EPHYSICS LECTURE

Schedule – 9:00-12:00nn THU

2nd Semester 2021-2022

NAME: LASTIMADA, SHERWIN LEO V. INSTRUCTOR: Juanita Z. Sayson

Course & Year – Section: BSCE 1-D Date of Presentation: April 21, 2022

Presentation of Group_2__: Experiment No. ___

My Learnings

STATIC EQUILIBRIUM AND ELASTICITY

STATIC EQUILIBRIUM

Static Equilibrium is a state where bodies are at rest. "Static" simply means "not moving," while
"equilibrium" simply means "perfect balance." Any system in which the total of the forces and torque on
each particle is zero is said to be in static equilibrium. In simple terms, it is the state of equilibrium of a
system with all of its components at rest.

The image below illustrates how static equilibrium works.

 We can observe that a book is laying on a table. The book is not actually moving; it is in a state
of balance. The net force on the book is non-existent since it is in equilibrium. What forces are working
to push or pull the book? The book's weight is the result of the Earth tugging downward on the book.

1st Condition (Translational Equilibrium)

Σ𝑭𝒙 = 0 Σ𝑭𝒚 = 0
Σ𝑭𝒍𝒆𝒇𝒕 = Σ𝑭𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 Σ𝑭𝒖𝒑 = Σ𝑭𝒅𝒐𝒘𝒏

When the total of all external forces acting on an item equals zero, we call it translational
equilibrium. Because a force is defined as the product of mass multiplied to acceleration, an item is
in translational equilibrium when it experiences zero overall acceleration. This might indicate that
the item is stationary or traveling at a steady speed.

2nd Condition (Rotational Equilibrium)

ΣT = 0
Rotational equilibrium is defined as an item that is neither spinning nor rotating at a constant
pace in one direction. The net torque operating on the item must be zero to be in rotational equilibrium.

RIGID BODY EQUILIBRIUM

This is a non-deformable body with no contemporaneous forces—the total of all forces and
moments operating on the body must equal zero. In contrast to particle problems, where we just looked
at the forces, the addition of moments offers another set of alternative equilibrium equations, enabling
us to solve for additional unknowns.

For a rigid body to be in equilibrium, the net force as well as the net moment about any
arbitrary point O must be equal to zero

 F⃗ = 0
 M⃗ = 0
RIGID BODY IN 2D

∑Fx=0
∑Fy=0
We should add
∑M =0

This means that a rigid body in a two dimensional problem has three possible equilibrium
equations; that is, the sum of force components in the x and y directions, and the moments about the z
axis. The sum of each of these will be equal to zero.

STATIC EQUILIBRIUM IN 3D

We have already,

∑Fx=0 ∑Mx=0
∑Fy=0 ∑My=0
So we should add:
∑Fz=0 ∑Mz=0
If we look at a three dimensional problem we will increase the number of possible
equilibrium equations to six. There are three equilibrium equations for force, where the sum of
the components in the x, y, and z direction must be equal to zero. The body may also have
moments about each of the three axes. The second set of three equilibrium equations states
that the sum of the moment components about the x, y, and z axes must also be equal to zero.

RIGID BODY OF EQUILIBRIUM IN 2D

The procedure for determining unknown forces operating on an object in two dimensions as follows:

1. We create a free body schematic of the body that includes all known forces angles and distances
2. For the sum of forces in the x and y directions, write equilibrium equations.

3. Choose a location around which to collect moments, and collect moments from all forces around that
point.

4. We set the sum of the moments around that point to zero (for your moment equilibrium equation).

5. For unknown values, solve the equations.

This should result in three equilibrium equations and the ability to answer for up to three unknown
forces per body.

RIGID BODY EQUILIBRIUM IN 3D

The procedure for solving for unknown forces in three dimensions is as follows.

1. Sketch a free body diagram of the body with all known features forces, angles, and distances

2. For the sum of forces in the x and y directions, write equilibrium equations.

3. We choose a location around which to collect moments, and collect moments from all forces around
that point.

If it's easier, use r x F computations for moments.

4. All of the moment vectors' x components should be equal to zero. For your three moment equations,
repeat with the y and z components of the moment vectors.

5. For unknown values, solve the equation. If required, use computer tools.

We have up to six equilibrium equations and be able to solve for up to six unknowns this way.

CENTER OF GRAVITY
The centre of gravity is a hypothetical spot in the body where all of the body's weight is focused.
Knowing the center of gravity is crucial because it predicts how a moving body will behave when gravity
acts on it. The center of gravity of a symmetrically designed item made of homogeneous material may
coincide with the geometric center of the body. An asymmetrical item made up of several materials with
varied masses, on the other hand, is likely to have its center of gravity placed somewhere other than its
geometric center. The center of gravity of hollow or irregularly shaped things is located outside of the
physical substance.

The centroid is the object's center point. The centroid of a triangle is the place where the three
medians of the triangle connect. It's also known as the junction location of all three medians. The
median is a line that connects the midpoint of a side to the triangle's opposite vertex. In a 2:1 ratio, the
triangle's centroid separates the median from the median. It may be calculated by averaging the x- and
y-coordinate points of all the triangle's vertices.

FORMULA OF CENTER OF GRAVITY

In general, the center of mass of a system may be calculated by adding the weighted position
vectors that point to each object's center of mass. Finding the center of mass independently for
components along each axis is a rapid approach that allows us to avoid using vector arithmetic. I.e:

𝑚1 𝑔𝑥1+ 𝑚𝑠 𝑔𝑥2 +𝑚3 𝑔𝑥3

Xcg= (𝑚1 𝑔+𝑚2 𝑔+𝑚3 𝑔)

The center of gravity of an object is calculated by taking the sum of its moments divided by the overall
weight of the object. The moment is the product of the weight and its location as measured from a set
point called the origin.

ELASTIC PROPERTY OF SOLIDS

Under the influence of external forces, all solid things distort. Deformation is resisted by internal
forces. In comparison to amorphous materials, crystals have a higher resistance. External forces, on the
other hand, can alter the size and form of any solid. We'll name this transformation deformation.

The amount of stress is related to the external force that causes the deformation. The external
force operating on the item per unit area is known as stress. The effect of a stress is strain. It is a metric
for determining the degree of deformation. Stress is linearly proportional to strain for sufficiently
modest stresses; the constant of proportionality relies on the material being deformed and the type of
the deformation. The elastic modulus is the name for this constant:

Elastic modulus = stress / strain

We consider three types of deformation with a specific elastic modulus for each:

1. Young’s modulus measures the resistance of a solid to a change in its length.

2. Shear modulus measures the resistance to motion of the planes within a solid parallel to each other.
3. Bulk modulus measures the resistance of solids to changes in their volume.

FORMULA ACCORDING TO HOOKE’S LAW

We'd probably replace "extension" with the symbol (x), "force" with the symbol (F), and "is
directly proportional to" with an equals sign (=) and a proportionality constant (k), then add a
negative sign () to signify that the springy item was attempting to return to its initial condition.
To put it another way, we'd write the equation...

F - force
∆x- Extension
k- constant
F = k∆x

YOUNG'S MODULUS

Young's modulus is a measurement of a material's capacity to endure length changes

when under tension or compression. Young's modulus, often known as the modulus of
elasticity, is equal to the longitudinal stress divided by the strain. In the instance of a metal bar
under tension, stress and strain may be defined as follows.

Y= Tensile Stress/ Tensile Strain = (F/A) / (∆ℓ/ℓ0 )

𝑵
[𝐏𝐚 = ]
𝑴
Poisson's ratio

On a material stretched along one axis, Poisson's ratio is the ratio of transverse strain to equivalent axial
strain. This metric quantifies the material's deformation in a direction perpendicular to the applied
force. Poisson's ratio is essentially a measure of a rock's strength, which is another important rock
attribute connected to closure stress.

SHEAR MODULUS

The shear modulus is the earth’s material response to the shear deformation. It's the proportion
of shear stress to shear strain. This useful feature indicates how resistant a material is to shearing
deformation in advance. If a material is very resistant to shearing, the shear energy will be transmitted
fast. Despite the fact that the shear modulus is closely related to viscosity, it is unaffected by
temperature or composition. As a result, its determination does not provide much structural
information.

S= Shear stress/Shear Strain= (F/A)/(∆x/y)

The shear modulus is the elasticity coefficient for a shearing force. It's the proportion of shear stress to
displacement per unit length of sample (shear strain). The slope of a stress-strain curve formed during tensile
testing on a sample of the material can be calculated experimentally.

BULK MODULUS
Bulk modulus is a measurement of how much volume shrinks as pressure rises. During restoration, the bulk
modulus, and consequently the volumetric stress, changes in a similar way as the isochoric stiffness gain. The bulk
modulus evolution can be connected to the shear modulus evolution by using the assumption of constant
Poisson's ratio.

B= Volume stress/Volume Strain= (∆F/A)/(∆V/V0 )

 When equal forces are applied to all sides of a body, the bulk modulus arises from a reduction in
the bulk volume. If a water saturated core is placed in a container with stiff walls filled with a fluid, this
will happen. When the outer fluid pressure around the core is raised, pressure is uniformly applied to all
sections of the body, reducing the body's bulk volume. The reverse is the expansion of a porous body
that is saturated with a fluid; as the fluid pressure in the pores is increased, the body expands.