2020 10 01 PAM-RTM v2

PAM-RTM training
ESI Group
September 2020
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Copyright © ESI
Copyright
Group, ©
2015.
ESI Group,
All rights
2015.
reserved.
All rights reserved.
Exercice 1
Injection 1D – RTM – Solution analytique
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Copyright © ESI Group, 2015. All rights reserved.
1D – rectilinear flow
Darcy’s Law
• If the flow is rectilinear (so that the fluid velocities in both y and z directions are 0),
the Darcy’s Law is reduced to the following expression:
Pinj
𝑄𝑥 𝐾 𝑑𝑃
𝑢𝑥 = =− Resin Flow
𝐴 𝜇 𝑑𝑥 x dx
Mass Conservation
‣ 𝑢𝑥 : Fluid velocity in 𝑥 direction;
‣ A: cross sectional area of the cavity,
𝑑𝑢𝑥
=0 constant
𝑑𝑥 ‣ K: Reinforcement permeability, constant
‣ 𝜇: Fluid viscosity, constant
‣ P: Pressure
𝑑 𝐾 𝑑𝑃 A linear pressure distribution

=0 between the injection gate and the
𝑑𝑥 𝜇 𝑑𝑥 flow front.
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1D – rectilinear flow
Constant pressure
• Pressure Distribution: ‣ 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑗: Resin pressure at

𝑥 injection gate;
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑗 (1 − )
𝑥𝑓𝑓 ‣ 𝑥𝑓𝑓 : Position of flow front
• Macroscopic fluid velocity: ‣ 𝜑: Reinforcement Porosity
𝑢𝑥 𝐾𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑗 ‣ 𝑡𝑓𝑓 : time required for the
𝑣𝑥 = = resin to reach a particular
𝜑 𝜑𝜇𝑥𝑓𝑓 point within the mould
Reciprocal Integration
𝜑𝜇 2
𝑡𝑓𝑓 = 𝑥𝑓𝑓
2𝐾𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑗
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1D - Rectilinear Flow
Constant flow rate
• Filling time from the total reinforcement pore volume:

𝜑𝐴𝑥𝑓𝑓
𝑡𝑓𝑓 =
𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑗
• Pressure at injection gate:

𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑗 𝜇𝑥𝑓𝑓
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑗 =
𝐴𝐾
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1D - Rectilinear Flow
• Assess the final filling time for the following conditions:

‣ Constant ΔP = 10 bar + resin viscosity = 0,5 Pa.s + preform permeability = 10-10 m² +
preform fiber content = 60% - (RTM process with thermoset resin)
‣ Constant ΔP = 1 bar + resin viscosity = 0,5 Pa.s + preform permeability = 10-10 m² + preform
fiber content = 60% - (INFUSION process with thermoset resin and without flow media)
‣ Constant ΔP = 10 bar + resin viscosity = 0,5 Pa.s + preform permeability = 10-13 m² +

preform fiber content = 60% - (RTM process with thermoset resin and compact UD)
‣ Constant ΔP = 10 bar + resin viscosity = 0,5 Pa.s + preform permeability = 10-8 m² + preform
fiber content = 60% - (flow media in infusion process)
‣ Constant ΔP = 10 bar + resin viscosity = 500 Pa.s + preform permeability = 10-10 m² +

preform fiber content = 60% - (RTM process with thermoplastic resin)
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Exercice 2
Injection – RTM – Simulation EF
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Exercice 2
Case_01a: linear injection of a rectangular plate with vent
Objective >> be aware of the basic workflow for RTM process simulation
Model setup >> Simulation type Filling
>> Material property • Resin: Resin_New_1

definitions Viscosity = 0.1 Pa·s
• Reinforcement: Preform
permeability K1,K2,K3 = 1E-10 m2
>> Material assignment • Part:

related Material=Preform
Porosity=0.5
Thickness=0.005 m
>> Boundary condition • Region “pressure”

definitions pressure = 1E5 Pa
state = 1 (open=1, close=0)
• Region “vent”
pressure = 0
Data >> original
>> reference Case_01a.vdb
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Open File
• Launch Visual-Environment
• Select the Composites and Trade in the

Application Manager
• Set the Default application to RTM
• Open File Exercice2_1D_EF.vdb
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Exercice2_1D_EF Overview
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Exercice2_1D_EF step by step
• Check Simulation type =
Filling in Simulation
parameters inside RTM folder
Exercice2_1D_EF Set parameters
• Click on Database/Material
• Right click “All/Resin” to edit Resin_New_1
• Define General Property for resin as the image
• Click Save and then Close
Note: Resin density needs to

be defined in any case for filling
simulation or filling doesn't run
properly, although density is
taken into account in thermal
process and the cases with
gravity activated .
• Right click Reinforcement to edit Preform
• Define General Property for Preform:

permeability
• Click Save
• Click Close
• Select Injected Resin in
Simulation parameters inside
RTM folder
• Select (or check if already attributed) the reinforcement in Layer Design Manager
‣ Database = User or Model
‣ Name = Preform (or the name you give in material Database to the preform)
‣ Right click on Reinforcement case and select it
1 2
Case_01a Set parameters
• Select “Process Condition/Pressure_1”
from the tree on the left
• Modify the Pressure value
• Apply and close
note: Temperature of resin has a default value (300 K), but this value is
not used in this simulation because at the beginning of this case the
simulation type has been set as an isothermal injection simulation.
Case_01a Set parameters
• Select “Process Condition/Vent_1” from
the tree on the left
• Verify the Pressure value and State
• Apply and close
• Check the region where pressure and vent are located
Click on
Pressure_1
Click on
Vent_1
Exercice2_1D_EF Run simulation
• Select “File/Save” to save the model
with a name (e.g. Case_01a), then a
.vdb file is generated
• Run the computation with

“RTM/Start Simulation”
• Define the Number of Processors as

1
• Define Solver path to: C:\Program

Files\ESI Group\PAM-
COMPOSITES\2016.0\PAM-
RTM\DMP
Note: The solver path need to be updated according

to the actual PAM-RTM installation path.
Select Save VDB to save the .vdb file automatically
when file is submitted to the solver. If the toggle is ON,
the .vdb file is saved, and if it OFF, it is not saved.
Click Log… and the log file will be opened
• Click Run
Exercice2_1D_EF Load Results
• Select “RTM/Load Result”, the
GUI will switch to Visual-Viwer
• The result file
Exercice2_1D_EF_RESULT.erfh5
• is loaded
Case_01a Check results
• Display filling contour with

“Results/Contour”
• Select FILLING_TIME in NODE folder
• Select Smeared in Contour On/Off
section
• Check Min/Max ID to show the
nodes
Exercice2_1D_EF Check results
• Select FILLING_FACTOR in
NODE folder
• Go step by step by clicking
in Animation toolbar
• Create an animation by clicking
• Modify the speed of animation
by clicking in Animation
toolbar
• Move up and down the cursor
to modify the speed of
animation
• Stop the animation by clicking
Exercice2_1D_EF Check results
• Double click the contour to
open Spectrum Control
window
• Set the Levels of colors to 10
• Click Close
• Select All Nodes to show on
Exercice2_1D_EF Test
• Modify permeability and compare the filling time with the

previous result and the analytical ones
Exercice 3
Injection 1D – RTM – Simulation EF
Perméabilité moyenne
Equivalent permeability in flow parallel to layers
Equivalent permeability in flow parallel to layers
Equivalent permeability in infusion process with flow media and
reinforcement (1)
Pin = 1 bar A Pout = 0 bar
• Resin viscosity : 0,1 Pa/s
• Reinforcement thickness: 1 mm Reinforcement : K = 10-11
• Flow media thickness : 0,1 mm
1m
• Filling time for case A ?
B
• Equivalent permeability for case B ?
Flow media : K = 10-8
• Filling time for case B ?
Reinforcement : K = 10-11
Exercice 4
Injection 1D – RTM – Simulation EF
Effet d’un chemin préférentiel
Ou
Infusion – section 2D – effet du drainant (flow media) sur le

front d’injection
Exercice4_1D_avecDrainant
Exercice4_1D_avecDrainant: linear injection of a rectangular plate with vent and edge effect
Objective >> be aware of edge effect in RTM process and its corresponding setting in simulation
New in this case

• added Reinforcement and Part for Channel
(compared to Case_01a)
>> Material property definitions • Resin: Resin_New_1

Viscosity = 0.1 Pa·s
• Reinforcement: Preform
type = fabric
• Reinforcement: Channel
type = fabric

related Material=Preform
Porosity=0.5
Thickness=0.005 m
• Part:
related Material=Channel
Porosity=1 (i.e. empty channel)
Thickness=0.005 m
>> Boundary condition • Region “pressure”

definitions pressure = 1E5 Pa
• Region “vent”
pressure = 0
Data >> original Exercice4_1D_avecDrainant_start.vdb
>> reference Exercice4_1D_avecDrainant.vdb

29
ce4_1D_avecDrainant Open file
• Switch the Default application to

RTM
• Click OK
Exercice4_1D_avecDrainant Open file
• Select “File/Open”
• Switch the Files of type to VDB

files
• Select
Exercice4_1D_avecDrainant.vdb
to import the mesh
• Click Open
Exercice4_1D_avecDrainant step by step
• Switch to Top View with Views toolbar
Channel
Reinforcement
Exercice4_1D_avecDrainant Simulation parameters
• Check simulation parameters
Exercice4_1D_avecDrainant Orientations
• Check orientation with “RTM/Part Orientation”
• Click ORIENTATION_2D_1
• Check e1 box
• Check e1 orientation is aligned with ‘x’ direction
Exercice4_1D_avecDrainant Set permeabilities
• Click on Preform on the tree
• Modify the permeability
• Click on Channel
• Modify the permeability
• Click Save
• Click Close
Exercice4_1D_avecDrainant Process conditions
• Select “RTM/Process Condition”
• Edit Pressure
Pressure=1E+5 (Pa), State=1
• Edit Vent
Pressure=0 (Pa), State=1
Pressure BC Vent BC
Exercice4_1D_avecDrainant Results
• Run the computation with “RTM/Start

Simulation”
• Load the ERF File with “Load Result”
• Visualize the FILLING_FACTOR result
Notice how the resin flows more easily along

the top edge (Channel zone)
Exercice4_1D_avecDrainant Test
• Modify the channel permeability and note the effect in the filling time
• Assess the equivalent permeability (ratio flow media/reinforcement

thickness = 0,05)
• Assess the analytical filling time with the equivalent permeability
• Compare the results
Exercice 5
Injection centrale 2D – RTM – Simulation EF
Anisotropie de la perméabilité
Flow Modeling
Darcy’s Law in 3D
Fluid Mechanics in porous medium
Permeability Tensor
Exercice5_a_2D_injcentrale
Exercice5_a_2D_injcentrale: Orthotropic central injection of a square plate with vent
Objective >> be aware of orthotropic permeability in RTM process and corresponding setting in simulation
>> be aware of Vent boundary condition defined in Visual-RTM
New in this case • preform orthotropic permeability taken into account
(compared to Case_02a) • 4 vent boundary conditions added
❑ (in following slides): identifying related new operations in Visual-RTM
>> orthotropic • Preform fiber orientations definition in Visual-RTM

permeability effect
>> Material property • Resins: Resin1
definitions Viscosity = 0.425 Pa·s
• Reinforcement: Preform2
type = fabric
permeability K1 = 3E-9 m2

related Material=Preform2
Porosity=0.824
Thickness=0.005 m
>> Boundary condition • region “pressure”

definitions pressure = 5E+5 Pa
• region “Vent_1” to “Vent_4”
pressure = 0
Data >> original Case_02a_start.igs or Case_02a.vdb
>> reference Exercice5_a_2D_injcentrale.vdb

Exercice5_a_2D_injcentrale Open file
• Open Exercice5_a_2D_injcentrale.vdb
Exercice5_a_2D_injcentrale Set permeability
• Click Reinforcement edit the permeability of Preform2
• Click Save
• Click Close
Exercice5_a_2D_injcentrale Set process condition
• Select “RTM/Process
Condition”
• Check the four Vents and

their location
Vent_1 Vent_2
Vent_4 Vent_3
Exercice5_a_2D_injcentrale Simulation results
• Save this model as a new one (e.g.

Exercice5_a_2D_injcentrale.vdb)
• Run the calculation with “RTM/Start

Simulation”
• Load the ERF Files with “RTM/Load Result”
• Visualize the FILLING_FACTOR, FILLING_TIME

and PERMEABILITY results
note:
In this case, the preform permeability is not isotropic any
more which results in the flow front is not a circle as in
isotropic case but an ellipse
K1 being larger than K2, the resin flows more easily in
direction K1.
Note the resin arrival time on Vent_2 and Vent_4: 32 s. It
is needed for next case.
PERMEABILITY1
• Select PERMEABILITY1 in
SHELL section
• Check Vectors/Tensors
Note: Currently it is not possible to
visualize permeability orientation in
Visual-RTM, but it can be visualized
in ERF results file with Visual-Viewer.
PERMEABILITY2
• Modify the permeability in order to obtain a filling time:

‣ On vents 1 and 3 around 150 seconds
‣ On vents 2 and 4 around 30 seconds
Exercice 5b
Injection centrale 2D – RTM – Simulation EF
Importance du contrôle des évents pendant l’injection
Exercice5_b_2D_injcentrale_sensors
Exercice5_b_2D_injcentrale_sensors: Orthotropic central injection of a square plate with
varying vent state controlled by trigger manager
Objective >> learn how to use the Trigger Manager for automatic closing of vents
New in this case • Vent_2 and Vent_4 have varying state but realized by Trigger Manager
(compared to ❑ (in following slides): identifying related new operations in Visual-RTM
Exercice5_b_2D_injcentrale_sensors)
>> orthotropic permeability effect • Preform fiber orientations definition in Visual-RTM
>> Material property definitions • Resins: Resin1

Viscosity = 0.425 Pa·s
• Reinforcement: Preform2
type = fabric

related Material=Preform2
Porosity=0.824
Thickness=0.005 m
>> Boundary condition definitions • region “pressure”

pressure = 5E+5 Pa
• region “Vent_1” and “Vent_3”
pressure = 0
• region “Vent_2” and “Vent_4”
pressure = 0
state = 1→0 (open=1, close=0)
Data >> original Exercice5_b_2D_injcentrale_sensors.vdb
>> reference Exercice5_b_2D_injcentrale_sensors.vdb www.esi-group.com 55

Exercice5_b_2D_injcentrale_sensors Open file, check
triggers
• Open Exercice5_b_2D_injcentrale_sensors.vdb
• In the Explorer, open Trigger_1
• Check the values
• Do the same for Trigger_2
• Click Close
Exercice5_b_2D_injcentrale_sensors Results
• Save this model as a new one (e.g.
Exercice5_b_2D_injcentrale_sensors.vdb)
• Run the calculation with “RTM/Start

Simulation”
• Switch to Viewer with

“Applications/Viewer
• Load the ERF Files with “File/Open”

Exercice5_b_2D_injcentrale_sensors Exercice5_b_2D_injcentrale_sensors
• Visualize the FILLING_TIME and PRESSURE

results
Conclusion:
- Both solutions get the similar results
- For Exercice5_b_2D_injcentrale_sensors where
the vent variation is realized by defining vent state
with piecewise linear curve, more work is required
as the user has to run many simulations to
estimate the time of arrival of the resin on a given
point.
- For Exercice5_b_2D_injcentrale_sensors where
the trigger manager is used, a single run is Exercice5_b_2D_injcentrale_sensors Exercice5_b_2D_injcentrale_sensors
enough.
Exercice 6
Whole RTM process analyses of a fuselage part with complex
layup :
Pre-heating analysis
Heated injection analysis
Curing
Case_12 Overview
• Case_12 series:
Whole RTM process analyses of a fuselage part with complex layup
Description objective
Exercice6_ Mold preheating analysis • awareness of Preheating simulation in Visual-RTM

a_fuselage
_preheatin
g
Exercice6_ Non-isothermal injection analysis • awareness of Heated RTM simulation in Visual-RTM
b_fuselage
_heatedFilli
Notes:
ng
>> a typical solution is to simulate the RTM process stage by stage:
Exercice6_ Curing analysis
Exercice6_a_fuselage_preheating • awareness of Curing
→ Exercice6_b_fuselage_heatedFilling → simulation in Visual-RTM
c_fuselage
Exercice6_c_fuselage_curing
_curing
Copyright © ESI Group, 2015. All rights reserved. 59
Exercice6_a_fuselage_preheating
Exercice6_a_fuselage_preheating: Preheating analyses of a fuselage part
Objective >> to learn how to design the lay-up for laminates and define the specific heat and
conductivity by look-up table
Model setup >> Simulation type Preheating
>> Material property • Reinforcement:
definitions Preform8:
type = fabric
density = 1800 kg/m3
thermal conductivity K1= 6.83 W/ (m·K)
K2 =K3 = 1.5 W/ (m·K)
specific heat 1130.42 J / (kg·K)
Runner:
K1=K2=K3= 1.5 W/ (m·K)
specific heat = 1130.42 J / (kg·K)
>> Material assignment • Part “Stringer”, “Skin”:

related Material = Preform8
Porosity = 0.4
Thickness = 0.3125mm
• Part “Flow-media”:
related Material = Runner
Porosity = 0.8
Thickness = 1mm
>> Boundary condition • Region “Temperature”

definitions F(t)
• Region “Convection”:
Ref_Temp=298.15 (K); Convection Coeff=5 (W/m^2-K)
Data >> original Case_12_start.vdb
>> reference Exercice6_a_fuselage_preheating.vdb

Exercice6_a_fuselage_preheating step by step
• Set Default application to RTM
• Click OK
• Select File/Open to open a .vdb file

• Open Case_12_start.vdb file
• Select RTM/Simulation Parameters

• Set the simulation type to Preheating
• Set the Process Duration to 7200s
• Max time Step to 100s
• Click Apply
• Click Close
• Select RTM/Process Condition
• Switch the Type to Temperature
• Pick the Element face of the bottom

surface of Part_6
• Click Apply
• Click Close
• Set the Temperature type to F(t)
• Click to create a new function
• Input the data for the function
• Click Finish
• Click Apply
• Switch the Type to Convection
• Click to define region
• Select the element surface (refer to the

reference model)
• Click Apply
• Click Close
• Set the Reference Temperature to 298.15
• Set Convection Coefficient to 5
• Click Apply
• Click Close
• Save this model as a
new one (e.g.
Exercice6_a_fuselage_
preheating.vdb)
• Run the calculation

with “RTM/Start
Simulation”
• Load the ERF Files with

“RTM/Load Result”
• Visualize the
Temperature result
Exercice6_b_fuselage_heatedFilling
Exercice6_b_fuselage_heatedFilling: Non-isothermal injection analyses of a fuselage part
Objective >> to learn how to simulate heated filling in a complex part
Model setup >> Simulation type Heated Filling

>> Material property •Resin: Resin3
definitions density = 1265 kg/m3
viscosity = 0.1 Pa.s
thermal conductivity defined by LUT
specific heat defined by LUT
•Reinforcement:
Preform8:
type = fabric
Permeability: K1=6E-12 m2, K2=K3=6E-13 m2
Runner:
Permeability: K1=K2=K3=1E-9 m2

Porosity = 0.4
Porosity = 0.8
Thickness = 1mm
>> Boundary condition • Region “Temperature”, “convection”, “Pressure” and “Vent”

definitions
>> reference Exercice6_b_fuselage_heatedFilling.vdb
Exercice6_b_fuselage_heatedFilling step by step
• Open
Exercice6_a_fuselage_preheating.vd
b
• Change Simulation Type to Heated

Filling
• Switch Database for resin to User
• Click to create a new material
• Right click Resin to create New Material
• Name the resin as Resin3
• Input the General properties for Resin3
• Switch to Thermal section
• Set the type of Conductivity to F(T,

alpha)
• Set the Temperature count to 3
• Input the values in the table for different temperature
• Click OK
• Set the type of Specific Heat to F(T,
alpha)
• Set the Temperature count to 3
• Input the values in the table for

different temperature
• Click OK
• Switch to Chemical
section
• Define the Chemical

properties for Resin3
• Click Finish
• Click Save
• Click Close
• Set the Resin3 as

Injected Resin
• Click Apply
• Click Close
• Right click Parts in Explorer
• Select Extract/Mapping
• Check Mapping
• Click to open a *g.unf file
• Open
Exercice6_a_fuselage_preheatingg.un
f file
• Input 70 in Step (the last step)
• Click Mapping
• Check Display to show the

distribution of temperature
• Click Close
• Select RTM/Process
Condition
• Switch the Type to

Pressure
• Click to define
region
• Pick the Element face
• Click Apply
• Click Close
• Set the Temperature

to 353.15 K
• Click Apply
• Switch the definition type to Vent
• Select the element face to create Vent_1
• Click Apply
• Click Close to exit the define region
• Set the Vent Pressure to 2000 Pa
• Click Apply
• Select the element face from

the top surface of Stringer-1 to
create Vent_2
• Click Apply
• Click Close to exit the define

region
Vent_5
• Set the Vent Pressure to 2000
Pa
Vent_4
• Click Apply
• Similarly, the vent_3, vent_4
and vent_5 are create by the Vent_2
same way
Vent_3
• Right click on Trigger to create new triggers
• Set Triggers Type to On Outlet
• Select Vent_2 in selection list
• Click OK
• Click to confirm selection
• Set Injected volume value to 2e-5
• Click Apply
• Similarly, create trigger_2, trigger_3 and
trigger_4 with the same type, lost volume.
The corresponding process condition is:
Trigger2 -> Vent_3
Trigger3 -> Vent_4
Trigger4 -> Vent_5
• Right click on Vent_2 to Edit it
• Check Trigger in Selection section
• Pick Trigger_1 in Selection List
• Click OK
• Click to confirm selection

• Set the State to 0, it means process
condition will be closed at trigger
activation
• Click Close
• Click Apply and then Close Process

Condition box
• Similarly, activate trigger for the other vent process conditions and define the state.
Vent_3 Vent_4 Vent_5
new one (e.g.
Exercice6_b_fuselage_
heatedFilling.vdb)

with “RTM/Start
Simulation”

• Visualize the
Filling_Time, Cure
result
• To execute the volume cut
• Menu bar -> Sections -> Volume Cut
• Invoke Results -> Contour -> Filling
Time
• The bounding box will be launched
• The attached video shows the volume cut operation
Exercice6_c_fuselage_curing
Exercice6_c_fuselage_curing: Non-isothermal injection analyses of a fuselage part
Objective >> to learn how to simulate Curing in a complex part
Model setup >> Simulation type Curing
>> Material property definitions •Resin: Resin3
viscosity = 0.1 Pa.s
thermal conductivity defined by LUT
specific heat defined by LUT
•Reinforcement:
Preform8:
type = fabric
thermal conductivity K1= 6.83 W/ (m·K)
K2 =K3 = 1.5 W/ (m·K)
specific heat 1130.42 J / (kg·K)
Runner:
K1=K2=K3= 1.5 W/ (m·K)
specific heat = 1130.42 J / (kg·K)

Porosity = 0.4
Porosity = 0.8
Thickness = 1mm
>> Boundary condition definitions • Region “Temperature”, “convection”
>> reference Exercice6_c_fuselage_curing.vdb

Exercice6_c_fuselage_curing step by step
• Open
Exercice6_a_fuselage_preheating.vdb
• Set the simulation type to Curing
• Set the Process Duration to 18000
• Max time step to 100
• Keep other set-up default
• Click Apply
• Click Close
• Right click Parts in Explorer
• Select Extract/Mapping
• Check Mapping
• Click to open a *g.unf file
• Open
Exercice6_b_fuselage_heatedFillingg.
unf file
• Input 41 in Step (the last step)
• Click Mapping
• Check Display to show the mapping

results of the variables in drop-down list
• Click Close
• Right click Process

Conditions/Temperature_1 in
explorer tree to Edit it
• Input the new data in the table
• Click Finish
• Click Apply
• Click Close
• Right click Process Conditions
/Convection_1 in explorer tree to Edit it
• Set the Reference Temperature type to F(t)
• Click to create a new function
• Input the data for the function
• Click Finish
• Click Apply
• Click Close

new one (e.g.
Exercice6_c_fuselage_c
uring.vdb)

with “RTM/Start
Simulation”

• Visualize the Cure,

Temperature result
Exercice6_c_fuselage_curing Test
• Modify the temperature condition

• Compare the results
T H A N K YO U !
Copyright © ESI Group, 2014.
2015. All rights reserved.

2020 10 01 PAM-RTM v2

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2020 10 01 PAM-RTM v2

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PAM-RTM training

𝑑 𝐾 𝑑𝑃 A linear pressure distribution

• Pressure Distribution: ‣ 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑗: Resin pressure at

• Filling time from the total reinforcement pore volume:

• Pressure at injection gate:

• Assess the final filling time for the following conditions:

‣ Constant ΔP = 10 bar + resin viscosity = 0,5 Pa.s + preform permeability = 10-13 m² +

‣ Constant ΔP = 10 bar + resin viscosity = 500 Pa.s + preform permeability = 10-10 m² +

Model setup >> Simulation type Filling

>> Material property • Resin: Resin_New_1

>> Material assignment • Part:

>> Boundary condition • Region “pressure”

Data >> original

>> reference Case_01a.vdb

• Select the Composites and Trade in the

• Set the Default application to RTM

• Open File Exercice2_1D_EF.vdb

• Right click “All/Resin” to edit Resin_New_1

• Define General Property for resin as the image

• Click Save and then Close

Note: Resin density needs to

• Define General Property for Preform:

• Modify the Pressure value

• Apply and close

• Verify the Pressure value and State

• Apply and close

• Run the computation with

• Define the Number of Processors as

• Define Solver path to: C:\Program

Note: The solver path need to be updated according

Click Log… and the log file will be opened

• Display filling contour with

• Modify permeability and compare the filling time with the

Infusion – section 2D – effet du drainant (flow media) sur le

New in this case

Model setup >> Simulation type Filling

>> Material property definitions • Resin: Resin_New_1

>> Material assignment • Part:

>> Boundary condition • Region “pressure”

Data >> original Exercice4_1D_avecDrainant_start.vdb

>> reference Exercice4_1D_avecDrainant.vdb

• Switch the Default application to

• Switch the Files of type to VDB

• Switch to Top View with Views toolbar

• Check e1 orientation is aligned with ‘x’ direction

• Modify the permeability

• Modify the permeability

• Select “RTM/Process Condition”

• Run the computation with “RTM/Start

• Load the ERF File with “Load Result”

• Visualize the FILLING_FACTOR result

Notice how the resin flows more easily along

• Assess the equivalent permeability (ratio flow media/reinforcement

Model setup >> Simulation type Filling

>> orthotropic • Preform fiber orientations definition in Visual-RTM

>> Material assignment • Part:

>> Boundary condition • region “pressure”

Data >> original Case_02a_start.igs or Case_02a.vdb