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Filipino Translation and Validation of the General Self-Efficacy (GSE) Scale:

Panukat ng Pangkalahatang Kakayahang Pansarili

Article · September 2021

DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.16570650

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 International Journal of Psychology and Counseling.
ISSN 2278-5833 Volume 11, Number 2 (2021), pp. 7-15
© Research India Publications
http://www.ripublication.com

Filipino Translation and Validation of the

General Self-Efficacy (GSE) Scale:
Panukat ng Pangkalahatang Kakayahang Pansarili
Jhoselle Tus1, Ricardo Barretto2
Francis Rayo3, Jemelyn Crisostomo4,
Mark Anthony Cruz5, Julius Mendoza6, and Reymark Lubo7
1
Social Science Subject Team Leader, St. Paul College of Bocaue, Philippines
2
Filipino Teacher, St. Paul College of Bocaue, Philippines
3
Science Teacher, St. Paul College of Bocaue, Philippines
4
Christian Living and Values Education Teacher, St. Paul College of Bocaue, Philippines
5
Mathematics Subject Team Leader, St. Paul College of Bocaue, Philippines
6
MAPEH Subject Team Leader, St. Paul College of Bocaue, Philippines
7
Filipino Teacher, St. Paul College of Bocaue, Philippines

Abstract

The General Self-Efficacy (GSE) Scale was translated into Filipino, and one
thousand seven hundred eighty four (1784) students from senior high school
and colleges were assessed in a counter-balanced format with the English. The
Filipino translation was rendered by producing: (a) an initial Filipino
translation, (b) a blind back-translation, and (c) extensive pilot testing.

Keywords: General Self-Efficacy (GSE) Scale, Filipino Version, Validation,

Panukat ng Pangkalahatang Kakayahang Pansarili

INTRODUCTION
Self-efficacy is the individual's belief in his or her own ability to form and complete
actions to produce the desired results and achievements (Doménech, Abellán & Gómez,
2017). This explains why people's belief in what they can do is more meaningful than
their skills. Academic self-efficacy expresses the student's judgments about how well
they can do classwork (Yüner, 2020).
8 Jhoselle Tus, Ricardo Barretto, et al.

Hence, self-efficacy plays a significant role in every student because it can affect
their behavior (Mabalay, Gaboy, & Roguel, 2020). It influences students to do well in
every task they are given, face all the difficulties they face, and set goals that they will
achieve. Likewise, the students who have better academic performance are the ones who
have more positive emotions, use more metacognitive learning strategies, and believe in
their abilities (Hayat, Shateri, Amini, & Shokrpour 2020). And high levels of self-
efficacy predict higher academic success in all fields of expertise. In terms of students'
achievement, motivation, and learning, self-efficacy plays a predicting and mediating
role (Ayllón, Alsina, & Colomer, 2019).
However, Bandura (as cited in Sun et al. 2017), students' previous experiences of
success or failure significantly influence their self-efficacy. According to Del Villar and
Napawi (2018), students' self-efficacy substantially affects their academic performance.
A student's academic performance is a reflection of what they feel they have achieved
and will achieve. However, the study of Wu, Li, Zheng, and Guo (2020) explained that
self-efficacy, as one type of motivational setup, has some effect but not a particular
impact on student performance.
Furthermore, students who feel they are capable of completing their schoolwork
will improve their grades as a result. They were present almost without encouragement
and usually showed high self-excellence. The researchers have positive feelings about
their academic skills related to their average scholastic achievement (Ferguson, 2017).
Thus, self-efficacy affected the performance of the individual's Bandura in 1986 and
1997 (as cited in Shehzad, Alghorbany, Lashari, & Lashari, 2019).
The findings of Mosier (2018) explained that students who've been academically
at-threat mount higher self-efficacy in analyzing new ideas, managing complex problems,
and feeling inspired to achieve success in courses, and ensure their academic abilities. In
addition, Olave (2019) discussed that one of the elements influencing college students'
success rates is their reliance on their capacity to achieve intended results in the face of
challenges (self-efficacy).
Moreover, the objective of this study was to conduct the translation and
adaptation process of the GSE into the Filipino language and to determine the reliability
of the translated GSE Filipino version: Panukat ng Pangkalahatang Kakayahang
Pansarili.
General Self-Efficacy (GSE): Panukat ng Pangkalahatang Kakayahang Pansarili 9

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Participants
The test group consisted of a group of young Filipino students, as seen on table 1,
enrolled in school year 2020 – 2021. The participants were from a range of educational
institutions and regions in the Philippines to reflect different demographic factors, such
as gender, living in an urban or rural area, etc.

Table 1. Sample Size of the Participants

Participants Sample Size
Graduating College Students 532
College Students from State Universities and Colleges 348
College Students from Private Universities and Colleges 304
Senior High School Students from Private Schools 342
Senior High School Students from Public Schools 258

Study design
This study consisted of two phases. In phase I, the study design involved
translation of the GSE into Filipino language, and phase II comprised a survey to test the
psychometric properties of the GSE Filipino version: Panukat ng Pangkalahatang
Kakayahang Pansarili.
In phase I, the researchers reviewed the literature to find a translation protocol
that would guide the steps to be taken along the process of translation and adaptation of
the GSE to Filipino. From the diversity of models of translation used in cross-cultural
research, we opted to follow the guidelines suggested by a few authors who conducted
cross-cultural studies specifically directed at the translation-adaptation and validation of
instruments (Borsa, Damásio, & Bandeira, 2012; Merenda, 2006; Pinto, 2014) and
international guidelines (International Test Commission, 2017). Furthermore, in light of
the input given by each member of the committee of translators and judges, the
researchers established a final Filipino version of the instrument. It was agreed that this
version respected both the Filipino language and culture.
In phase II, the final preliminary Filipino version of the GSE Filipino version:
Panukat ng Pangkalahatang Kakayahang Pansarili was administered to a wider, yet
similar, sample of respondents. The GSE Filipino version was administered using a
Google form questionnaire, and results were automatically converted into a table in
Excel.
10 Jhoselle Tus, Ricardo Barretto, et al.

Instrument
The General Self-efficacy (GSE) Scale, developed by Ralf Schwarzer and
Matthias Jerusalem in 1981, is a 10-point psychometric scale meant to evaluate positive
self-conceptions in order to meet a range of severe living needs. The prospective and
operational concept of perceived self-efficacy is how people feel about their abilities
(Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1981).

Ethical Consideration
The GSE is in the public domain and does not require permission to use. This
study obtained ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of the institution.
The data from this study has been strictly maintained for confidentiality and will not be
disclosed to any third party. Only the research team had access to the data. No personal
information has been mentioned in the reporting and publication. Participation was on a
voluntary basis and no remuneration was provided.

Statistical Analysis
Data entry and statistical analysis were performed using Microsoft Excel and
IBM SPSS Statistics 26. For the descriptive analysis, the internal consistency reliability
was presented in a table based on the findings of research which utilized the GSE
Filipino version: Panukat ng Pangkalahatang Kakayahang Pansarili.

RESULT

The results of the internal consistency reliability analysis are shown in Table 2. A
Cronbach’s alpha value of more than 0.70 is considered satisfactory internal reliability
(Bolarinwa, 2015), and the higher alpha value indicates higher internal reliability.

Table 2. Internal consistency reliability of the GSE Filipino version

Cronbach’s
Research Titles Participants
Alpha
(1) Amidst Online Learning: The Self-Efficacy and
Academic Motivation of the College Students from Graduating
0.778
the Public Higher Education Institutions in the College Students
Philippines
General Self-Efficacy (GSE): Panukat ng Pangkalahatang Kakayahang Pansarili 11

(2) Amidst COVID-19 Pandemic: The Self-Efficacy College Students

and Academic Motivation of the College Students from State
0.857
from the Private Higher Education Institutions in the Universities and
Philippines Colleges

(3) Amidst Online Learning in the Philippines: The College Students

Self-Efficacy and Academic Motivation of the from Private
0.927
Senior High School Students Universities and
from Private Schools Colleges
(4) The Self-Efficacy and Its Relationship to the Senior High
Academic Motivation of the Senior High School School Students
0.743
Students from Public Schools Amidst the New from Private
Normal Education in the Philippines Schools
Senior High
(5) The Self-Efficacy and Academic Motivation of
School Students
the Graduating College Students During the 0.881
from Public
COVID-19 Pandemic in the Philippines
Schools

DISCUSSION
The GSE Filipino version: Panukat ng Pangkalahatang Kakayahang Pansarili,
provided valid and reliable results when it was applied. Thus, the potential threat to
validity related to language translation is reduced significantly based on the findings of
this study. The content equivalence and semantic equivalence were checked in this study
to ensure that the quality and consistency of the meaning in the translated version were
consistent with the original version. Thus, the GSE Filipino version: Panukat ng
Pangkalahatang Kakayahang Pansarili’s Cronbach’s alpha ranged between 0.74 and
0.93, which exceeds the minimum value of 0.70 for internal consistency (Bolarinwa,
2015).

CONCLUSION

The GSE Filipino version: Panukat ng Pangkalahatang Kakayahang Pansarili

has good validity and excellent reliability. Therefore, the GSE Filipino version is a valid
and reliable tool to assess a general sense of perceived self-efficacy. Thus, the GSE
Filipino version can become one of the valid indicators to measure the general sense of
perceived self-efficacy to predict the coping mechanisms with daily hassles as well as
adaptation after experiencing all kinds of stressful life events in the Philippines.
12 Jhoselle Tus, Ricardo Barretto, et al.

REFERENCES

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General Self-Efficacy (GSE): Panukat ng Pangkalahatang Kakayahang Pansarili 13

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APPENDIX

GENERAL SELF-EFFICACY SCALE

(ENGLISH VERSION)
Schwarzer & Jerusalem (1995)

Not at all Hardly Moderately Exactly

Statements true true true true
1 2 3 4
I can always manage to solve difficult problems if I try hard
1
enough.
If someone opposes me, I can find the means and ways to get
2
what I want.
3 It is easy for me to stick to my aims and accomplish my goals.
I am confident that I could deal efficiently with unexpected
4
events.
Thanks to my resourcefulness, I know how to handle
5
unforeseen situations.
6 I can solve most problems if I invest the necessary effort.
I can remain calm when facing difficulties because I can rely
7
on my coping abilities.
When I am confronted with a problem, I can usually find
8
several solutions.
9 If I am in trouble, I can usually think of a solution.
10 I can usually handle whatever comes my way.

The total score is calculated by finding the sum of the all items. For the GSE, the total score ranges between 10 and
40, with a higher score indicating more self-efficacy.

Source: Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized Self-Efficacy scale. In J. Weinman,
S. Wright, & M. Johnston, Measures in Health Psychology: A user’s portfolio. Causal and
control beliefs (pp. 35-37). Windsor, UK: NFER-NELSON.
 General Self-Efficacy (GSE): Panukat ng Pangkalahatang Kakayahang Pansarili 15

APPENDIX

PANUKAT NG PANGKALAHATANG KAKAYAHANG PANSARILI

General Self-Efficacy Scale
(FILIPINO VERSION)

Hindi Bahagyang Totoong-

Totoo
Mga Pahayag Totoo Totoo totoo
1 2 3 4
Kaya kong mapamahalaan ang aking mga problema sa
1 pamamagitan ng hindi pagsuko at patuloy na pagbangon
at paghahanap ng solusyon sa mga ito.
Kaya kong makaisip ng mga paraan upang makuha ang
2
aking kagustuhan kahit na may mga humahadlang.
Kaya kong manatiling nakatuon sa aking mga layunin at
3
mapagtagumpayan ang mga ito.
Kaya kong magkaroon ng lakas ng loob upang
4 malagpasan ang mga hindi inaasahang sitwasyon sa
aking buhay.
Kaya kong maging mapamaraan upang
5 mapagtagumpayan ang mga hindi inaasahan na
pangyayari sa aking buhay.
Kaya kong mapagtagumpayan ang mabibigat na
6 pagsubok sa aking buhay sa pamamagitan ng
pagsusumikap.
Kaya kong manatiling mahinahon sa pagharap sa
mga suliranin ng aking buhay sapagkat naniniwlaa
7
ako sa kakayahan kong malalagpasan ko ang mga
ito.
Kaya kong makahanap ng mga solusyon sa aking
8
problema.
9 Kaya kong mag-isip ng solusyon sa aking problema.
Kaya kong panghawakan ang mga pagsubok na
10
dumadating sa aking buhay.

Ang kabuoang iskor ay kinakalkula o kinokompyut sa pamamagitan ng pagsasama-sama ng puntos sa lahat

ng aytem. Ang kabuoang iskor na nasa pagitan ng 10 at 40 ay nagpapakita ng mas malakas na
pangkalahatang kakayahang pansarili.

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