STUDY OF SURVEYING

TECHNIQUES AND DEVICES

P R O J E C T G U I D E : D R . P . P . D A H A L E

GROUP MEMBERS:

Amogh Deshpande Fs-17

Arnav Falkey Fs-19
Om Masade Fs-52
Shiza Khan Fs-93
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Details of Project
What is surveying?
Significance of surveying
Types of surveying
1. Prismatic Compass
2. Dumpy level
3. Auto level
4. Total station
Progress chart
Project outcomes
Work balance

 DETAILS OF PROJECT

Our main objective is to understand the basics of various surveying instruments

and techniques to apply them in locating coordinates of the IT building and
administrative block of Shri Ramdeobaba college of engineering and
management by taking the Ramdeobaba tekdi mandir as the benchmark.
WHAT IS SURVEYING ?
Surveying is the technique of determining the
relative position of different features on, above, or
beneath, the surface of the earth by means of direct
or indirect measurements and finally representing
them on a sheet of paper known as plan or map.
SIGNIFICANCE OF SURVEYING
The data gathered from surveying helps establish
planning and design and provides data that can be used
to determine the best course of action. These can be as
diverse as deciding the routes of major infrastructure
projects, to planning a simple house extension.

Architects and engineers depend on the measurements

that come from surveys such as a topographic survey or
3D laser scanning survey to know what they are working
with. This plays a part in the larger world as people need
buildings and their surroundings to work, live and enjoy
their leisure time in.

Our world is based on measurement and mathematics,

and surveying brings them to life. At its core, most
surveys are the basis for measuring the natural and built
environment, and then further mapping and modeling
accompany that. While on their own, the individual data
points are isolated and not all that helpful, they create a
bigger picture when used together.
TYPES OF SURVEYING
Classification based upon nature of the field:

Land Surveying: It can be further classified as

i) Topographical survey ii) Cadastrial Survey and iii) City Survey. It generally deals
with natural or artificial features on land such as rivers, streams, lakes, wood, hills, roads, railways, canals,
towns, water supply systems, buildings & properties etc.

Marine Surveying: Marine or hydrographic survey deals with bodies of water for purpose of navigation,
water supply, harbour works or for determination of mean sea level. The work consists in measurement
of discharge of streams, making topographic survey of shores and banks, taking and locating soundings
to determine the depth of water and observing the fluctutations of the ocean tide.

Astronomical Surveying: The astronomical survey offers the surveyor means of determining the
absolute location of any point or the absolute location of and direction of any line on the surface of
the earth. This consists of observations of heavenly bodies such as the sun or any fixed star.
TYPES OF SURVEYING
Classification based upon nature of the field:

Land Surveying: It can be further classified as

i) Topographical survey ii) Cadastrial Survey and iii) City Survey. It generally deals
with natural or artificial features on land such as rivers, streams, lakes, wood, hills, roads, railways, canals,
towns, water supply systems, buildings & properties etc.

Marine Surveying: Marine or hydrographic survey deals with bodies of water for purpose of navigation,
water supply, harbour works or for determination of mean sea level. The work consists in measurement
of discharge of streams, making topographic survey of shores and banks, taking and locating soundings
to determine the depth of water and observing the fluctutations of the ocean tide.

Astronomical Surveying: The astronomical survey offers the surveyor means of determining the
absolute location of any point or the absolute location of and direction of any line on the surface of
the earth. This consists of observations of heavenly bodies such as the sun or any fixed star.
INSTRUMENTS WE WORKED ON :

1.Prismatic compass

2. Dumpy level

3. Auto level

4.Total station

PRISMATIC COMPASS :
The magnetic needle and gradient are connected while the prism and box in
the rotationGraduations are provided in clockwise 0-to-340-degrees.The
reading is taken from the eyepiece of the prism at the south end of the
compass.The initial reading starts from the south of the instrumentEast and
west positions are stable.No tripod is required; the survey can be done by a
hand-held device.We can get a full circle bearing.

Advantages of Compass Surveying:They are lightweight and

portable.When it comes to maintaining it on a station, they have fewer
alternatives.A single survey line’s direction inaccuracy has no bearing on
subsequent survey lines.It can be used to retrace earlier surveys.

Disadvantages of Compass Surveying:It is less exact than other modern

surveying technologies.It is easily subjected to different errors such as
magnetic meridian errors, local attraction errors, and so on.Errors are also
caused by poor sighting of the range rods and improper levelling.

Application of Compass Surveying:A magnetic compass can be used to

determine the magnetic bearings of a line.The whole bearing system (WBS)
and quadrantal bearing system (QBS) are the two methods for measuring
bearings (QBS).The compass survey used for measurement determines this
completely.The magnetic meridian at the observation location is established
when a small strip of steel or iron is polarised and hanging at its centre,
allowing it to freely fluctuate along the vertical axis
PRISMATIC COMPASS (ACTIVITY – 1)
Initially, we understood the working of the prismatic compass
to understand its applications in the field of surveying.
Secondly , we completed a closed traverse of the MBA block to
apply the knowledge we gained from the literature review of
the subject .
DUMPY LEVEL :
A dumpy level is a commonly used leveling instrument to locate the points
in the same horizontal plane. It is also called an automatic level or builder’s
level. Elevations of different points and the distance between the points of
the same elevation can be determined by dumpy level. The telescope is
fixed to its supports at the dumpy level and hence it cannot be rotated on
the vertical axis. It is invented by William Gravatt in 1832.
Components of Dumpy Level:
Telescope
Bubble tubes
Compass
Vertical spindle
Tribrach screws
Foot screws
Leveling head
Tripod
Benefits of Dumpy Level SurveyingDumpy level is easy to use. Adjustments
can be made as per the requirement on any type of ground. Level readings
are very accurate in case of dumpy level. Optical power is high for the
dumpy level. The price of dumpy level is cheap when compared to other
instruments
AUTO LEVEL :
The Auto level is an optical instrument that provides a
height reference. This reference is a horizontal plane
through the axis of the telescope, known as the “Height of
Collimation”.
Once the height of collimation (or instrument height) has
been measured the height of other stations can be found
by measuring from this plane with a staff.
The height of collimation is found by taking a backsight to
a staff placed on a bench mark. The staff reading is added
to the bench mark value to obtain the height of
collimation.
Once the height of collimation has been found ground
height at any spot below this plane can be found by
observing the staff and subtracting the staff reading from
the height of collimation.
 AUTO LEVEL AND PRISMATIC COMPASS (ACTIVITY – 2)
After understanding the principles and working of auto level
and compass , we moved towards performing an open
traverse of the descending road from IT block to MCA building
to understand the elevation differences at different points on
the route as well as the angular measurements to locate
coordinates .
We were able to apply our knowledge about horizontal and
vertical measurements during this traversing and understand
the basics of surveying more precisely .
AUTO LEVEL :
 TOTAL STATION
A total station or total station theodolite is an
electronic/optical instrument used for surveying and
building construction.

What does a total station measure?

A total station can measure angles and distances
electronically and process trigonometrically to give us, at a
minimum, position coordinates in space

What are the applications of total station survey?

A total station is an electronic/optical instrument used in

modern surveying. It is also used by archaeologists to record
excavations as well as by police, crime scene investigators,
private accident Reconstructionists and insurance companies
to take measurements of scenes.
TOTAL STATION
PROGRESS CHART (PROVISIONAL)

40%

WORK
BALANCE
 PROJECT OUTCOMES

Our main aim in this project is to understand how surveying is done and its
significance . Secondly, by working on different instruments of surveying, we'll be
able to understand the various techniques and aspects of a survey which will
ultimately benefit us in improving our technical skills and emerge as a better civil
engineers.
THANK YOU!