep
can both have a severe impact on physical and mental health. One effect of stress is
that it can cause sleep deprivation. Frequently being in a heightened state of
alertness can delay the onset of sleep and cause rapid, anxious thoughts to occur at
night. Insufficient sleep can then cause further stress.
You may experience breathing pauses or gasps in your sleep, snoring,

waking up tired, even after a full night of sleep, headache upon awakening, feeling
sleepy or exhausted during the day.
Fatigue
Fatigue is more than just tiredness. Fatigue can make it hard to get out of bed
in the morning and prevent a person from fulfilling their daily tasks. Fatigue is a
feeling of constant tiredness or weakness and can be physical, mental or a
combination of both. It can affect anyone, and most adults will experience fatigue at
some point in their life, as per adult experience more stress.
B. Effects of Stress in our Mental Health
Anxiety
Anxiety is a normal and often healthy emotion. However, when a person

regularly feels disproportionate levels of anxiety, it might become a medical disorder.
The nervous feeling before an important life event or during a difficult situation is a
natural echo of the original ‘fight-or-flight’ reaction. It can still be essential to survival
– anxiety about being hit by a car when crossing the street, for example, means that
a person will instinctively look both ways to avoid danger.
When you're anxious, your body is under a lot of stress. Stress shrinks the
hippocampus, (hippocampus is the one responsible for learning and memorizing) the
part of the brain that processes long-term and contextual memory.
Depression
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Depression is a mood disorder that involves a persistent feeling of sadness
and loss of interest. It is different from the mood fluctuations that people regularly
experience as a part of life.
Emotional stress can play a role in causing depression or be a symptom of it.

A stressful situation can trigger feelings of depression, and these feelings can make
it more difficult to deal with stress. In addition, Psychological stress is a major cause
of depression because of its physical effects on the body and brain.
Panic Attacks
A panic attack is an intense wave of fear characterized by its unexpectedness

and debilitating, immobilizing intensity. Your heart pounds, you can’t breathe, and
you may feel like you’re dying or going crazy. Panic attacks often strike out of the
blue, without any warning, and sometimes with no clear trigger. They may even
occur when you’re relaxed or asleep.
Severe stress, such as the death of a loved one, divorce, or job loss can also
trigger panic attacks. Panic attacks can also be caused by medical conditions and
other physical cause.
C. Effects of Stress in our Behavior
Overreacting
On your side of the fence, you do have some choices on how to respond to
his (over)reactions: “I'm sorry I come across that way”; “I don't mean to be insensitive
or abrasive.” If you're close enough, even talk about it: “I don't mean to upset you. I
suspect we just have very different communication styles.
It is cause by trouble accepting the current situation or circumstances, and

being stress because, for example, the plan didn’t go as planned, and since you are
already stressed, your emotions tend to explode.
Alcohol and Drug Misuse
Alcohol misuse is a pattern of drinking that results in harm to one's health,

interpersonal relationships or ability to work. Alcohol dependence, also known as
alcohol addiction and alcoholism, is a chronic disease and is associated with
experiencing withdrawal symptoms, loss of control, or alcohol tolerance. While drug
misuse is defined as the use of a substance for a purpose not consistent with legal
or medical guidelines (WHO, 2006). It has a negative impact on health or functioning
and may take the form of drug dependence, or be part of a wider spectrum of
problematic or harmful behaviour (DH, 2006b).
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The use of drugs or Sedative and tranquilizing drugs increase levels of
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain. GABA slows down the stress
response and depresses the fight-or-flight reaction, reducing stress and anxiety, and
making these substances a potential target of abuse. It is like a way of coping from
too much stress and problems from work or studies.
Gambling
Gambling, the betting or staking of something of value, with consciousness of

risk and hope of gain, on the outcome of a game, a contest, or an uncertain event
whose result may be determined by chance or accident or have an unexpected
result by reason of the bettor's miscalculation.
Gambling activates the brain's reward system in a similar way that a drug
does. Gambling can become an addiction, just like drugs or alcohol, if you use it
compulsively or feel out of control. Gambling is also a way to cope from reality of
stress.
Social Withdrawal
Social withdrawal and social isolation can make it difficult to do the things you
normally would enjoy or to get through the day. Some effects of this isolation can
include loneliness, relationship problems, alcohol or drug problems, and trouble
sleeping, and severe stress.
Stress often affects our social lives. When undergoing high-level or persistent
stress, individuals frequently retract from social interactions and become irritable and
hostile. Withdrawal involves bottling up your emotions. It involves cutting out the
people who could help us, because we're so used to rejection that we've learned to
anticipate it.
VI. Stress Management
Stress management is defined as the tools, strategies, or techniques that

reduce stress and reduce the negative impacts stress has on your mental or physical
well-being. A variety of techniques can be used to manage stress. These include
mental, emotional, and behavioural strategies.
A. The Importance of Managing Stress
If you’re living with high levels of stress, you’re putting your entire well-being
at risk. Stress wreaks havoc on your emotional equilibrium, as well as your physical
health. It narrows your ability to think clearly, function effectively, and enjoy life. It
may seem like there’s nothing you can do about stress. The bills won’t stop coming,
there will never be more hours in the day, and your work and family responsibilities
will always be demanding. But you have a lot more control than you might think.
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Effective stress management helps you break the hold stress has on your life,
so you can be happier, healthier, and more productive. The ultimate goal is a
balanced life, with time for work, relationships, relaxation, and fun—and the
resilience to hold up under pressure and meet challenges head on. But stress
management is not one-size-fits-all. That’s why it’s important to experiment and find
out what works best for you.
B. Tips to Manage and Reduce Stress
Tip 1: Identify the sources of stress in your life
Stress management starts with identifying the sources of stress in your life.
This isn’t as straightforward as it sounds. While it’s easy to identify major stressors
such as changing jobs, moving, or going through a divorce, pinpointing the sources
of chronic stress can be more complicated. It’s all too easy to overlook how your own
thoughts, feelings, and behaviours contribute to your everyday stress levels.
Sure, you may know that you’re constantly worried about work deadlines, but
maybe it’s your procrastination, rather than the actual job demands, that is causing
the stress.
To identify your true sources of stress, look closely at your habits, attitude,
and excuses:
❖ Do you explain away stress as temporary (“I just have a million things going
on right now”) even though you can’t remember the last time you took a
breather?
❖ Do you define stress as an integral part of your work or home life (“Things are
always crazy around here”) or as a part of your personality (“I have a lot of
nervous energy, that’s all”)?
❖ Do you blame your stress on other people or outside events, or view it as
entirely normal and unexceptional?
Until you accept responsibility for the role you play in creating or maintaining
it, your stress level will remain outside your control.
Start a stress journal
A stress journal can help you identify the regular stressors in your life and the
way you deal with them. Each time you feel stressed, keep track of it in your journal
or use a stress tracker on your phone. Keeping a daily log will enable you to see
patterns and common themes. Write down:
● What caused your stress (make a guess if you’re unsure)?

● How you felt, both physically and emotionally.
● How you acted in response.
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● What you did to make yourself feel better.
Tip 2: Practice the 4 A’s of stress management
While stress is an automatic response from your nervous system, some

stressors arise at predictable times: your commute to work, a meeting with your
boss, or family gatherings, for example. When handling such predictable stressors,
you can either change the situation or change your reaction. When deciding which
option to choose in any given scenario, it’s helpful to think of the four A’s: avoid,
alter, adapt, or accept.
Avoid unnecessary stress
It’s not healthy to avoid a stressful situation that needs to be addressed, but you
may be surprised by the number of stressors in your life that you can eliminate.
❖ Learn how to say “no.” Know your limits and stick to them. Whether in your
personal or professional life, taking on more than you can handle is a sure-
fire recipe for stress. Distinguish between the “shoulds” and the “musts” and,
when possible, say “no” to taking on too much.
❖ Avoid people who stress you out. If someone consistently causes stress in
your life, limit the amount of time you spend with that person, or end the
relationship.
❖ Take control of your environment. If the evening news makes you anxious,
turn off the TV. If traffic makes you tense, take a longer but less-traveled
route. If going to the market is an unpleasant chore, do your grocery shopping
online.
❖ Pare down your to-do list. Analyze your schedule, responsibilities, and daily
tasks. If you’ve got too much on your plate, drop tasks that aren’t truly
necessary to the bottom of the list or eliminate them entirely.
Alter the situation
If you can’t avoid a stressful situation, try to alter it. Often, this involves changing the
way you communicate and operate in your daily life.
❖ Express your feelings instead of bottling them up. If something or someone is
bothering you, be more assertive and communicate your concerns in an open
and respectful way. If you’ve got an exam to study for and your chatty
roommate just got home, say up front that you only have five minutes to talk.
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If you don’t voice your feelings, resentment will build and the stress will
increase.
❖ Be willing to compromise. When you ask someone to change their behavior,
be willing to do the same. If you both are willing to bend at least a little, you’ll
have a good chance of finding a happy middle ground.
❖ Create a balanced schedule. All work and no play is a recipe for burnout. Try
to find a balance between work and family life, social activities and solitary
pursuits, daily responsibilities and downtime.
Adapt to the stressor
If you can’t change the stressor, change yourself. You can adapt to stressful
situations and regain your sense of control by changing your expectations and
attitude.
❖ Reframe problems. Try to view stressful situations from a more positive
perspective. Rather than fuming about a traffic jam, look at it as an
opportunity to pause and regroup, listen to your favorite radio station, or enjoy
some alone time.
❖ Look at the big picture. Take perspective of the stressful situation. Ask
yourself how important it will be in the long run. Will it matter in a month? A
year? Is it really worth getting upset over? If the answer is no, focus your time
and energy elsewhere.
❖ Adjust your standards. Perfectionism is a major source of avoidable stress.
Stop setting yourself up for failure by demanding perfection. Set reasonable
standards for yourself and others, and learn to be okay with “good enough.”
❖ Practice gratitude. When stress is getting you down, take a moment to reflect
on all the things you appreciate in your life, including your own positive
qualities and gifts. This simple strategy can help you keep things in
perspective.
Accept the things you can’t change
Some sources of stress are unavoidable. You can’t prevent or change stressors
such as the death of a loved one, a serious illness, or a national recession. In such
cases, the best way to cope with stress is to accept things as they are. Acceptance
may be difficult, but in the long run, it’s easier than railing against a situation you
can’t change.
❖ Don’t try to control the uncontrollable. Many things in life are beyond our
control, particularly the behavior of other people. Rather than stressing out
over them, focus on the things you can control such as the way you choose to
react to problems.
❖ Look for the upside. When facing major challenges, try to look at them as
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opportunities for personal growth. If your own poor choices contributed to a
stressful situation, reflect on them and learn from your mistakes.
❖ Learn to forgive. Accept the fact that we live in an imperfect world and that
people make mistakes. Let go of anger and resentments. Free yourself from
negative energy by forgiving and moving on.
❖ Share your feelings. Expressing what you’re going through can be very
cathartic, even if there’s nothing you can do to alter the stressful situation.
Talk to a trusted friend or make an appointment with a therapist.
Tip 3: Get moving
When you’re stressed, the last thing you probably feel like doing is getting up
and exercising. But physical activity is a huge stress reliever—and you don’t have to
be an athlete or spend hours in a gym to experience the benefits. Exercise releases
endorphins that make you feel good, and it can also serve as a valuable distraction
from your daily worries.
While you’ll get the most benefit from regularly exercising for 30 minutes or
more, it’s okay to build up your fitness level gradually. Even very small activities can
add up over the course of a day. The first step is to get yourself up and moving. Here
are some easy ways to incorporate exercise into your daily schedule:
● Put on some music and dance around.

● Take your dog for a walk.
● Walk or cycle to the grocery store.
● Use the stairs at home or work rather than an elevator.
● Park your car in the farthest spot in the lot and walk the rest of the way.
● Pair up with an exercise partner and encourage each other as you work out.
● Play ping-pong or an activity-based video game with your kids.
● The stress-busting magic of mindful rhythmic exercise
While just about any form of physical activity can help burn away tension and
stress, rhythmic activities are especially effective. Good choices include walking,
running, swimming, dancing, cycling, tai chi, and aerobics. But whatever you choose,
make sure it’s something you enjoy so you’re more likely to stick with it.
While you’re exercising, make a conscious effort to pay attention to your body
and the physical (and sometimes emotional) sensations you experience as you’re
moving. Focus on coordinating your breathing with your movements, for example, or
notice how the air or sunlight feels on your skin. Adding this mindfulness element will
help you break out of the cycle of negative thoughts that often accompanies
overwhelming stress.
135
Tip 4: Connect to others
There is nothing more calming than spending quality time with another human
being who makes you feel safe and understood. In fact, face-to-face interaction
triggers a cascade of hormones that counteracts the body’s defensive “fight-or-flight”
response. It’s nature’s natural stress reliever (as an added bonus, it also helps stave
off depression and anxiety). So make it a point to connect regularly—and in person
—with family and friends.
Keep in mind that the people you talk to don’t have to be able to fix your
stress. They simply need to be good listeners. And try not to let worries about
looking weak or being a burden keep you from opening up. The people who care
about you will be flattered by your trust. It will only strengthen your bond.
Of course, it’s not always realistic to have a pal close by to lean on when you
feel overwhelmed by stress, but by building and maintaining a network of close
friends you can improve your resiliency to life’s stressors.
Tips for building relationships
● Reach out to a colleague at work.

● Help someone else by volunteering.
● Have lunch or coffee with a friend.
● Ask a loved one to check in with you regularly.
● Accompany someone to the movies or a concert.
● Call or email an old friend.
● Go for a walk with a workout buddy.
● Schedule a weekly dinner date.
● Meet new people by taking a class or joining a club.
● Confide in a clergy member, teacher, or sports coach.
Tip 5: Make time for fun and relaxation
Beyond a take-charge approach and a positive attitude, you can reduce stress
in your life by carving out “me” time. Don’t get so caught up in the hustle and bustle
of life that you forget to take care of your own needs. Nurturing yourself is a
necessity, not a luxury. If you regularly make time for fun and relaxation, you’ll be in
a better place to handle life’s stressors.
❖ Set aside leisure time. Include rest and relaxation in your daily schedule.
Don’t allow other obligations to encroach. This is your time to take a break
from all responsibilities and recharge your batteries.
❖ Do something you enjoy every day. Make time for leisure activities that bring
you joy, whether it be stargazing, playing the piano, or working on your bike.
136
❖ Keep your sense of humor. This includes the ability to laugh at yourself. The
act of laughing helps your body fight stress in a number of ways.
❖ Take up a relaxation practice. Relaxation techniques such as yoga,
meditation, and deep breathing activate the body’s relaxation response, a
state of restfulness that is the opposite of the fight or flight or mobilization
stress response. As you learn and practice these techniques, your stress
levels will decrease and your mind and body will become calm and centered.
Tip 6: Manage your time better
Poor time management can cause a lot of stress. When you’re stretched too
thin and running behind, it’s hard to stay calm and focused. Plus, you’ll be tempted to
avoid or cut back on all the healthy things you should be doing to keep stress in
check, like socializing and getting enough sleep. The good news: there are things
you can do to achieve a healthier work-life balance.
❖ Don’t over-commit yourself. Avoid scheduling things back-to-back or trying

to fit too much into one day. All too often, we underestimate how long things
will take.
❖ Prioritize tasks. Make a list of tasks you have to do, and tackle them in order
of importance. Do the high-priority items first. If you have something
particularly unpleasant or stressful to do, get it over with early. The rest of
your day will be more pleasant as a result.
❖ Break projects into small steps. If a large project seems overwhelming,
make a step-by-step plan. Focus on one manageable step at a time, rather
than taking on everything at once.
❖ Delegate responsibility. You don’t have to do it all yourself, whether at
home, school, or on the job. If other people can take care of the task, why not
let them? Let go of the desire to control or oversee every little step. You’ll be
letting go of unnecessary stress in the process.
Tip 7: Maintain balance with a healthy lifestyle
In addition to regular exercise, there are other healthy lifestyle choices that
can increase your resistance to stress.
❖ Eat a healthy diet. Well-nourished bodies are better prepared to cope with
stress, so be mindful of what you eat. Start your day right with breakfast, and
keep your energy up and your mind clear with balanced, nutritious meals
throughout the day.
❖ Reduce caffeine and sugar. The temporary “highs” caffeine and sugar
provide often end with a crash in mood and energy. By reducing the amount
of coffee, soft drinks, chocolate, and sugar snacks in your diet, you’ll feel
more relaxed and you’ll sleep better.
137
❖ Avoid alcohol, cigarettes, and drugs. Self-medicating with alcohol or drugs
may provide an easy escape from stress, but the relief is only temporary.
Don’t avoid or mask the issue at hand; deal with problems head on and with a
clear mind.
❖ Get enough sleep. Adequate sleep fuels your mind, as well as your body.
Feeling tired will increase your stress because it may cause you to think
irrationally.
Tip 8: Learn to relieve stress in the moment
When you’re frazzled by your morning commute, stuck in a stressful meeting

at work, or fried from another argument with your spouse, you need a way to
manage your stress levels right now. That’s where quick stress relief comes in.
The fastest way to reduce stress is by taking a deep breath and using your
senses—what you see, hear, taste, and touch—or through a soothing movement. By
viewing a favorite photo, smelling a specific scent, listening to a favorite piece of
music, tasting a piece of gum, or hugging a pet, for example, you can quickly relax
and focus yourself.
Of course, not everyone responds to each sensory experience in the same

way. The key to quick stress relief is to experiment and discover the unique sensory
experiences that work best for you.
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Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University

Understanding the Self

Laguna State Polytechnic University

Sta. Cruz Main Campus

Sta. Cruz Laguna

Of the Requirements for Tertiary Education

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

TOPIC 1: THE PHILOSOPHICAL VIEW OF THE SELF

TOPIC 2: ANTHROPOLOGICAL, SOCIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW

I. ANTHROPOLOGICAL VIEW OF SELF 16

II. SOCIOLOGICAL VIEW OF SELF 19

III. PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW OF SELF 22

A. William James’s Self Theory 22

C. Carl Rogers’s Self Theory 23

F. Donald W. Winnicott’s True Self and False Self 25

I. THE PHYSICAL SELF 26

II. HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL 28

A. What does Heredity Influence 28

III. SEXUAL SELF 30

TOPIC 4: THE MATERIAL ECONOMICAL SELF AND THE SPIRITUAL SELF

I. THE MATERIAL AND ECONOMICAL SELF 38

II. THE SPIRITUAL SELF 42

TOPIC 6: THE SOCIAL SELF

I. WHAT IS THE “SELF?”

II. HOW DO WE KNOW THE SELF IS SOCIAL?

III. WHY DO WE PRESENT DIFFERENT SELVES

V. WHAT IS SELF-ESTEEM AND HOW CAN WE MEASURE IT?

TOPIC 7: THE DIGITAL SELF

VI. IMPACT OF ONLINE INTERACTIONS ON THE SELF

VII. POSITIVE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA AND ONLINE

IX. BOUNDARIES OF THE ONLINE SELF

X. FACTORS THAT ALLOW INDIVIDUALS TO CREATE

XII. 5 WAYS OF HOW PEOPLE PRESENT THEMSELVES

I. LEARNING TO BE A BETTER STUDENT

TOPIC 9: TO BE A HEALTHY WELL-BEING

I. DEFINITION OF WELL - BEING

TOPIC 10: STRESS AND STRESS MANAGEMENT

A. Effects of Stress in our Physical Body 131

C. Effects of Stress in our Behavior 133

VI. STRESS MANAGEMENT 134

A. The Importance of Managing Stress 134

B. Tips to Manage and Reduce Stress 135

Laguna State Polytechnic University

Alvarez, Maria Ashley Nicole

Añonuevo, John Carlos

Arca, Edmark James

II. Philosophers and their Views About the Self

A. Socrates: Life is Not Worth Living

● Socrates’ work was never published.

B. Plato: The Self is an Immortal Soul

Ancient Greek philosopher Plato was a student of Socrates and a teacher of

Plato (c. 428 BCE–c. 348 BCE)

● He wrote tons of books about his teacher Socrates.

Who is Saint Augustine?

● Augustine of Hipponesis was an early Christian Theologian and philosopher

Christian philosopher St Augustine’s extraordinary and far-reaching influence

In his work, “Confessions”, Augustine describes that mankind is created in the

D. St. Thomas Aquinas

Who is Saint Thomas of Aquinas

● Man is composed of matter and form.

From this perspective, Aquinas views persons as material substances whose