ACMV1: Air-conditioning Systems Learning Objectives: Learner should be able to discuss the requirements for mechanical ventilation systems. Learners should be able to: * Describe the functions of air-conditioning * — Relate an air conditioning system and refrigeration cycle * — List the different types of air conditioning system * Explain the difference between an all-air, all-water and air-water system * — Describe the operation of an air handling unit and a fan coil unit * Compare CAV and VAV systems * Describe different types of piping arrangement for all-water systems * Describe the operation of air-water systems * — Identify and compare different types of chiller * Describe the components of a chiller Abe NWOW * Describe Cooling Towers, their efficiencies and estimate water consumption * Explain the proper maintenance of cooling towers and Legionella disease.Types of Air-conditioning System Introduction As defined, air-conditionin; (offices, shops, rooms, etc.) is to control and — maintained the space at a temperature and humidity, normally lower than its environment for human comfort. Thus, the hot humid air in the space is removed to the outside which is the atmosphere. A fluid or “media” is used to absorb and transfer the heat and humidity from the air- conditioned space to outdoor, 2 The common fluids are: 4) Air. 2) Water. 3) Refrigerant. Depending on types of air-conditioning system, a combination of the dbove fluids are used. Other chemicals (e.g. glycol, eutectic compounds, absorption gas, etc.) may also be used for “special” air-conditioning. Classification of Air-conditioning System Depending on the'fluid or media involved, air- conditioning systems are generally classified into 3 systems. There are (1) AlLAir System (2) Air To Water System (3) All Water systemi ll i memmay Types of Air-conditioning System For the common mechanical compression vapor absorption air-conditioning systems, the heat and humidity removed from the air- conditioned space to the atmosphere are through the following media processes: 1) Space Air to Refrigerant to Qutdoor This is also classify as an all air system as only air (and refrigerant) is involved. In this system, the heat from the air- conditioning room is transferred to the room air and the heat of the room air is transferred to the refrigerant. Finally ,the heat from the refrigerant is transferred to outdoor. (e.g. Window units, DX systems, VRV systems). | 2) Space Air to Water (chilled water) to Air System This is also classify as air to water (to air) system as only air and water (and refrigerant) are involved. In this system, the heat from the air- conditioning room is transferred to the room air and the heat of the room air is transferred to the (chilled) water. The heat from the chilled water is then transferred to the refrigerant. Finally, the heat from the refrigerant is transferred to outdoor. (e.g. air-cooled chilled water system or air- cooled chillers).Types of Air-conditioning System 3) Space Air to Water (chilled water) to Refrigerant to Water (condenser water) to Outdoor This is also classify as an all water system as water (and of course refrigerant and also air) is involved. In this system, the heat from the air-conditioning room is transferred to the room air and the heat of the room air is transferred to the (chilled) water. The heat from the chilled water is then transferred to the refrigerant. The heat from the refrigerant js transferred to the condenser water and the heat of the condenser water is finally transferred to outdoor through the cooling towers. (e.g. Water-cooled chillers).eee Types of Air-conditioning System All types of air-conditioning systems involve heat exchangers to transfer heat from one medium to another and from place to another. Heat exchangers are termed evaporators and condensers. For DX and VRV systems, evaporators (FCU, AHU) are located indoors and the condensers are outdoors. For chillers, the FCU and AHU are indoors whereas the evaporators and condensers of the chillers are either indoor (with cooling towers outdoor) or outdoor with air-cooled units. DX denotes Direct Expansion. VRV denotes Variable Refrigerant Flow. Advar et 1) Outdoor Condensing Units are air-cooled and can cool multiple indoor fan coil units, hence function similar to chilled water system except the capacity could be as low as 14 kW cooling capacity. 2) The refrigerant piping length between the indoor unit in one system can extend to 150. meters and the difference in height can be as great as SO meters. 3) Water pumps are not necessary to pump the chilled water to the FCU. 4) The condensing units could be in modular form for easier addition of cooling capacity if required. 5) Easier to install and less costly compared with chilled water systems.poe All Air System: Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRV) System VRV System As shown in the Figure below, the condensing unit is installed outside the air-conditioned room, open to the atmosphere in which the hot air is dissipated. Normally it is either installed 1) on the building flat roof, 2) onsolid ground, or 3) Suspended and mounted on a solid wall. The evaporator is mounted inside the air-conditioned room. Interconnecting the condensing unit and the evaporator are the insulated refrigerant supply and return pipes. The condensing unit houses the compressor driven by the motor and the condenser cooled by the fan driven by another motor. The return air-conditioned air (in the air-conditioned room) passes through the evaporator with the aid of a fan driven by motor and is thus cooled by the refrigerant in the evaporator.(VRV System Comparable with Water Chiller System) (Source: Daikin) @ Heat pump type 150 m eee Level dilferoncs’ Actual piping ‘Between indoor Tength and outdoor units 41 This valua is based on the outdoor unit being located above the indoor uni. |ithe outdoor unit i located below the indoor uns. the level iference is a rhanirnuin of 40m 442 Tho miaximum actual pining lanth betWeon the incor unit and the fist brasich is 40 m, 43 Equivaient pipe length between outdoor ang indoor unis < 175 m ‘ee Total piping Jength 909 mAdvantages of VRV System Advantages of VRV System 1) Outdoor Condensing Units are air-cooled and can cool multiple indoor fan coil units, hence function similar to chilled water system except the capacity could be as low as 14 kW. cooling capacity. 2) The refrigerant Piping length between the indoor unit in one system can extend to 150 meters and the difference in height can be as great as 50 meters. 3) Water pumps are not necessary to pump the chilled water to the FCU. 4) The condensing units could be in modular form for easier addition of cooling capacity if required. 5) Easier to install and less costly compared with chilled water systems. eS —VRV System Comparable with Water Chiller System (Source: Daikin) Water Chiller System YRY systemAll Air System: Room Window Unit Room Air-conditioner Aroom air-conditioner is an encased assembly designed as a unit primarily for mounting in a window or through a wall. These units are designed for the delivery of cool conditioned air to the room, either without ducts or with very short ducts up to a maximum of about 1200.mm. Each unit includes a prime source of refrigeration, dehumidification, and means for circulating and cleaning air, and may also filtering or cleaning, and circulating the room air. It may also provide ventilation by introducing outdoor air into the room and/or exhausting room air to the outside. Also, comfort may be provided by control- ling the room temperature through selection of the pen rns on Room Air-conditioner (Source: ASHARE Handbook) CONDENSER DISCHARGE AIR oxeomt {| [| T COMPRESSOR tC ia tn al ouysee rt i Ep atower om HM SURE aR T | [= WAR ROOM AIR, Ty COOLED'ROOM AIRselection of the desired thermostat setting. Warm room air passes over the cooling coil and, in the process, gives up its sensible and latent heat. The conditioned air is then re- circulated in the room by a fan or blower. The heat from the warm room air vaporizes the cold (low- pressure) liquid refrigerant flowing through the evaporator." The vapour then carries the heat to the compressor, which compresses the vapour and increases its temperature to a value higher than the temperature of the outdoor air. In the con- denser, the hot (high-pressure) refrigerant vapour liquefies and gives up the heat from the room air to the outdoor aif. The high- pressure liquid refrigerant then passes through a restrictor, which reduces its pressure and temperature. The cold (low- pressure) liquid refrigerant then All Air System: Room Window Unit. re-enters the evaporator to repeat this refrigeration cycle. 1 ‘i ities of . available room air conditioners range from 1.2 to 10.5 kW. Room air conditioners are equipped with line cords, which may be plugged into standard or special electric circuits. Most units are designed to operate at 230 V, single- phase, 50-Hz power.Air-water and All-water Systems Chillers (Air-cooled or Water-cooled| All chillers normally have SHEWeneraBe Hermetic Centrifugal Compressor ‘exchangers (evaporators and condensers), (Source: Cartes Handbook) as re-circulating fluids. CONDENSER However, chillers have different types of oa compressors. CONDENSER a waren coupresson Centrifugal Compressor Centrifugal compressors are advance and ranges in capacity from more than a hundred refrigeration tons (RT) to a few thousand RT. Under ARI standard, centrifugal compressor cmittzo WATER can achieve 0.52 kW/RT at 80 % to 100 % load. ae The efficiency drops below 80 % load. REFRIGERANT REFRIGERANT. ‘VAPOR . Liauia The figure shows hermetic véntrifugal compressors as the semi-hermetic and open compressors have been phased out due to common refrigerant leakages at the shaft seal po eeAir-water and All-water Systems between the compressor and motor. For Open Centrifugal Compressor, see Figure. Centrifugal Compressors are: 1) Reliable. 2) Compact. 3) Low maintenance costs. 4) Long life. 5) Ease of operation. 6) Quiet : However, centrifugal compressors if unldad to less than 60 %, efficiency drops. There is also a possibility of surging. Open Centrifugal Compressor (source: carer Handbook) CONDENSER CONDENSER WATER compressor ( svorion | f bauer ~| Economzer coouER CHILLED BRINE REFRIGERANT 7 REFRIGERANT VAPOR Liawr— Air-water and All-water Systems (Rotary Screw Chillers) (Source: ASHRAE Handbook) ‘SCREW ROTOR OVSCHARGE PORT \ me cnn Ces * cs ZENS outst Suctlon. During rotation of the main rato, a typical groove in open communication with the suction chamber grzdually fills with suction ‘gas. The tooth cf the gaterotorin mesh with the groove acts as an aspiraling piston. Compression. As the main ro:er turns, the gruove engages 4 tooth on the gaterotor and is covered simultaneously by the cylindrical main rotor cesing. “he gas is trapped in the space formed by the tate sides of the graove, thecasing, and the gateroior toot”. As rotetion continues, thz groove volume decreases and compression occurs. Dischasge. At the geometrically fixed point véhere the leading edge of fhe groove and the edge of the discharge port coincide, compres- sion ceases, and the gas discharges into the delivery line until the groove volume has bees reduced to ze".Air-water and All-water Systems (Rotary Screw Chillers) (Source: ASHRAE Handbook)Air-water ahd All-water Systems (Rotary Screw Chillers) Rotary Screw Chillers Rotary screw chillers have beeh in existence for many years except they are normally used on ships. They are‘now commonly used in buildings. Advantage of Rotary Screw Chillers 1) Stable (Do not surge). 2) Able to unload to low capacity (10 %) using sliding valve control mechanism. 3) Efficiency is comparable to centrifugal or better at less than 80 % load. 4) Capacity starts from 80 RT. Posr Air-water and All-water Systems: Rotary Scroll Chillers Rotary Scroll Chillers Rotary Scroll Mechanism Advantages of Scroll Compressors (Source: Emerson) 1) No pistons to compress refrigerant gas, hence no volumetric efficiency loss through re-expansion, which occurs typically with each piston stroke in reciprocating compressors. 2) Similarly compare with reciprocating compressors, no valve losses as valves have been eliminated in Scroll compressors. . 3) Centrifugal force in Scroll compression nearly continuous, hence leak free. 4) InScroll, separation of suction and discharge refrigerant gases reduces heat transfer losses. Note: Reciprocating compressors in air- conditioning have been phased out due to inefficiencies. They are now replaced with rotary compressors.Air-water and All-water Systems: Rotary Scroll Chillers (Rotary Scroll Chillers) reer Modulation Chamber A NX Solenoid Bleed Hole Valve Spring Lift Piston Assembly ,Air-conditioning Systems Fan Coil Units (FCU) 1) Filter. 2) Fan (commonly centrifugal). 3) Motor. 4) Cooling coils. 5) Casing. There is a return air inlet where outdoor air is mixed and a conditioned air discharge. The unit is supplied either with chilled water or refrigerant, depending on the air- . * conditioning system used. Not shown is the thermostatic expansion valve that restrict and control the amount of chilled water (or refrigerant) into the cooling coil. Commonly, the fan has 3 speed control: High, medium and low. Fan coil units have low static discharge pressure. If ducted, the ducts should be simple Fan Coil Unit (Source: Carrier Handbook) CONDITIONED AIR RECIRCULATED AIRAir-conditioning Systems Ceiling Cassette FCU and short so as not to create high duct friction iting Cassette FCU losses. (Source: Carrier Product Catalpogue) Linear or slot diffusers should fot be used for ducted FCU as linear or slot diffusers require high static pressure to create proper air throw. Ceiling (flushed) cassette FCU are commonly used to blend attractively with the decorative environment without the use of ducts (or diffusers) as they have inbuilt outlet diffusers and return air inlets. Normally, the number of rows of cooling coils in FCU is limited to a maximum of 3.Air Handling Units are basically the same as Fan Coil Units with similar basic components such as a centrifugal fan with motor, air filter, cooling coils and a metal casing. The differences of AHU and FCU are: 1) Centrifugal fan and motor is bigger, allowing high static discharge pressure to overcome friction losses due to ducts and air outlet diffusers. 2) The number of rows of cooling coils could 3) Mixing boxes or plenum could be added. 4) More rows of air filters could be added. 5) Special high static filter could also be used, 6) Variable speed drive (VSD) fan could also be specified. 7) The centrifugal fan could be specified either backward curve or forward curve. Air Handling Unit (Source: Carrier Handbook)Air Handling Units (Figure from Carrier Handbook) 8) The AHU could also be specified either draw-thru or blow-thru. 9) The fan is belt driven and (to a certain extent) the speed of the fan could be adjusted. 10) AHU configuration could also be specified to be vertical or horizontal to suit the AHU room height and space.Air Handling Units (Figure from Carrier Handbook) SUPPLY a HLAHNG Cou HOT WATER SUPPLY & RETURN FILTERS MIXING PLENUM, ) (RETURN /OUTSIDE AIR) CHILLED WATER ‘SUPPLY & RETURNAir Handling Units: Horizontal & Vertical AHU Horizontal AHU Vertical AHU (Source: Trane Product Catalogue) (Source: Trane Produet Catalogue) TRH Gel OREN MAN Horizontal & Verticalandling Units (Source: Trane)CAV and VAV Systems (Source: Variable Air Volume Manval by Herb Wendes} Introduction * — Sun moves from east to west during daytime. * Sun movement has dramatic effect on cooling exterior area of buildings. * — East, south & west perimeter exposures of buildings (zones 2,3,4) aré most greatly affected. Maximum loads can be double or triple minimum loads. * Interior & north perimeter zones directly under roofs are affected to some degree whereas these zones in between floors in multi-story buildings are riot affected. a. “ acai ns Effect of Shifting Sun Load on Different Zones of Buildings Shitting Sun Load ssa [S| wr Amat route (joe so {ate om (oa. 4a), tan 8 ot (ast. 2 ra) (an mh fs com vig eno ent tt ugh ey, iting sn ocd has 2 rama coct on the ext area colin reqVariable Air Volume (VAV) System Variable air volume system operates on the principle of modulating the arijount of supply air rather than varying the supply air temperature to each air-conditioned space. By definition, the supply air temperature is held constant for a true VAV system. Advantages of VAV System 1) Does not waste energy (as the system responds to the load demand by varying the amount of supply air into each air- conditioned space). 2) Requires less AHU room space (as AHU is usually smaller due to lower supply air temperature, hence less supply air). 3) Sizes of ductworks are smaller, as less supply air is transported from the AHU to the air-conditioned spaces. 4) correspondingly reduce, resulting in less energy consumes by the VSD fans. Disadvantages of VAV System 1) 3) More difficult to maintain pressure * relationship between adjacent air- conditioned spaces due to fluctuating supply air as load varies. The minimt i for the air-conditioned space may be affected due to lower supply air as the load reduces. In temperate countries, some form of supplementary heating may be required, as in actual application as the supply air temperature may also varies.CAV System Compared with VAV System Constant Air Volume (CAV) System Disadvantages of CAV System By definition constant air volume maintains The major disadvantage of CAV system (as the same amount of supply aif to the room to compared with VAV) is energy usage due to: be air-conditioned and only the supply air 1) More energy (compare with VAV) at. temperature varies in accordance to the partial load. demand load of the room. The chilled water 2) supply (or the chilled water terhperature) \ehsmesuaaga (rooms) that require comfort : a f air-condition. varies to match the supply air temperature in the thermostatically-controlled valve. Advantages of CAV System Advantages are: \ 1) Simple to design. 2) Easy and reliable to operate. 3) The ability to supply any constant amount ish ; IAQ). rn Soe een Cav and vav Susiems 4 , 1c(Source: Variable: For Example, The building actual peak load is 220 tons and the design load is 310 tons. * Fora VAV system a diversity factor could be used on the design load. * The diversity factor could be 20% to 30%, depending on the design of the air- conditioning system. CAV and VAV Systems ( ‘Volume Manual by Herb Wendes) Design Load & Actual Operation Load of a Building Various Totel Cooling Load Profiles for Billerent Concilions sons i coottte | gon oun 230 rome, 124, a pom aa F : : Acres tn aco cen Ce oe 200 ! smn oozes sano 120'asy sae ee i cera to 0 sgn, 00 ee sorrtie otcenr ro tomo rm, aoe een L ‘etn irre * Srecamath ats voow | pn EDUC ‘nce aan stan fo outing wl coh Pa pe oa rent semen dung ts ea te inch wa peat loads witmovor accor aio war a.CAV and VAV Systems C (Source: Variable Air Volume Manual by Herd Wendes) * Depending on the type of building the Source: ASHRAE Handbook cooling load profile varies not only from zone to zone but also on the time of the day. rows * The sun load & the outside air ventilation 0 }-—4+_+-— load with their rising temperatures & humidity during the day are the most Profifes of Different Cooling Load Factore LeKTING LOA volatile. + The wall, window & roof conduction loads atl = * Lighting, people & internal equipment are second in intensity of variation ° | = loads reach a peak at start of the day, | remain constant, then drop off sharply at day’s end. sol loads have their own peak times. 20} +f} — | | ‘oohouerIaN Wand tr. | 1 * Cafeteria, kitchen, laboratory exhaust | W008 ip Oye mEDNTaT foun coodhn lant Ir a Halong oF zone varie, roca Uo wemechty wt th at Sap rrr ———(VAV Systems) Multi-zone VAV systems have a single central AHU. Each zone has its own thermostat to control temperature. Different zone load requirements are met by mixing hot & cold air through the dampers. To vary the air volume in the zones, VAV terminals are used. The volume of cool air is reduced to a minimum fitst, then if the load decreases further, thé cold & hot deck dampers modulate the temperatures. feew _ Gt en ate 4 rhyme OB) hae etal teen AHU of Multizone VAY SystemVAV Systems * — VAV Terminal modulates air flow between maximum & minimum settings, reduces velocity & pressure, attenate sound. * When there is low cooling required, air 7 7 reduces to a minimum flow but always at Pneumatically Controlled VAV Terminal a constant supply temperature of say, 12 degree C (54 degree F). * Intake sensor monitors the differential pressure & the VAV controller modulates the volume damper. pisciinnse, * (IF VAV terminal is electric, air compressor not necessary). ‘Compenents ofa Typical VAV Terminal,VAV Systems it Datgiwer = grille sg ° 00 SMASHAIAG. eee 7198 , 990 Deseeser G the Spe ex der — Anu sae ace) Ta or Velume ee iN Constant o BER pe Kor Speak) CAV System 3 , SIBSuyer piddaser VAY AYU Tereniole atl Supplfaar conch : CR vay Space G cepa) “ VAY Syston Biber on ore ean? gee?jsooo onal VAV AHU With Control au ¢ [RSNA Appian Gul To Commission of VAV Sate) ott als bore ‘Duct fe. yt a ee img COek Bho, CONTA, ps7? ries tort amie). rane oanrcn ; taoicy wows a age gee? jaf ran Pee CONSTANT EEO DR oH TeergnaruRe PRESEIRE Ate a aerate 2000 19 se00 Fem 2 Lexa] cantaonys ° = way Boe a sn ean aim vanes wovune or NS race nuns Cha sone , ears * the r i Vow rua aga a eerieVAV Systems (2SRIA Application Guide To Commission of VAY System) * — Static pressure sensors (or air flow VAV System (Cooling Only, Single Duet) measuring stations) in the main duct monitor the changing pressure (or flow), tc eat acct vsat Deven ceonetann won bre Bhs —, ae aggregate = gouieesoS ain n 1 Vane = qero8 se0ch) gf BoeVAV Systems (Frequency Inverters) (Figure from ASHRAE Hendbook) Frequency Inverters The characteristics of frequency inverters are: 1) maintain motor efficiency regardless of rpm or hp. 2) Motors do not lose power factors & stay at 95%. 3) A 10% increase in temperature ona motor decreases insulation life 50%. 4) Isolation transformer need to be used to filter noise interference from computers/ programmable controllers. 5) If motors run at same speed & starting/ stopping times are the same, one inverter can be used for 2 or more motors. Frequency Inyerters To Vary the Speed of Fan Motors0 rt co 26 Lat > Ft Note: Flow Rate of Cooling Tower = Flow Rate of Chiller’s Condenser Temperature In of Cooling Tower = Temperature Out of Chiller’s Condenser Temperature Out of Cooling Tower = Temperature In of Chiller’s Condenser o wee @ * i Cooling Tower 7 iE Globe Valve ner» Condenser C-Aeb ca weve T oC giz bed.L. Lott zi : - s ape a ay ATER CER EE ce‘ASHRAE PSYCHROMETRIC CHART fot NORMAL TEMPERATURE EVEL povetnomesnne, —_tougrien CcopyRici 182 AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING ANO AR-CONDIIONNNG ENGWEENS, NC. ii i Pat halo Lape Bie =) - é 2: SaoeaToneTE cInstruments For Measuring Properties of Moist Air (II) Measuring Instruments The instruments use for measuring properties of moist air are: A) Electronic Thermometers There are many types of rugged, light weight, battery powered digital Electronic thermometers that have Precision accuracy with interchangeable probes and/or sensors. Types included are: , 1) Resistance temperature detectors (see Figure) ; 2) Thermistors; 3) Thermocouples; 4) Diode sensors, with either liquid crystal or LED displays. Response time and ease of use will vary from model to model and type to type. Sof. distrur J Instruments For Measuri= Pr-> ert’EPCATUL PURI WA ES LS fp Instruments For Measuring Properties of Moist Air bo B) Psychrometers Sling psychrometer can be used in determining the psychrometric Properties of the air-conditioned spaces, return air, outdoor air, mixed air, and conditioned supply air. The readings taken from the sling psychrometer can be spotted ona standard psychrometric chart from which all other psychrometric properties of ‘the measured air can be determined. The sling psychrometer (see Figure) consists of 2 mercury filled thermometers, one of which has a Wetted cloth wick or sock around bulb. The 2 thermometers are mounted side by side on a frame fitted with a handleInstrumehts For Measuring Properties of Moist Air by which the device can be whirled with Therefore, an instrument with an 18 in. a steady motion through the surrounding (450 mm) radius should be whirled at a air. The whirling motion is periodically rate of 2 revolutions per second. stopped to take readings of the wet and Significant errors will result if the wick dry bulb thermometers (in that order) becomes dirty or dry, so a constant until such time as consecutive readings supply of distilled water should be used. become steady. Because of evaporation, the wet bulb Digital battery powered versions are thermometer will indicate a lower available that blow the ambient air over temperature (wet bulb temperature) the wetted wick. than the dry bulb thermometer, and the These instruments are accurate and they difference is known as the wet bulb can be placed into confined areas where depression. there is insufficient room to whirl a sling Accurate wet bulb readings require an air — psychrometer. velocity of between 1000 and 1500 fpm (5 and 7.5 m/s) across the Wick, or a correction must be made. —_— strlsvents ror Meastinng Pronernias at winicr airC) Electronic Thermo Hygrometers Unlike the psychrometer, the thermohygrometer (see Figure) does not utilize the cooling effect ofthe wet bulb (as used in Sling Psychrometers) to determine the moisture coptent in the air. A thin film capacitance sensor is used as a sensing element in mdily instruments. Asthe moisture contentand temperature change, the resistance in the sensor changes proportionally. Read-out is normally in % relative humidity. Because the instruments do not rely upon evaporation for measurement, the need for airflow across the wetted wick Instruments For Measuring Properties of Moist Air ' or sock is eliminated. The sensing element needs only to be held in the sampled air. Typical measuring ranges are 10 to 98% RH, 32 of to 140 of (0 °C to 60°C).Instruments For Measuring Properties of Moist Air D) Electronic Thermo Hygrometer with Flexible Probe Manufactured by “testo”, this is a portable measuring instrument to measure air humidity and temperature. With a flexible probe, the air conditions inside the duct could be measured. Hie te oLomMXN Sin SSSRHPsychrometry ‘ (Ill) Psychometry of Air-conditioning Process (A) Basic Processes in conditioning of air The 8 basic thermodynamic processes by which the state of moist air cah be altered are shown as follows:- ® i) Sensible heating - OA z ii) Sensible cooling - OB 8 iii) Humidifying - OC a iv) Dehumidifying - 0D re v) Heating & humidifying - OE z vi) Cooling & dehumidifying -. OF § vii) Cooling & humidifying - 0G B viii) Heating & dehumidifying = - OH DRY BULB TEN TPsychrometry Sensible heating & cooling, involve only change in the dry bulb temperature, and there is no change in the moisture content of the air. Humidifying & dehumidifying processes involve a change in the specific humidity and the dry bulb temperature remains constant. However, most practical moisture-transfer processes involve both changes in the V/ temperature as well as in humidity. -—~— 6 (B) Sensible Heat Process - Héating or cooling | A | The heat has to be transferred which goes to | | change the temperature of the airis given by Gas 2bx attblon (75) % forprrasure clifderuee ) | | ( i Q.=MC,ty-t,) =12321/ xt) at tS DRY BULB TEN T = = Naot, Sa Qss Sensible Het bw) ion amore CC) =) “H la = BPH of TA Chain ~ 1 Vs Ss \ SPECIFIC HUMIDITY Wvse hes Psychrometry (C) Latent Heat Process — Humidification or Dehumidifcation The amount of water vapour added or removed from air in a humidifying or dehumidifying process is: m,, =m, X (We - We) where m,, = water vapour added or removed (kg/s) m, = mass flow rate of air (kg/s) We- Wg = change in humidity ratio (kg/kg d.a.) As with the sensible heating process, it is usually acceptable to assume air at standard i conditions. The latent heat transfer is given by ~ DRY BULR TENT Q,=m, x (he- hy) Vss 6-8 gt Ay de Or Q.=m, x hig x (We- Wp) > Paw i where m, = mass flow rate kg/second hg= latent heat of vaporization of water at 0°C = 2500 kJ / Kg a 2 é SPECIFIC HUMIDITY W ue uve WhPsychrometry We- Wa = change in humidity ratio kg/kg d.a. > Q, =3.0x1/s x Aw(W) or O, =3.010 x xAw (kV) $ Aw = mositure content difference , kg / kg of dry airPsychrometry (D) Total Heat Process Consider a change in the state of air along the path AC as shown. Total Cooling Process Load is OQ, =1.23 x1/s x AhW) or Or; =1.23x m/s x Ah (kW) Ah= change in enthalpy of air ,kI Ikg of dry air DEY BULB TEN T 3 3 SPECIFIC HUMIDITY WPsychrometry: Air Mixing (IV) Air Mixing Process The air mixing process is one where two An streams of air are mixed to form a third comer ha stream. This process occurs frequently in air- mi ® % 4 Miyer ty wt conditioning, particularly in mixing outside air seael with return air from rooms. (A) Air Mixing Process using Calculation a3 1a The humidity ratio of the mixed air can be obtained by applying the principle of conservation of mass. m, W; =m, W; +m, W, Or W3= (m,W, +m,W,) /m3 Where m, = m, +m, is the mass of dry air in the mixture. Or using flow rate, Q m/s (density of air, p = mass / volume and p is constant), W5 = (Q W;+ QW) / Oy yTo find the enthalpy of the mixed air, a heat Hence, balance may be applied: m3 xC, xt; =m,xC, xt, +m, xC, xt, hy= (mgh, + mjh,) / ms 0%, = (Qih, + Qh,) / Q, Also, ty = (mgt + mgt.) / mg Using the basic heat equation with specific as C, is constant. heat and air temperature, Heat of air at duct 1=m,xC, xt, Heat of air at duct 2=m, x C, xt, and Heat of air at duct 3 =m, x C, x ts where C, = specific heat of air, i t = temperature of air in duct. m = mass of air in duct. yews TH ngs wndlf poured poscune Caer out dem aAy,: Air Mixing Process Example In air-conditioning the outdoor air mixes with the return air before going into the cooling coils and circulate back into the air-conditioning room.. Retuon Aiv Rew trne tom. Wri (CMM}ra ar % oolne a Supply Ai Quidesr Rann Au: C (CMM}ca {CMM)s0. ae dan Woa Wea ie rl IXi ogy: Alt Mixing (B) Mixing Process Using Psychrometric Chart The mixing process can also be solved on the Psychrometric, from the following two facts: 1. The mixed air condition will lie along a straight line connecting the two he conditions of the unmixed airstreams S 2. The position of the mixture state is such that it divides the straight line joining stated 1 and 2 in the inverse ratio of the masses m, and m, of the two air streams or flow, and flow, of the two air streams. SPECIFIC HUMIDITY ¥ aw 8 of DRY BULH TEN TPsychtometry: Sensible Heat Factor Ration Line {V) Sensible Heat Factor (SHF) The ratio of the sensible heat transfer to the total heat transfer is termed as sensible heat oe a7 ey factor. where Q, = sensible heat Q, = latent heat 3 fe This SHF ration line can be plotted ii A lot hot wae Soraysig hose GL tonmter Pron ye, ond wo ta howl mM By -wr the Peychrometric Chart.—_——— — —————— |-—nXnKn—l my TT Psychrometry (VI) Air Conditioning Processes (A) The Air Process The figure shows a typical air conditioning process trace on a Psychrometric chart. 1. Return air from the room 1 is mixed with outdoor air 2 2. This mixture of outdoor and feturn air 3 enters the apparatus where it is conditioned to 4 and supplied to the space. 3. The air supplied to the spaces moves along @ line (4-1) as it picks up the room loads, and the cycle is repeated. - oO Hite ® BFECRIC HUMIDITY ¥ ‘DRY BULB TEX TPsychrometry: Air-conditioning Process (B) Simple Air-conditioning system and State And Mass rate of supply air The rooms in a building gain both sensible heat and latent heat (The procedure for calculating these heat gains have been Return Air pee discussed previously). tem, Wro pedal In order to maintain the space at the design Samat — temperature and humidity, the sensible heat } eo and latent heat must be removed from each eerie fone” NT room. (ouMdjoa {QasOe0 Woa Wan When a space is conditioned by using air, this heat removal is accomplished by supplying air at a temperature and humidity lower than that of the room air. Hence, the problem of air-conditioning a space essentially reduces to the calculation of the state and mass rate of air to be supplied to the space necessary to pick up its sensible and latent heat loads. = Consider a space which is to be maintained at the room design conditions of trm, W,,, - rr - 1 SVClMUMetty. Airscanditianina Brarace= “ro. de ec “tion ‘yf tr Wy, 4 ~ Psychrometi onditioning Process ‘ By sensible and latent heat balances given by Q,/ (Q5+Q). Sensible Heat Balance Any supply air condition that will satisfactorily RSH = Q, = Ma x Cp x (trm - tsa) remove the proper proportion of room sensible = 1.23 x I/s x(trm-tsa) (Watts) and latent heat gains will be on this line, and in Latent Heat Balance addition any supply air condition that is not on RLH = Qi = Ma x hfg x (Wrm - Wsa) this line will not be satisfactory. = 3.0 x I/s x (Wrm - Wsa) (Watts) We have only two equation and three O ender wn aytncrd independent variables, viz. tsa, Wsa and Oo awl cong (flow), to solve. Hence one of the three variables is to be known in advance or fixed from experience. Generally, it is either the supply air flow rate, I/s or the supply air temperature, tsa. The other two parameters can then be calculated. Thus we find that there will be one supply air state corresponding to each supply air rate. An innumerable number of such combinations are possible. All the supply air state lie on a straight line (SHF line), the slope of which isPsychrometry: Air-conditioning Process (Sensible Heat Factor Ratio Line) The supply air to a conditioned space must have the capacity to offset simultaneously both the room sensible and rdom latent heat loads. The room and the supply air cohditions to the space may be plotted on the Psychrometric chart and these points connected with a straight line (1-2). RSHF Line plotted between Room and supply air condition This line represents the Psychrometric process of the supply air within the cohditioned space and is called the room sensible heat factor line. The slope of the RSHF line illustrates the ratio of sensible to latent loads within the space. Thus, if adequate air is supplied to offset these room loads, the room requirements will be satisfies, provided both the dry and wet bulb temperature of the supply air fall on this line. Supply air DRY BULB TEM T BPECIFIC HUMIDITY ¥ir-conditioning Process (Sensible Heat Factor Ratio Line) RSHF =—_RSH 2s RSH +RLH 0,+0, 1.0 Room Step 2 RSHF Supply air SPECIFIC HUMIDITY W DRY BULB JEM TPsychrometry: Aif-conditioning Process (Sensible Heat Factor Ratio Line) Air-Conditioning System with Ventilation Air siz = —8S# Qe RSH + RLH 0,+0, Room Qs QL Cuosling Coil 2 a 4 Schematic diagram of system with ventilation air a) CU ~ veVChrometiy 2Psychrometry 10 Mixture SPECIFIC HUMIDITY 7 Supply Ar DRY BULB TEM TPsychrometry: Air-conditioning Example 1 A lecture theatre is 12 mx12mx6m. Itis maintained at 23°C DB, and has four air change per hour of cooled air-conditioned air supplied at 15°C DB. Calculate the maximum cooling load that the equipment can meet. Sau Nair changes . yy) 3600S Air flow = 1 ‘ =4x12x12 x6 x —— m/s =0.96 m/s =9601/s 3600 = 1.23 x! x ar=1.23 x 960 (23-15) =9.46 kW s Example 2: An office has a sensible heat gain of 10 kW when the room air temperature is 25°C DB. Calculate the necessary volume flow rate of supply air to maintain the room at the design temperature when the supply air temperature can be 13°C. o=123 x4 eat 5 Q 10,000 co i =6715 1/5 s 1.23xAt 1.23(25-13)Psychrometry: Example 3 An office has a sensible heat gain of 12 kW and four occupants each having a latent heat output of 40W when the room air condition is 23°C DB and 50% RH. Calculate the necessary volume flow rate of supply air and its moisture content to maintain the room at the design state when the supply air temperature can be 12°C DB. The room air moisture content is 0.0088 kg/kg of dry air. Solution: (a) Calculate the supply air quantity from the sensible load equation, ie 12000 fp 8 9 ser iis S 123xAt 1.23(23-12) (b) Latent heat gain = 4 person x 40 W/person =160W Use the latent heat equation to find the supply air moisture, ir-conditioning (For Tutorial). Q 160 130x887 Aw=—2— 3.0x5 = 0.06013 g/kg of dry air w, —w, = 0.06013 Ww, = w, 0.06013 = 8.8-0.06013=8.74 g/kg of da Therefore supply air conditions are 12°C DB, humidity ratio of 8.74 g/kg of dry air.Psychrometry: Air-conditioning Example 4 Agiven space is to be maintained at 25.6°C DB and 18.3°C WB. The total heat gain to the space has been determined to be 17.6 kW of which 12.3 kW is sensible heat. The outdoor air requirement of the occupants is 236 |/s. The outdoor air has a temperature and humidity of 32.2°C and 55 % RH, respectively. If the supply air is supply at 12°C, determine the quantity and the state of the air supplied to the space and the required capacity of the cooling equipment. P Pevehrometry: } = } } =Solution sur =123-07 176 L sup ply air quantity, — 12300 ware 7 Ss 1.23(25.6 -12) Return air quantity = 735-236 = 499 1/s Qyt + Qaty = Ost Qs Oil + Ost, _ 236102.24 499956 =27.7°C 735 12 c 26.8 a7 p22 DRY BULB TEM T SPECIFIC HUMIDITY ¥Psychrometry (Schematic of Example 4) —~ ectenst = ; ~ = Newell 4 Cooling Cell 2/3 4 Spr tee ee slice ae cl = i249 Gi cutee ae 1 ze 1/2 Foo hre try ee itio...gDraw a line from 1 with slope SHF =0.7 and intersect the 12 degree C line at point 2. Point 2 is 12°C DB and 90% RH (Supply air to room). The cooling coil capacity =123x Ls(ai)= 1.23x735 x(62.8-39.4) W = 21154 W = 21.15kW = 6 tons 12¢ 26.8 py P22 DRY BULB TEM T SPECIFIC HUMIDITY ¥Psychrometry: Air-conditioning Tutorial: Questions Q1: The weather reports reads 32°C DB & 40 % RH. What is the WB temperature . Q2: The air leaving a cooling coil is at 16°C DB and 13°C WB. What is its humidity ratio & enthalpy. Q3: Combustion air enters a furnace at 26°C DB and 23% RH. What is its specific volume. Answers: Al : WB = 22°C A2_ : humidity ratio = 8 g/kg d.a. A3 :v = 0.855 m3/kg d.a. Q4: 3 m3/s o fair enters a cooling and dehumidifying coil at 30°C DB AND 21°C WB and leaves the coil at 15.6°C DB and 14°C WB. Determine: (a) the apparatus dew point of the coil (b) the bypass factor of the coil (c) the rate of water condenser in kg/hr the total heat removed by the cooling coil in kw. Q5: An air conditioning unit has a cooling coil that cools and dehumidifies 9,4 m3 of air from 28° C and 50% RH to 18°C DB and 16°C WB. Find the sensible, latent an total load capacity of the cooling coil and amount of moisture condensed.Psychrometry Example The indoor condition of a roo is to be maintained at 25°C and 50% RH .The outdoor condition is 33°C DB and 27°C WB. The room has a design cooling load of 7 kW sensible and 1.5 kW latent load. If the mixing ratio of the return air to the outdoor air is 3: 1. Find: (a) The apparatus dew point. (b) The bypass factor of the coil. The condition and quantity of the cooled air to be supplied to the room in order to the achieve design condition. (c Solution: Plot the following points on the psychrometric chart: (1) Indoor: DB = 25°C, RH =50 %. (2) Outdoor: DB = 33°C, WB = 27°C. (3) Room Sensible Heat Factor = 7/(7+1.5) = 0.82 Plot the SHF line on the psychrometric chart through the Indoor point & cutting the 100% RH saturation curve. (Note: This line shall be parallel to the Sensible Heat Ratio line drawn on the Semi-Circle, passing through 0.82) (4) Determine & plot the mixing air point of the ODA & RA quantities on the psychrometric chart using the inverse principle ratio. All the air properties of the above points plotted on the chart could now be determined as tabulated in the Table.ive PSYCHROMETRIC Inder DB25°C RU SOY CHART Cwtdeot PB 32°C WHATS Mixed Air Rocio = RA eA tee 44st On a aaxonsrnic | (PRESSURE Or 10a 25 mbar HT Room SHE TKw LY = hSkwD ea SRE eae) o wns ot FON 3uepn3s,SSS ‘SPECING ENTHALRY Wiho Psychrometry: Air-coni Data From Psychrometric Chart Item Point bs RH we Spec. Vol Density mc Enthalpy Degc % Degc m3/ke ka/ma keke da hi/kg da y Outdoor 33 63 a 0.890 a2 0.0220 85 2) Indoor 25 50 18 0.860 1.16 0.0100 50 3) Mix ir 7 sy 208 0.870 15 0.0125 60 4) ADP 12.6 100 126 0.820 122 0.0080 36 5) Off-Coil aa 90 133 0.825 42a 0.0092 38 Note: Off-Coil Temperature is estimated, normally about 1 to 2 deg. C above ADP.Psychrometry: Air-conditioning (a) From the psychrometric plot, the ADP = 12.6°C. (b) Bypass factor = (Off-coil DB — ADP)/(Mix-air DB — ADP) = (14.1 -12.6)/(27 - 12.6) = 0.104 Or Contact factor = (Mix-air DB — Off-coil DB)/(Mix-air DB — ADP) = (27 -14.1)/(27 - 12.6) = 0.896 (c) Supply air to the air-conditioned room. Itis to be noted that the supply air conditions will be any point along the line from the off- coil point to the room indoor point. Depending on the supply air duct insulation, length of duct, location of duct, there is a temperature rise above the off-coil which is normally 1 to 2°C. Using a supply air DB temperature = Off-coil DB + 1.5°C DB = 14.1 + 1.5 =15.6°C From the psychrometric chart, at 15.6° C DB, the specific volume = 0.83 m?/kg. Hence, p = 1/0.83 = 1.2 kg/m? Using Sensible Heat (kW) = 1.2 x m3/s x (25 — 15.6) Hence, m? /s = 7/(1.2 x 9.4) = 0.62 (Note that if a higher supply air temperature is used, then the air flow rate is higher. The density of air hardly change). per serene rr errr rrr tr itd rSHRae e8YCrnuMET rue CHAN Od Te a Pe ReASHRAE PSYCHROMETRIC CHART NO.1 6YA0)) oro rewrenarone Seater Tarouermcreessine; —soianipn, ccopyRici snu2 ‘AIEFICA! SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGEAATING AND AR-CONDMONNG ENOWNEERS, WC. ‘Ry SULB TEMPERATURE, "0ACMV1: Natural Ventilation & Mechanical Ventilation Learning Objectives: Learner should be able to discuss the requirements for mechanical ventilation systems. Learners should beable to: 1 Define natural and mechanical ventilation. 2 Discuss the need for ventilation. 3 Recall building code requirements 4 List factors which affect human comfort. 5 Calculate the amount of fresh air required for human comfort. 6 Describe different types of fan for mechanical ventilation. 7 Explain the fan performance curve and system curve. 8 Apply the fan laws. +Natural and Mechanical Ventilation Modes of “Ventilation” Proper Ventilation is required for all building premises or rooms so as to remove or dilute the following elements: a) heat, b) humidity, and c) Odor For human comfort, all building premises or rooms are required to have either one of the following modes of ventilatio (1) Natural Ventilation Natural ventilation is removal of heat and humidity in a space or room through natural air or wind movement without the use of equipment such as fans and blowers. There must be sufficient operjings (such as windows) provided in the buildings to enable natural air change per hour in the space. dat The characteristics of natural ventilation are: a) Normally, natural ventilation is only achievable with natural openings and windows in which the premises or rooms are located closed to the facade walls in which openings to outside could be created. b) Air voids, located at the centre of the buildings could also be used in association with windows open-able to the voids for natural ventilation. c) Ideally, more than one sides of the room wall has natural openings and windows, so as to create cross-ventilation in which outside air moves freely across the room. d) Needless to say, rain water must be prevented from entering the room at the openings. RA ener mw Meécnanica Venrilation— Natural and Mechanical Ventilation There are instances in which a room (or space) a) cannot be naturally ventilated as the room (or space) is located away from the external walls (or voids, if any), or b) Natural ventilation is inadgquate to remove the heat and humidity, causing human discomfort or equipment inefficiency or worst pre-mature failure. If the building premises or rooms cannot be natural ventilated as stated above and they are not air-conditioned, then the building premises or rooms have to be tnechanically Ventilated. Comparatively, the capital investment on equipment and energy consuniption of using air-conditioning is higher than those of mechanical ventilation. Whereas, natural ventilation does not need any equipment investments and energy consumption, (2) Air-conditioning All air-conditioning of the rooms and premises are required to follow the codes of practice and requirements on a “Air-conditioning” and “Indoor Air Quality” for buildings. (3) Mechanical Ventilation The 5 Methods to Calculate the Air Volume required for a Space for Mechanical Ventilation are: 1) Air change in the volume of the space; 2) Cubic meter per minute or (I/s ) per square meter of floor area: 3) Number of occupants in the space; 4) Minimum air velocity through the space; 5) Removal of heat released in the space.Mechanical Ventilation Which of the 5 methods stated above should be selected in a specific application will depend on the circumstances, i.e. on the main purpose of the ventilation. Sometimes it will be possible to use two methods and to compare the results. If any 2 resulting air volumes just about confirm each other, we can be confident that our calculation was correct. rGvVYvxwm—— Mecranica: VantiatinnMechanical Ventilation (A) The Air-Change Method Considered the easiest and most commonly used method of determining the required air volume, the air-change method assumes that all the air within a specified space must be changed within a given time span. The recommended rate of change is based on fan industry experience and on health regulations. This method uses the equation N= Qx 3600 / Volume where N = the number of air changes per hour; Q= the volume flow rate of air in m3/s; Volume = the space volume in m>. SINGAPORE STANDARD CP 13: 1999 (Ges 91.140) CODE OF PRACTICE FOR Mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning in buildings ‘Maree. ties lene span pa te Shamore Ser yd od aye i Semeiemenetnsecmeregens owen me ISBN go7teranraSingapore Standard (SS) CP 13 on Outdoor for Air-conditioning & Mechanical Ventilation for Buildings (B) SS CP 13 (Replaced by SS 553) In Singapore, the Code of Practice for Mechanical Ventilation and Air-conditioning in Buildings is SS CP 13 (SS stands for Singapore Standard, CP stands for Code of Practice) which is the guidelines for all those involve in Mechanical Ventilation and Air- conditioning (ACMV) of Buildings to follow.Outdoor Air Supply for Air-conditioning The characteristics of SS CP 13 are: a) CP 13 uses a combination of ASHRAE and British and Australian standards to suit the Singapore conditions. b) Table 1 of CP 13 shows the minimum requirements of outdoor air requirement for comfort air-conditioning. (Note: Outdoor Air is Ventilating Air which is also termed Fresh Air). Column 3 of the Table is just a conversion from L/s to m3/h to enable easier usage: c) Table 2 of CP 13 shows the minimum requirements of outdoor all requirement for comfort mechanical ventilation. Teble ~ Outdoor ar supply requirement for confor ai-conlining tion ae inne oar aea Restaurants 28) 10 Dance hals 5H o toes’ 06s 23 ‘Shops, supermarkets and 1.0 36 department stores Lobties,conauses anders 025 09 | oassoons 260 92 |Teatesandchenas 200 14 Fades and rstos: Lit ‘a 4g eda a 26 sign Hoss ass 18 Hotel ques roms 1$Us per oom 54 mihpet roomMechanical Ventilation Air change per hour (ACH) is used internationally to determine the outdoor air requirements. (C) How to Use ACH To Obtain Outdoor Air 1) Calculate the volume of the room in m3; 2) Determine the ACH for that particular occupancy; 3) Calculate Outdoor Air Supply using formula, Outdoor Air Supply (Fan Capacity) = Volume of Room inm?x ACH m3/h Note: As ACH is the number of times outdoor air is used to change and replace the volume of air in the roof per hour, supply and exhaust air using fans should be used to meet the requirements in ACH. F CP 13: 1999 Table 2 ~ Outdoor alt supply for mechenical ventiation in non air-conditioned buildings Typect biking! Occany sina cud et supoly Aitchangeh Offices Restaurants, canteens ‘Shops, sugemartels and departent ters Wevshops faces Classrooms ‘Theatres and cinemas: Lobbies, concourse, condors, staircases and exits Tolets™, bathrooms Kichens omer ational and indstia) Car Parks Fre Command Ceres Chi Defence Sheers ‘Wastewate fecittes)punying installation * Werethe cling cnees 25 my, ei chane ate lb clodeted base on 25 moon lg, Foc eavly used pu tole lero Cod of Pacice on Encireta Heal, ————Mechanical Ventilation: Application on ACH Tutorial 1 The female toilet of an office has a length and a width of 5.0 m by 4.0 m. Its height is 3.0 m. What is the flow rate in m3 /s of the exhaust fan required to mechanically ventilate the toilet?Mechanical Ventilation: Application on ACH Solution From CP 13, to ventilate an office toilet, the ACH required is 10. Hence, Flow rate of fan =5 x 4x 3x10 = 600 CMH = 600/3600 = 0.1667 m3 /s.Mechanical Ventilation: Application on ACH Tutorial 2 Ifa room of 8 m by 4m anda height of 3 m requires a fan of flow rate 0.2133 m3 /s to mechanically ventilate it, what Is the air-change per hour (ACH) required?Mechanical Ventilation: Application on ACH Solution Air Change Per Hour (ACH) = Flow Rate in CMH / Volume in M3 Volume of room = 8x 4x3 = 96 m? But Flow Rate in CMH = (0.2133 m? /s) x 3600 = 767.88 CMH Hence, ACH = 767.88 / 96 =8Mechanical Ventilation: Application on ACH Tutorial 3 A restaurant kitchen of 8.0 m by 12.0 m with a height of 3.0 m is to be mechanically ventilated with two similar exhaust air fans. What is the flow rate in m? /s of each exhaust fan required to mechanically ventilate this kitchen?Mechanical Ventilation: Application on ACH Solution From CP 13, to ventilate a kitchen, the ACH required is 20. The volume of the kitchen = 8 X12 x3 = 288 m? Hence, Total air flow rate required = 288 x 20 = 5760 CMH = 5760/3600 =1.6 m3 Is But 2 fans are used. Therefore, Flow rate of each fan = 1.6/2 =0.8 m3 /s.Mechanical Ventilation: Application on ACH Tutorial 4 Ifa room of 8 m by 4 mand a height of 3 m requires a fan of flow rate 0.2133 m3 /s to mechanically ventilate it, what is the air-change per hour (ACH) required?Mechanical Ventilation: Application on ACH Solution Air Change Per Hour (ACH) = Flow Rate in CMH / Volume in M3 Volume of room =8 x 4x3 =96 m* But Flow Rate in CMH = (0.2133 m3 /s) x 3600 = 767.88 CMH Hence, ACH = 767.88 / 96 =8Mechanical Ventilation: Application on ACH Tutorial 5 (used) The dimensions of the basement car park in a shopping complex are 60 m x 30 m x 2.4 m height. As this basement car park has insufficient natural ventilation openings, mechanical ventilation is required. It is proposed to ventilate this basement car park with two (2) exhaust fans. What should be the capacity in cubic meter per second (mi / s) of each fan?Mechanical Ventilation: Application on ACH Solution The volume of the basement car park = 60 x 30 x 2.4 = 4320 m3. From Table 2 of CP 13, to mechanical ventilate car parks, the ACH is 6. Hence, the air flow capacity required = 4320 x 6 = 25920 CMH = 25920 / 3600 = 7.2 m3 /s, As 2 fans are used, hence the capacity of each fan = 7.2 / 2 = 3.6 m3/s. Dn rrr Mechanical Venvilation Racad an Hast land [ToJb Mechanical Ventilation Based on Heat Load (To calculate Fan Capacity) (D) Heat Removal by Mechanical Ventilation Mechanical ventilation using fans could be used to remove heat (sensible & latent) in the rooms (or spaces). The characteristics of heat removed by mechanical ventilation are: a) All heat sources (people’s, équipment, solar and transmitted heat from building. structures) are able to be removed by mechanical ventilation. b) For effectiveness, both supply and exhaust fans should be used. c) However, the supply inlet must be located at a minimum distance of 5.0 nj from the Exhaust outlet so as to prevent cross- contamination of the supply air from the exhaust air. (E) Calculation of Air Flow (Fan Capacity) The air flow required to remove this heat is given by the formula: Q=Heat / (AT x Air Density) where Q = air flow in m3/s Heat = heat gain in kW AT = Designed Temperature Rise in Room against Outdoor Air Temperature in °C. Air Density = 1.2 kg/m? (F) Calculate Air Change Per Hour (ACH) From above, the ACH can be derived as follows: Air flow = ACH x Room Volume where Room Volume is in m? Or ACH = Air flow / Volume of Room But Air flow = Heat / (AT x Air Density) = (3600 x Heat) / (AT x Air Density) m3/s CMHMechanical Ventilation Based on Heat Load (To calculate Fan Capacity) Hence, ACH = (3600 x Heat) / [(AT x Air Density) x Room Volume] where Heat = kw AT=°C Air Density = 1.2 kg/m? Room Volume = m?Mechanical Ventilation Based on Heat Load: Example Example An elevator motor room on the roof of a high-rise building houses elevator’s equipment for six (6) number of lifts in a building. From lift manufacturer's data specification, the heat output of each of the 11 persons (750 kg) elevator at a nominal speed of 90 m/min and its accessories in the lift motor room is 1700 keal/hr. Two (2) exhaust air fans are used to mechanically ventilate the room. Supply air is obtained from natural openings of the room. The maximum allowable temperature in the elevator room is 37° C and the outdoor air temperature is 33°C. f Calculate: (a) The minimum air flow in m/s for each fan. (b) The ACH of the elevator room if the room volume is V m?Mechanical Ventilation Based on Heat Load: Example Solution (a) From the elevator manufacturer's data specification, the heat output of each of the 11 persons (750 kg) lift at 90 m/min. and its accessories in the lift motor room is 1700 kcal/hr. Hence, Total Heat Output of 6 Lifts = 6x 1700 = 10,200 kcal/hr = 10,200 x 1.1621 W = 11.854 kw The air flow required to remove this heat is given by the formula Q=Heat / (Temp Rise x Air Density) where Q = air flow in m3 /s Heat = heat gain in kW Temp Rise = temperature rise in room against outdoor air temperature in °C Air Density = 1.2 kg/m? Using an outdoor air temperature of 33° C and the maximum allowable air temperature in the lift motor room of 37°C, Therefore Air Flow, Q = 11.854 / (37-33) x 1.2 = 2.47 m3 /s As 2 number of exhaust fans are used, the air flow of each = 2.47 / 2 = 1.235 m3/sMechanical Ventilation Based on Heat Load: Example Air Flow Per kW Heat Removed From the above calculations, this means that to remove 11.854 kW of heat requires 2.47 m? /s of air flow in order to maintain a temperature difference of 4° C between the outdoor air temperature (33° C) & the indoor air temperature (37° C). Or for rough estimation 2.47 / 11.854 = 0.21 m3/s pet kW heat at a temperature difference of 4°C. Air Change Per Hour (ACH) Let the volume of the room be V m3. Hence, 2.47 m? /s = 2.47 x 3600 = 8892 CMH But, Air Flow = ACH x V where air flow = CMH Therefore, 8892 = ACH XV or ACH = 8892 /V If V, the volume of room to be mechanically ventilated is known, then the air change per hour required can be calculated.Mechahical Ventilation Based on Heat Load: Example Basement Workshop : Machine and People’s Heat Example In a basement workshop of area 300 m3 which could not be naturally ventilated and it is costly to air-conditioning it, there are 30 workers. Light bench work is performed by these workers in which the heat output of each worker is 0.22 kW. Lighting of 0.25 W per m? is provided in the workshop. The equipment heat load is 25 kW and the total x heat transmission through the building structures is 15 kW. N ong bw To mechanically ventilate the Workshop, calculate: (a) The air flow required in CMH, (b) The ACH Use a indoor design temperature of the workshop = 36° C and outdoor = 33°C. The height of the workshop is 3.0 m. “3M Lased Gu dear vad, cxamureMechanical Ventilation Based on Heat Loa : Example Basement Workshop : Machine and People’s Heat Solution [or Heat Load Estimation ae The total heat to this workshop = (30 * 0.22) + (0.025 * 300) + 25 +15 = SALW, 9 5. NS. 035/09 Air Flow Requirement Using a designed outdoor temperature of 33° Cand a maximum indoor temperature of 36°C hen the air flow volume required, Q=544/ [(36-33) x 1.2] we = 35-03-m? /s = 54,100 CMH Air cHBNBE Per Hott (ACH) The floor to floor height of the basement level is 3.0 m. Hence, the volume of these service areas =300x3 = 900 m3 Therefore, ACH = 15400 / (900 * 1.2) = 14 approx. wo pate A aneFactors on Human Comfort Human Comfort The factors that affect human comfort are: (1) Dry Bulb Temperature (2) Relative humidity (3) Air velocity Human Body and Its Environment The human body always loses heat to the surroundings, irrespective of whether the surroundings are at a higher or lower temperature than that of the body. The|normalhtemperaturerofithe*humansbody:is:36-:9°Cx When the surrounding temperature is low, say 10° C, the body loses heat. However, inside the body is continually creating heat, so the normal body temperature is maintained. When the surrounding temperature is high, say 40°C, the body still needs to lose heat. € If heat is gained from the surroundings, the body temperature will rise; and a rise of a few degrees in body temperature can be fatal. Thus perspiration takes place and this moisture evaporates, absorbing latent heat from the body. This will then keep the body temperature at normal. In general while moderately clad & moderately active, 19°C to 24° C range of temperature at which most people feel comfortable.fell Factors on Human Comfort Humidity and Comfort 50% RH can be considered to be comfortable. However, this humidity is difficult to attain and maintain. When the RH is below 40 %, most people feel dry or parched. When it is above 70 %, they suffer an oppressive sultry feeling because the perspiration from the body cannot evaporate to cool the body. Ventilation Arid Air Movement for Comfort Airwelocities within the'range of 0-1 - 0:25 m/s can be considered to be'satisfactory.-~-" However, the quantity of-fresh air required depends upon the type of space for which air conditioning is required. Effective Temperature As stated, the rate at which heat is lost from the body depends not only on the surrounding dry-bulb temperature, but also on humidity & air movement. Consider a space in which the air movement is 0.1 m/s & the dry-bulb temperature is 23°C. If the relative humidity changes from 50 % to 95%, then the feeling of warmth experienced by the occupants will change. In fact, they will feel too hot, because the high humidity will prevent evaporation of perspitation, so decreasing the heat loss from the body.Factors on Human Comfort An increase in air movement will cause heat to be removed from the body at a faster rate. Thus at a dry-bulb temperature of 23°C, relative humidity of 50% and air velocity of 0.25 m/s, a person may feel cooler than at the same dry-bulb temperature and RH, but a decreased air velocity of 0-1 ri/s. The effective temperature for human comfort is the combined effects of the followng factors 1) Air movement, 2) Relative Humidity (RH), and 3) Dry Bulb (D8) Temperature. With different combinations of DB temperature, relative humidity and air movement, it is possible to obtain the same effective temperature. BCMA Caminet Pana (AveACMV : Comfort Zone (Outdoor & Indoor Conditions) . Dewpoint temperature Figure 0.015 9.010 Humidity ratio 0.005 16 20° He 0.0 60 70 90 F 20, 25 300 Operative temperature ‘Acceptable ranges of operative temperature and humidity for people in typical summer and winter clothing ducing light and primarily sedentary activity (<1.2 met). (Reprinted by permission from ASHRAE Standard 55-92, 1992)Comfort Zone (Outdoor & Indoor Conditions) ALIGHNNH SALLWTBE is ¢ z 2 3 ° w § iN De SUNLVUSIWAL GING-LAM, DRY-BULB TEMPERATURE °C COMFORT CHART—FOR AN AIR VELOCITY OF OF m/s.etc Fans and Air Distribution Fans Purpose of Fans * Fans are necessary for the movement of air through ducts and air- conditioning apparatus. * Fans are also used for exhausting smoke and gases from a space, for ventilation, for air circulation, for pressurisation, and depressurisation within a space. * Essentially, a fan consists of a rotating wheel, with blades of special shape, inside a housing. The wheel is driven by means of an electric motor, or other source of power, coupled to it either directly or through belt drive. The action of the blades on the surrounding air creates a pressure difference; this causes air flow. * Fans may function either as blowers or exhausters: blowers push the air through a space by creating a positive pressure at their outlets; exhausters remove gases by creating suction. Types of Fans The common fans used commercially may be classified as follows: 1. Propeller. —~ juve smal 2. Axial. en 35 pare ed i gustFans and Air Distribution @ (kil pa Propeller Fans Propeller fan (see figure) is suitable for Operation against small pressures only (approx. 125 Pa), and is not suitable for installation in ducts. Propeller fans are mostly used for exhausting or ventilating, and are mounted in openings in walls or attic spaces. Economy and simplicity are the prime factors for their great popularity as exhaust fans. OQ hee SZ wash = 2 lee? Po. a Are Pascal ( pu) U . 5 vey Smo |Bor = jer Pasest (ea) >7 sical Fans and Air Distribution Axial Fans Axial-flow fans fall into two, categories: (a) tube-axial fans (see Figure). (b) vane-axial fans. Tube-axlal Fan Both can operate against relatively high ae pressures (approx. 625 kPa) compared to the propeller fan, and are suitable for mounting in ducts. Tube-axial fan main disadvantage is - noise, produced by the turbulent flow of ) air. Thus the tube-axial fan is suitable for applications in which noise is acceptable EERE! or normally with the use of silencers. In both the tube-axial and vane-axial fans, the driving motor is situated inside the duct. This is a disadvaritage in that the heat of the motor is added to the air.Fans and Air Distribution An advantage of these fans is that they do not take up any floor space. Sometimes these fans are manufactured ready-mounted inside a duct section. This makes installation easy, as all that is required is just the connection of the section to the duct work. ‘| ey The Figure illustrates a vane-axial fan, in GUIDE VANER! which air flow is streamlined by vanes. It | aii: is thus quieter in operation. 0) VANE AXIAL FANFans and Air Distribution Centrifugal Fans Centrifugal fans consist of a wheel, called the impeller, rotating inside a shell- shaped housing. The flow of air is radial; that is, from the centre outwards (see Figure). The impeller is coupled to an electric motor, either directly or through a belt drive. As the impeller rotates, air particles are picked up by the eye of the Impeller (1). Due to centrifugal force, the air particles are thrown outwards and leave the tip of the impeller (T) with high yelocity. As the air passes through the passage in the housing, the velocity of the air is converted to pressure (due to the (CENTRIFUGAL FANFans and Air Distribution increasing cross- sectional area) and the air leaves the housing with high pressure. 3 types of blades can be used in the Impeller, (a) forward curved, (b) radial, and (c) backward curved; (see Figures). Forward-curved Blade The tip of the blade curves in the snip QLyp UZ direction of rotation. a yaa a Backward-curved Blade bain Radial See ee ae ane Cure Blades + : Blades Backward The tip of the blade curves in the Curve Blades opposite direction to rotation. Radial blades are, of course, straight. The forward-curved blade is capable of producing a greater volume rate of air flow than the others under similar —————____________., . | Fans and Air Distribution conditions. This is due to the scooping make the backward-curved blade the action of the blades. For the same duty, one most extensively used in centrifugal the forward-curved blade can be either fans. smaller in size or run at a lower speed than the other two types. The disadvantage of the forward- curved blade is that it can easily become overloaded, because at high speeds, the loss of power due to eddy formation can be considerable. Radial blades are self-cleaning and can be designed for high structural strength, pressures and speeds. The backward-curved blade is more efficient than the other two, is quieter in operation, and rarely becomes overloaded. These good characteristicsFans and Air Distribution Power Requirements of Fans When a fan is fitted to a duct system, air flows through the duct due to the pressure created by this fan, The power required to drive the fan depends upon the volume rate of air flow and the pressure against which the air flows, assuming there is no restriction or pressure drop at the inlet to the fan. The'static-pressure, velocity pressure and total pressure can't be be measured: pressank Node: Total, ae Strictly speaking, th the’ fan works against the total pressure. However, in actual-practice, the fan is assumed to work against the static pressure only. The resistance the fan must overcome is the difference between the total pressure at the entrance to the duct and that at the exit from the duct which is approx. equal to the static pressure, as the velocity pressure at the entrance to and exit from the duct is almost equal (due to the X-sectional areas at these points being very similar). Static power =p,xq W Total power = p,xq W where P, = static pressure (Pa) P, = total pressure (Pa) q = volume rate of air flow (m3/s). The static power and total power calculated by these formulae are ideal.