FFFinalized Research Paper.111

District of Los Baños
LOS BAÑOS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

San Antonio Los Baños, Laguna
USE OF SWEET POTATO (Ipomoea batatas) PEEL AND

POTATO (Solanum tuberosum) PEEL MIXTURE
AS GROWING MEDIUM FOR HYDROPONIC
ONION (Allium cepa) BULB
A Research Presented
To the Faculty of Los Baños Senior High School
San Antonio, Los Baños, Laguna
In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for Grade 12
WORK IMMERSION CAPSTONE
BOBIS, JULIUS ROBERTSON

DESALESA, HAIEM AERIN C.
ESQUILLO, ANGELO A.
FLORES, FIDEL R.
INDICIO, GLAZIE B.
LAGAJINO, JOHN MARTIN L.
LEONARDO, JOSEF MARCLEIN D.
MALBATAAN, EDRIN JOHN D.
PANER, SHAINA A.
ZAYAS, ADRIAN A.
June 2022
ii
APPROVAL SHEET
This research entitled: “USE OF SWEET POTATO (Ipomoea batatas)

PEEL AND POTATO (Solanum tuberosum) PEEL MIXTURE AS GROWING
MEDIUM FOR HYDROPONIC ONION (Allium cepa) BULB” Prepared and
submitted by GROUP 6 – ARCHIMEDES in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for graduation in Senior High School – Academic Track, is hereby recommended
for acceptance and approval.
Evangeline S. Austria
Adviser
PANEL OF EXAMINEES
Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with the Grade of
MICHAEL WILLIAM V. PUNA III, Ed.D.
Chairman
Alvin L. Montalla Neil James R. Panganiban Rogelio P. Bulong
Member Member Member
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

graduation in Los Baños Senior High School – Academic Track (Science, Technology,
Engineering, and Math).
MICHAEL WILLIAM V. PUNA III, Ed.D.
Teacher in Charge – LBSHS
Research Contribution No.

iii
DEDICATION
This research is dedicated to:
Our loving family members and our friends, who gave us strength and inspiration,
and to our teachers for their guidance and assistance in helping us complete our final
papers. And to those who will read this and use the study as guide.

iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to extend our gratitude to our parents who provided us with
resources and a nurturing environment to successfully conduct our experiment and
finish this final paper; and to our Creator whom we owe everything in our lives specially
in the making of this study.

v
ABSTRACT
One of the gardening technologies that can be utilized to cultivate onions is
hydroponics. Hydroponics is a way of growing plants that does not require soil. Potato
skins can be used to fertilize gardens since they are high in potassium and
phytonutrients, which are beneficial to plants. The study is conducted by doing sample
collection and material preparation. Samples and materials are collected in
accordance with the study's specifications. The following step is mixture preparation,
which entails acquiring the resources required for each mixture by the researchers.
Following the preparation of the mixture, onion planting is carried out with the intention
of observing and documenting the plant's developments. In terms of length and
quantity of leaves, as well as the length of their roots, ordinary potato peel mixture can
greatly promote the growth of hydroponic onion bulbs. Both regular potato peel
mixture and sweet potato peel mixture can help hydroponic onion bulbs grow faster,
although the two (mixtures) have different biological structures. The goal of this study
is to see what the difference is between standard potato peel mixture and sweet potato
peel mixture as a hydroponics onion growing medium. According to the data, the
standard potato peel mixture produces the longest roots, followed by the sweet potato
peel mixture, and finally the water. The sweet potato peel and potato peel mixture
groups, on the other hand, have the same number of leaves. The sweet potato and
potato peel mixture groups had approximately comparable length leaves, however the
potato peel mixture group expanded first.

vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………….…. i
APPROVAL SHEET…………………………………………………….……. ii
DEDICATION …………………………………………………………….…… iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………….…….. iv
ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………..…….. v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………..……. vi
LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………..……… vii
LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………………………..……….. xi
Chapter I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction. ……………...……………...……………………... 1
Background of the Study ……………...……………….……... 3
Conceptual Paradigm ……………………………………..…… 5
Statement of the Problem ……………………………..………. 6
Research Hypothesis ………………….………………...…….. 7
Significance of the Study ……..………………………….…... 7
Scope and Delimitation of the Study …..……………..…….. 8
Definition of Terms ……………………………………..…….... 9
Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Related Literature …………………………………….……...… 12
Related Studies ……………………………….………………… 19

vii
Chapter III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design ……………………………………………...… 26
Sampling Technique ………………………………………...…..27
Research Instrument ……………………………………….……28
Research Procedure …………………...….………………....….28
Data Gathering Procedure …………………………………..... 29
Data Analysis Procedure …………………….…………...…… 30
Chapter IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA ……………….……………….... 32
Chapter V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary …………………………………………………………. 46
Conclusions ………………………………………….................. 46
Recommendations ……………………………………..………...47
REFFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………..48
APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………………54
CURRICULUM VITAE…………………………………………………………………...68
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Table Name Page No.
1 Analysis of Variance 31
2 Length of roots in cm 32
(Sweet Potato Peel)

viii
(Potato Peel)
(Water)
5 Number of leaves 35
(Sweet Potato Peel)
(Potato Peel)
(Water)
8 Length of leaves in cm 38
(Sweet Potato Peel)
(Potato Peel)
(Water)
11 Data Summary (Length 41
of Roots)

ix
12 ANOVA Summary 41
(Length of Roots)
13 Data Summary (Number 42
of Leaves)
14 ANOVA Summary 43
(Number of Leaves)
15 Data Summary (Length 44
of Leaves)
16 ANOVA Summary 44
(Length of leaves)
(Sweet Potato Peel)
(Potato Peel)
(Water)
(Sweet Potato Peel)
(Potato Peel)

x
(Water)
(Sweet Potato Peel)
(Potato Peel)
(Water)
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Figure Name Page No.
1 Conceptual Paradigm 5
2 Research Flowchart 29
3 One Way ANOVA 42
Graphical
Representation (Length
of Roots)
4 One Way ANOVA 43
Graphical

xi
Representation (Number
of Leaves)
5 One Way ANOVA 45
Graphical
Representation (Length
of Leaves)
6 Set-Up for Regular 63
Potato Peel Mixture
7 Set-Up for Sweet Potato 63
Peel Mixture
8 Set-Up for Control 63
Group (Water)
9 Regular Potato Peel 63
Mixture Plant 1
Mixture Plant 2
Mixture Plant 3
Mixture Plant 4

xii
Mixture Plant 5
14 Sweet Potato Peel 65
Mixture Plant 1
Mixture Plant 2
Mixture Plant 3
Mixture Plant 4
Mixture Plant 5
19 Water Plant 1 66
20 Water Plant 2 66
21 Water Plant 3 67
22 Water Plant 4 67
23 Water Plant 5 67

1
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Onion (Allium cepa) is an herbaceous biennial plant in the amaryllis family
(Amaryllidaceae), produced for its consumable bulb. Onions are low in nutrients
but regarded for its taste that’s why it is mainly used for cooking. The ordinary
onion has no less than one leafless bloom that show up at a height of 75–180 cm
(2.5–6 feet), finishing in a round pack of minimal greenish white blooms. The
concentric leaf base makes the plant swell to shape the underground consumable
bulb (Tikkanen, 2021).
The hydroponic method is one of the farming methods that can be used to
grow onions. Hydroponics is a method of growing crops that does not require the
use of soil. Water works to provide nutrients, hydration, and oxygen to plant life in
the absence of soil. Farmers can control the amount of nutrients given to the plant
in a hydroponic method of planting, which allows them to grow faster (Woodard,
2019).
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is a common root vegetable that grows well
in both temperate and tropical climates, especially in Asia. Sweet potato is high
carbohydrate content, which helps disadvantaged countries meet their food
demands. However, nutrients are found not only in the sweet potato itself, but also

2
in its peel. Fiber, antioxidants, carbohydrates, and vitamins B6 and C are all found
in sweet potato peel (Davidson, 2019).
The potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a root vegetable native to the Americas
that is made up of a starchy tuber from the plant. Potatoes are high in vitamins,
minerals, and antioxidants, which can aid with blood sugar regulation, lowering the
risk of heart disease, and increasing immunity. The peels of potato or normal
potato, like the peels of sweet potato, contain nutrients such as potassium, vitamin
B3, fiber, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, calcium, copper, and zinc are all abundant
in potato skin. (Petruzzello, 2021)
Sweet potato peel and potato peel contain a lot of nutrients that are
essential for growing plants. In theory, potato skins can fertilize gardens since they
are packed with potassium and phytonutrients which are beneficial to plants
(Cameron, 2021), and by combining these nutrients, an adequate nutrient mixture
or solution can be created for hydroponic onion bulb planting.
Hydroponics can help solve problems without taking up too much space or
water, and it is known to produce vegetables with high nutrient content faster than
traditional growing methods. (Green, 2020) Onions are well-known for being
relatively simple plants to grow hydroponically. Hydroponically grown onions will
begin to sprout green sprouts within a week, which can be collected continuously
(AgriFarming, n.d.) In order to grow, onions require nutrients such as potassium
and phosphorus (McCormark et al., 2012), which the sweet potato and potato
peels contain.

3
In this study, two different nutrient mixtures will be created in order to grow
hydroponic onion. It also aims to investigate and compare the effects of two
different hydroponic mixtures as a growing medium: sweet potato peel mixture and
potato peel mixture.
This research is conducted in order to provide farmers and people who live
in areas with limited land and space with a new method of planting crops. It will
also allow use of agricultural waste that could look into a circular approach in
agriculture.
This research study will only look at data collected from onion growth
parameters that is monitored. The nutrients provided by sweet potato peel and
normal potato peel are will be evaluated and the effect to the growth of the onion
will be analyzed.
Background of the Study
Due to the current state of our world because of the COVID 19-pandemic,
some of us people are affected in many ways due to the lock down. Some people
are unable to buy things especially the things that we need like ingredients to make
foods. Some due to the lack of money and some is because they can't go out due
to Covid-19. One way to solve this problem is by home gardening where you can
plant some crops in your back yard of your own home. The common way to plant
crops is by planting them in soil. But hydroponics on the other hand, uses water as
the foundation of planting. The researchers aim to determine the effect of the two
mixture that they will use during the hydroponic planting. The 1st mixture is a

4
mixture of soaked normal potato peel and the 2nd mixture is a mixture of soaked
sweet potato peel. The potato gives off minerals that a plant would need such as
potassium, magnesium, nitrogen and phosphorus. (Orhevba et al., 2020) The
mineral content of a regular potato is almost the same as the sweet potato but has
different amount of mineral content. (Mazmayan, 2020) The researcher obtains the
data that is needed from the hydroponics and hopes to know which mixture would
be more effective in growing an onion bulb.
As the researchers pursue the said topic, they hope that they could gain a
great benefit from it. As it could help us individually, it can help also the field of
agriculture as it helps other researcher to know the usefulness of the peels that we
usually throw out after we peel of the skin that we usually don’t eat or use in any
kind of cuisine. It could also help our environment as we recycle or reuse the
unused peels of skin of potato. This can benefit us in many ways not just for each
individual to grow but also to save the environment from pollution and help us to
grow and enhance our knowledge in agriculture.

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Conceptual Paradigm
Onion Bulb
Sweet Potato Peel

INPUT
Regular Potato Peel
Sample collection
PROCESS Soaking of sweet potato peel in 3 cups of water
Soaking of regular potato peel in 3 cups of water
Testing of hydroponic mixtures produced
OUTPUT Sweet Potato Peel Mixture and Regular Potato Peel Mixture
Figure 1. Conceptual Paradigm

6
The onion is required as the subject of the study in order to carry out the
research, and it will be utilized to compare its growth in two media. In the setup,
sweet potato peel and potato peel will be used as variables that can affect onion
growth. Finally, hydroponic planting, which uses water to grow foods and plants, is
the core of the research. Plastic bottles with a volume capacity of 4 liters will be
used as container to where the mixtures will be placed and where the bulbs will be
grown hydroponically. The researcher will have two mixtures, first will be the potato
peels soaked in 3 cups of water and the other one will be the sweet potato peels
soaked in the same amount of water.
Statement of the Problem
The main objective of this study is to determine the difference between
regular potato peel mixture and sweet potato peel mixture as a growing medium
hydroponics onion. Specifically, this aims to:
1. Identify the growing medium mixture that is more effective to the
hydroponic onion.
1.1. Sweet potato peel mixture
1.2. Regular potato peel mixture

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2. Determine the difference between the sweet potato peel mixture and the
potato peel mixture on the growth of hydroponic onion bulbs. In terms
of:
3.1. length of leaves (cm)
3.2. length of roots (cm)
3.3. number of leaves
Hypothesis
There is no significant difference between the sweet potato peel mixture
and the regular potato peel mixture on the growth of hydroponic onion bulbs in
terms of length of leaves (cm), length of roots (cm), and number of leaves.
Significance of the Study
This study will provide farmers that another use of the crops they grow. With
this study they will have alternative ways of growing crop and will also help them
save space. Community members must be resourceful and use more
environmentally friendly planting methods that do not need lot of water or space.
In a well-managed hydroponic system, many vegetables can be harvested twice
as quickly. In research, hydroponic method is a kind of farming in which plants are
grown in nutrient-rich water rather than soil. Concerns about feeding an ever-
increasing human population in a changing climate have prompted academics and

8
professionals to believe that hydroponic technology may be able to help ease
impending food shortages. Hydroponics teaches students in a variety of ways, from
understanding how a sustainable system can help for growing plants and how it
works and determine or measure the right nutrients and water level, to identifying
plant problems and making necessary changes and help to identify what needs to
be done in order to improve the said study.
Scope and Delimitations of the Study
This study aims to differentiate the effectiveness of the sweet potato peel
mixture and regular potato peel mixture on the growth of the hydroponic onion bulb.
The research also includes identifying or determining the difference in leaves and
roots length, portion of the leaves of the onion grown in the mixture. This study
does not cover any other parts of sweet potato and regular potato, or any types of
crops, mixtures, solutions, and planting methods as the researcher sets the
suitable materials for the study. Because laboratory testing to measure the amount
of potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus is prohibitively expensive, researchers
are unable to use it as part of their research.

9
Definition of Terms
The important terms used in the study have been defined and here are the
terms used:
Hydroponics
a. This refers to the technique of growing plants and used to cultivate the
onion bulb without the presence of soil, only by using the nutrients that
can be found in the mixture.
b. Hydroponic flowers, herbs, and vegetables are planted in inert growing
media and supplied with nutrient-rich mixtures or solutions, oxygen, and
water. This system fosters rapid growth, stronger yields, and superior
quality (Woodard, 2019).
Onion
a. It is a vegetable that is the most widely cultivated species of the genus
Allium and composed of a shortened, underground stem surrounded by
a fleshy scale that covers the entire bulb.
b. Onion is used for treating digestion problems including loss of appetite,
upset stomach, and gallbladder disorders; for treating heart and blood
vessel problems including chest pain (angina) and high blood pressure;
and for preventing “hardening of the arteries” (atherosclerosis) (Rxlist:
Onion, 2021).

10
Potato
a. This refers to a starchy tuber of the plant and has vitamins, minerals and
antioxidants in its peel. Potatoes contain minerals and nutrients that can
be used to fertilize plants.
b. Potato water can supply plants with over 350mg potassium (K) per
100g, a macronutrient used by plants to develop immunity to
environmental stress along with phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, and
zinc (Flourishing Plants, 2022).
Sweet potato
a. This refers to a dicotyledonous plant that belongs to the family Solanum
tuberosum and has fiber, antioxidants, and nutrients like potassium,
manganese, and vitamin A, C, and E in its peel (RD and Palmer, 2012).
Just one sweet potato gives you 400% of the vitamin A you need each
day.
b. This helps keep your eyes healthy as well as your immune system, your
body defence against germs. It's also good for your reproductive system
and organs like your heart and kidneys (Booth, 2021).

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Bulb
a. A modified bud consisting of a thickened globular underground stem
serving as a reproductive structure.
b. It is responsible in storing the water and nutritive substances (primarily
sugars); they are also a means of vegetative renewal and reproduction.
In some plant species, bulblets develop in the inflorescences (onions
and meadow grasses) or in the leaf axils of aboveground shoots

12
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Related Literatures
Hydroponics can be briefly defined as cultivation of plants without soil
(Savvas, 2017). In other words, hydroponics, a Greek word meaning “hydro”
(water) and “ponos” (labor) is the method of growing plants in different types of
substrates (chemically inert), sand, gravel, or liquid (water), in which nutrients are
added, but no soil is used (Douglas, 1975). Actually, Europe is considered the
biggest market for hydroponics in which France, Netherlands, and Spain are the
three top producers, followed by the United States of America and Asia-Pacific
region. These systems are becoming increasingly widespread over the world, and
according to the most recent report (Jensen and Collins, 1985) it is expected to
reach a world growth of 18.8% from 2017 to 2023, corresponding to a global
hydroponic market of USD 490.50 Million by 2023. According to growers,
hydroponic systems help them in expanding their ability for a continuous
production in a short growing period, require less space, and plants can be
produced anywhere, i.e., in small spaces with a controlled growth environment
(Hughes, 2017). Growers often says that hydroponics always allows them to have
higher productivity and yields without any constraints of climate and weather
conditions (Wambua, 2017). In addition, growers often claim that the quality of
hydroponic produce is superior because it uses a highly controlled environment
and enables a more homogeneous production without any loss of water and

13
nutrients. Moreover, hydroponics is not dependent on seasonality, and therefore,
their productivity are higher and homogenous throughout the year (Okemwa,
2017). Growers also often report that hydroponic productions are easier, and since
they do not require cultural operations such as plowing, weeding, soil fertilization,
and crop rotation, they are light and clean (Nguyen and Menoda-Cozatl et al,
2016). However, the scientific evidences are often contradictory and different
disadvantages are reported to justify their rejection: high initial costs, high technical
and plant physiology knowledge, periodic work routines, and efficient electrical
systems. It is also necessary and effective to control nutritional solutions and take
daily measurements of liquid nutrients to avoid excess salinization and control
microbial diseases and pests to avoid any loss of production. Nonetheless,
growers often argue that this technique allows the possibility to grow healthier food
and helps in the reduction of wastes. An example of this waste reduction can be
seen in lettuce, the most hydroponically cultivated crop in the world, in which about
99% of their hydroponic leaves are valid and they can be sold to a value
approximately of 40% more expensive than a lettuce grown traditionally (Barbosa
and Gadelha et al, 2016). Moreover, with hydroponics, there is a better opportunity
to place the fresh produces in the market since their average nutritional quality and
consumer’s acceptance are higher (Mehra et al, 2017). In addition, growers
reported that with hydroponics, some of the negative impacts of conventional
agriculture are avoided including high and inefficient use of water, large land
requirements, high concentrations of nutrients and pesticides, and soil degradation
accompanied by erosion (Treftz et al, 2016); issues that are much more in the

14
nowadays concerns of consumers. Worldwide consumers are increasingly
interested in having more environment-friendly fresh vegetables due to the strong
and well-established inverse relationship between vegetable consumption and the
risk of many types of chronic and degenerative diseases like cancer,
cardiovascular, and neurological disorders (Kris-Etherton and Hecker et al, 2002).
Because of this growing consumer interest, the content of health-promoting
compounds is becoming a vital consideration for fruit and vegetable growers. In
fact, fresh vegetables and fruits are rich sources of bioactive compounds with
significant health benefits, and these beneficial compounds can be influenced by
several key factors including genotype selection and environmental conditions
(light, temperature, humidity, atmospheric CO2). Contrary to the conventional
agricultural system, hydroponic relies on the manipulation of nutrients, which
according to different authors allows having produces with high accumulation of
some beneficial nutrients (Sgherri et al, 2010). However, questions about their
safety are often raised. There are considerable research studies regarding
conventional and hydroponic production separately, but few have compared the
impact of both on the nutritional quality of fresh vegetables. In this context, with
this chapter, we discuss with updated information on the differences between of
hydroponics and conventional production and the impact of hydroponics in the
nutritional composition and bioactive compound levels. We debate their impact,
limitations, and success.
The hydroponic method of growing onion plants involves producing plants
without the need of soil by employing water, nutrients, and oxygen. Hydroponics

15
is a cultivation method that does not require the use of soil. Instead, the hydroponic
plant is grown using nutrients, water, and air. Soils must be well-structured and
rich in order to enhance growth and production. Onions are well-known for being
relatively simple to cultivate hydroponically. Changes in air temperature, strong
light, plant temperature, and humidity all have a significant impact on hydroponic
development. Onions are low maintenance when it comes to nutritional
requirements; they don't require a lot of fertilizer. However, boost their growth by
supplementing them with nutrients. It is important to keep nutrients and soil
moisture in the shallow roots area. The roots may grow longer and stronger while
searching for nutrition. They will strengthen themselves, and when nutrients are
added, they will utilize them with their strong roots. This promotes development by
establishing a strong root foundation for the plants. Onions may face difficulty with
nutritional balance. Nitrogen is required by the plant. However, applying too much
of it will cause the onion bulbs to be neglected for the benefit. In addition, too little
nitrogen reduces plant stamina and growth. A hydroponic onion crop can be
produced in three to ninety days. Onions will begin to sprout green sprouts, which
may be harvested in as little as three weeks for some and 80 to 90 days for others,
which can be harvested on a regular basis and then used.
It is important to maintain the pH levels of the water in order for the onions
to grow effectively. Onions require full light to grow properly. Plant growth is
influenced by weather conditions. To start growing hydroponic onions, you will
need numerous items, including onion sets, water, growth media, pots, water, an
air pump and stone, and a growing tray. Hydroponic onions are simple to cultivate

16
and need minimal work and investment. There are two options for hydroponic
systems: buy one online or make one. Building a hydroponic system, on the other
hand, can be quite complicated, but you will be able to save money and be
relatively handy. A grow tray and stand, an air stone and air pump, resource, a
water pump, hydroponic tubing, and net cups are all needed for constructing a
hydroponic system. The nutrient solution is oxygenated using an air stone and an
air pump. A container for the nutrition solution. A water pump is used to transport
the fertilizer solution from the reservoir to the grow tray. Regardless of which of
these systems you choose, and whether you buy a ready-made unit or build one
yourself, you'll need growth medium and nutrients. In hydroponics, there are
various growth medium options to choose from. Composite plugs, rock wool, or
perlite can all be used. Onions grow well in outdoor hydroponic systems, but they
may also be grown effectively indoors. Onions can be grown from seed or from a
set. Onions may be planted from seeds rather than bulbs or set, however this will
take a little longer. Aeration is essential for hydroponic plants since they thrive in
high amounts of moisture; if the air surrounding them is not circulated properly,
bacteria can form, which can be harmful to the plants. Install exhaust fans, floor
fans, ceiling fans, or simply leave a window open for optimal air circulation. Aerate
the fluid on a regular basis not only to preserve hydroponic nutrients and inhibit
anaerobic bacteria, but also to oxygenate the roots (Reddy, 2021).
Sweet potato used to be the most important feed crop with the second
largest production hectare age next only to rice in Taiwan. Annual hectarage was
around 230,000 ha over a period of 25 years beginning 1948 (PDAF 1980).

17
Production varied year by year from 2.0 to 3.7 million tons during the same period.
Since 1971, however, sweet potato hectarage has declined. The lowest hectarage
was 74,336 ha in 1979 and production was 1.22 million tons in 1979 (PDAF, 1980).
The decline of sweet potato production results from the increasing use of corn for
feeds and the development of water resources which has expanded rice
cultivation. The trend is still continuing but at a relatively slower rate. The sweet
potato hectare age distribution over the island is 48.8, 23.5"', 18.5?' and 9.2w in
the southern, central, northern and eastern parts respectively. It is obvious that
sweet potato is a major crop in the south where irrigation water is limited. Taiwan
is partly in the tropical and partly in the subtropical region, with abundant rainfall
and solar radiation so that multiple cropping systems are generally practiced. A
number of cropping patterns were reported by Ho and Young (1966). Sweet potato
under multiple cropping systems can be grown all the year round. There are four
cropping seasons, fall (August to September), spring (February to March), summer
(June to July) and winter (September to October). Because planting season is not
a limiting factor for growing sweet potato, its position in cropping systems can
become quite complicated. Sweet potato can either be a major crop in a rotational
system or a minor one in an interplanting pattern. However, in recent years,
multiple cropping systems have become less diversified as a result of labor
shortage and higher cost of production (Wan 1971).
Potato peelings may be used as organic fertilizer if you have already heard.
Because they contain starch, potassium, and other vital minerals, this is accurate.
This form of fertilizing is completely safe, cost-effective, and aids in the protection

18
of the garden from Colorado beetles (and their larvae), slugs, and wireworms. The
potatoes are always peeled once they have been peeled. It, as well as the layer
beneath the skin, has the largest concentration of important components. Raw
potato trash contains a wide range of macronutrients, micronutrients and vitamins.
If you use them logically and don't throw them away, all of the beneficial ingredients
will transfer their properties to the soil and plants in your garden. Drying potato
skins is a more time-consuming but more dependable and convenient method of
preserving (Seal, 2021).
Iron is also abundant in potato peels, which aids red blood cell function.
Vitamin B3, which aids in the breakdown of nutrients into usable fuel, is abundant
in the skin and also aids in the recovery of cells that have been subjected to
physiological stress. The peel of a potato has been proposed as a new source of
dietary fiber in bread production. Peels have a high phenolic content as well as a
little number of vitamins such as riboflavin, ascorbic acid, folic acid, and vitamins
B6 (Toppo, 2021).
Plants benefit from the nutrients in potato skins, but they must be
composted properly before being returned to the soil. Composting potato peelings
adds these nutrients to the pile, which benefits the plants that will be produced with
that compost in the future. The peels can provide our plants with vital nutrients
apart from potassium, which it is known for and can still be dried off and reused on
plants as an additional source of slow-release minerals.

19
Potato peel is abundant in starch and proteins, which soil bacteria can
breakdown to increase the nitrogen content of manure. The physical and chemical
properties of potato waste have been investigated. The maturity of compost was
determined by changes in physical characteristics and the carbon nitrogen ratio,
potassium, and magnesium, among other nutrients. Potato peels are utilized as an
alternative supply of manure for plantations, helping to prevent pollution (Miller,
n.d)
Related Studies
Based on these studies, sweet potato peel and potato peel have a lot of
nutrients that can help onion grow hydroponically. And for the researchers to know
the nutrients that the onion may still need while growing hydroponically, the
researchers seeks about nutrient deficiency. Nutrient deficiency happens when a
plant does not have an adequate amount of an important nutrient necessary for
growth and development. Plants that do not absorb enough essential nutrients will
not grow effectively and will exhibit a variety of symptoms to indicate the deficit.
Plants require sunlight, water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen to produce nourishment
for growth and survival, however, if the plants are not growing or developing, they
may be lacking in nutrients, which is referred to as nutrient deficiency (Pivofy,
2021)
Hydroponic is a method of gardening in which plants are grown in a mixture
or a solution of water and nutrients rather than dirt. Hydroponics is defined as the

20
cultivation of plants and vegetables without the need of earth. Growers say
hydroponic systems allow them to expand their capacities for continuous output in
a short growing period, take up less room, and allow plants to be grown anywhere,
including in small spaces with a controlled growth environment. According to
recent studies, the substantial accumulation of bioactive substances in hydroponic
systems allows for better nutritional quality in a variety of high-value fresh crops.
Improved nutritional quality is feasible in hydroponic systems due to the high
concentration of bioactive compounds (Aires, 2018).
The method of hydroponic has disadvantages and advantages. The
advantages of doing this method are it can be performed anywhere, fewer
insecticides, full control over the climate, saves water, and optimal use of nutrients.
Hydroponics may be done anywhere because every plant requirement is carefully
planned and maintained in a controlled system. If you live in a small apartment,
the hydroponic method, in which the plants are cultivated in your bedroom or
balcony, is an option. Because hydroponics is not a soil-based method, no
chemicals are necessary. You can develop clean and healthful meals over time.
Your safety always comes first and is never jeopardized. Hydroponic gardeners,
like greenhouse growers, have complete control over the climate. Hydroponically
produced plants require around 10% less water than conventionally grown plants
in the field. Because the water is reused or recycled, far less water is used than in
traditional agriculture. They may customize the temperature, light intensity, and
humidity level to meet your needs. You have complete control over the nutrients
your plants require using hydroponics systems. Before your plants begin to grow,

21
you can figure out what nutrients they require and then combine different amounts
of those nutrients with water at different stages. Because the nutrients are correctly
stored in the reservoir, there is no risk of nutritional loss. Disadvantages of
hydroponics are time consuming, requires some experience, expensive, and has
organic controversy. Although hydroponics appears to be a feasible and
convenient method, it does require some time. Plants that survive in the soil for
days or weeks are rare, as nature and soil properly balance everything. The
hydroponics method utilizes a variety of equipment that necessitates specialist
knowledge. Your plants will not survive or prosper the way you want them to if you
don't know how to operate this equipment. Hydroponics, unlike traditional soil
gardening, involves the purchase of pricey equipment (at least for initial
installation). Containers, high-quality lighting, precise timers, and high-quality
nutrients are all required for any form of system. Because hydroponically produced
plants lack the microbiota present in soil, many farmers dispute whether they can
be certified organic. Knowing the growth stages and life cycle of the onion plant
can help us make better gardening decisions and ensure a good harvest. Onion
growth is divided into three stages: vegetative growth, bulb development, and
maturation. When the weather warms up in the spring, onions resume active
growth, and hormones in the bulb stimulate cells to start expanding and elongating.
At this time, the growing onions begin to focus on bulb initiation, with light as the
predominant driver. Independent of environment conditions, the plants must have
at least four leaves for bulbing to occur. Each new leaf produces a scale, which
eventually develops into the ring or sheath of the bulb. Finally, as plants approach

22
maturity, they demonstrate a physiological response known as "tops down," in
which resources are transferred from the tops (leaves) to the scales, causing the
bulb size to grow. The tops of the leaves fall over and dry out when the leaves'
resources are depleted, signaling that the bulb is ready to harvest (Shrestha &
Dunn, 2010).
Onion have a long growing stages or season because of the time it needs
to form bulbs. It takes 100 to 175 day for the seed to mature. These stages are
germination, sprouting, first leaf, leak stage, bulb initiation, bulb development,
maturation, vegetative senescence, years, vegetative growth, flowering stalk
emerges, formation of seeds and senescence. The emergence of the radicle
through the seed coat also known as the primary root. The primary root is
supposed to anchor seedling in the soil and support the plant. When the first root
emerge it starts to absorb moisture and nutrients from the soil. As the radicle or
the primary root starts to absorb the nutrients, the first shoot developed and
emerges through the softer seed coat. Gravitational forces naturally direct the
shoot to grow upwards through the soil. Once the shoot breaks through the soil,
the plants starts to focus their energy on developing leaves. The plant still relies
on food from the endosperm that is why the growth is relatively slow. The first true
leaf appears a smaller version of a flat green leaves seen on a mature plant.
Photosynthesis begins, and seedling starts producing glucose. The plant's growth
accelerates when it has the ability to photosynthesize. As the seedlings develop
new, undifferent cell, plants growth hormones work to turn the cell to new leaves.
Each new leaves increases the rate of photosynthesis. At this point, the growing

23
onions begin to concentrate on bulb initiation, with light serving as the primary
motivator. In order for bulbing to occur, the plants must have at least four leaves,
independent of climate circumstances. Each new leaf generates a scale, which
eventually develops into the bulb's ring or sheath. The day length, or the quantity
of sunshine the plants require daily to "set" bulbs, is used to classify different types.
Long-day varieties, which require 14 to 16 hours of daylight, produce the largest
bulbs because they have more time to develop leaves prior to bulb initiation. Short-
day varieties demand 10 to 12 hours of sunlight per day. When the onion plant has
8 to 12 leaves, it stops producing new leaves and devotes all of its energies to the
bulbing process. The previously created leaves continue to expand and elongate,
accumulating more photosynthetic surface area. The central storage tissue of the
bulbs is formed when the leaf sheaths swell in size. The onions start to push away
from the earth and "pop" out of the ground at this phase. Plants exhibit a
physiological response known as "tops down" as they approach maturity, in which
resources are shifted from the tops (leaves) to the scales, causing the bulb size to
swell. When the leaves' resources are gone, the tops fall over and dry out,
signaling that the bulb is ready to harvest. Water within the foliage freezes when
autumn temperatures drop and a strong frost develops. The ice crystals' sharp
edges rip the cell walls, allowing fluid to flow out. The onion tips die back to the soil
surface due to a lack of structural integrity in the cell walls and a lack of fluid within
the cells. Although many home gardeners never give their onions a second
growing season, they aren't familiar with the plant's flowering and seed production.
However, if onions are not plucked and allowed to overwinter in the ground, they

24
will begin to grow again in the spring to set seeds and complete their life cycle.
When the weather warms up in the spring, onions resume active growth.
Hormones in the bulb cause cells to begin growing and elongating, much as they
did during germination the previous season. The plant may concentrate all of its
efforts on sending up a shoot to break through the soil surface now that the root
system has matured. The plants begin to bolt as the season progresses and air
and soil temperatures rise. The plant's vegetative growth comes to a halt, and it
immediately sprouts a flowering stem in preparation for the end of its life cycle.
Buds grow on the stalk once it is fully formed, and a white or purple flower blooms
at the top. Birds, bees, and butterflies pollinate the colorful, spherical flower heads,
which produce seeds. All of the nutrient reserves contained in the onion bulbs are
transferred upwards to the seeds, forming the food reserve that the seeds rely on
for germination. The bulbs are fibrous and woody right now, if you choose to
harvest them. The onion plant's life cycle is complete after seeds develop. Because
the onion spent so much of its time and energy generating seeds, there isn't much
left for plant growth. Plant growth hormones trigger the genes responsible for
senescence, and the plant dies, as there are few resources left and no need to
keep growing (Miller, 2020).
The practice of using potato peelings in compost and for plant nutrition.
Useful properties of potato peel, potato peel as fertilizer is harmless and
economical. Many people love potatoes and chooses it as their staple food. The
highest content of valuable component of a potato is found in the layer located
under the skin. Potato peels contains tons of macronutrients, micronutrients, and

25
an impressive list of vitamins. Using it as fertilizer will give those properties to your
plants and soil. It said that drying potato skin is troublesome but more reliable and
convenient. When the peel had dried you can grind the peels in meat grinder, then
dry them again in the oven, you will get the perfect ready-made raw for fertilization.
Potato peel is considered as an effective raw material for use as fertilizer. It
improves soil fertility and increase yield of many crops, which optimize seed
germination. There are several methods to create potato peel as fertilizer: Drying,
Freezing, Infusion (Dried Potato Peels as Fertilizer. The Practice of Using Potato
Peels in Compost and for Plant Nutrition. Useful Properties of Potato Peel, 2019).
Sweet potato peel water gives the plant an organic supply of nutrients that
helps it develop. It contains falate, pantathenic acid, and riboflorin, as well as
vitamins B1, B3, and B6, as well as minerals including potassium, phosphorus,
and magnesium. This is one of the reasons why it is helpful to use potato peel
water. Potato blight can also be avoided by using sweet potato water. Because
potato peel can spread potato brilliant, a fungus that affects both tomatoes and
potatoes. The water mold phytophthora infestans causes potato blight (Jaylea,
2021).

26
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In this section, the researcher offers a description of the research
methodology used in this study. This chapter presents the research design,
sampling technique, research instrument, and research procedure employed in
this study. It also includes a discussion of the statistical treatment of data used in
the study.
Research Design
The researcher uses experimental design to sweet potato peel mixture to
potato peel mixture on the growth of hydroponic onion bulb for the first 15 days.
Experimental study is aimed to know there if there is an effect of the variable
studied. In line with this, the experimental design refers to the conceptual
framework within which the experiment is conducted. The most important criteria
that is the design be appropriate for testing the particular hypothesis of the study.
For analysis of the data from the study, ANOVA will be used. Various
parameters and comparing which of two available mixtures is most effective in
growing the onion bulb in a hydroponic setup. The ANOVA method was used by
the researcher to determine whether the study's hypothesis was correct. ANOVA,
or analysis of variance, is a statistical method that divides observed variance data
into different components for use in additional tests. For three or more groups of

27
data, a one-way ANOVA is used to learn about the relationship between the
dependent and independent variables.
Sampling Technique
The researchers gather information and gain detailed knowledge about
onion, sweet potato peel, and potato peel related to hydroponics using purposeful
sampling. This type of sampling, also known as judgment sampling, involves the
researcher using their expertise to select the most helpful sample for the research.
Judgmental sampling, also known as purposive or authoritative sampling, is a non-
probability sampling technique in which sample members are selected solely
based on the researcher's knowledge and judgment. Because the researcher's
expertise is used to create a sample in this sampling technique, the results
obtained are likely to be very accurate with a small margin of error.
When utilizing judgemental sampling to choose a sample, the researchers
carefully select each individual to be included in the samples which are the sweet
potato peel mixture and regular potato peel mixture. Because the members of the
sample are not chosen at random, the researcher's knowledge is crucial in this
sampling procedure.

28
Research Instrument
The researchers employed instruments and observation as the study's
experiment to obtain the necessary data. Trying to figure out which of the two
treatments will help the onion bulb grow. Changes in the length of the leaves and
the length of the roots will also be monitored. Instruments required are a four-liter
plastic container that has been thoroughly cleaned, screen of plastic, 3 quarts
water and the researchers will conduct extensive observation and testing in order
to obtain the most precise results. The researchers had to soak the peels in order
to generate the mixtures needed for the investigation. The researchers will observe
in a positive manner. The researchers will measure the length of roots and leaves
every day with a clear ruler during the study.
Research Procedure
The researchers acquired the materials needed such as recycling plastic
container which are four liters plastic container, two for the two nutrient mixture
and the other one for the water (control group which is not given any treatment or
condition), and used it as the container for planting. The three plastic containers
were then cut about one-fourth of the bottom part where the sweet potato peel
mixture, potato peel mixture, and water would be put. A plastic screen would then
be put on top of the container and poke some holes in the corner of the containers
where it tie the screen in it and where it can hold the onions. This screen would be
cut in the center where the screen can hold the onion perfectly and the onion can
reach the surface of the water or the sweet potato peel mixture and potato peel
mixture. The nutrient mixture that the researchers would use as the carrier of the

29
nutrients to the onion bulb would be processed by soaking the sweet potato peels
and normal potato peels in a separate container with a proportion of 3 cups of
water to a peel of one potato either sweet or normal potato (3:1). The sweet potato
peels and normal potato peels would still be in the container as the onion collects
nutrients from the mixture. In planting, fifteen onion bulbs were put into the plastic
containers and then the normal potato peel mixture were put into the first container,
sweet potato peel mixture into the second container and a water into the other
container. The researchers would change the water and nutrient mixture after 2
days so that the nutrient mixture's nutrients would be renewed. The data would be
gathered every two days by measuring the length of the leaves, length of the roots,
and the number of leaves.
Data Gathering Procedure
Sample Collection & Materials

preparation
Mixture Preparation
Planting of Onion
Bulbs
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Conclusion
Figure 2. Research Flowchart

30
When doing this investigation, sample collection and material preparation
always come first. Samples and materials are collected based on the study's
requirements. The next step is mixture preparation, which involves gathering the
resources needed for the researchers to create each mixture. Following the
preparation of the mixture, onion planting is carried out for the purpose of
observing and observing the changes in the plant. The data collection and analysis
are based on experiments. Finally, there is the conclusion, which summarizes and
concludes the study.
Data Analysis Procedure
This study used ANOVA data formula for presenting the data from the
different parameter and to determine which among the two mixture available is
most effective in growing the Onion bulb (Allium cepa) in hydroponic set-up. The
researcher used the ANOVA method to determine if the hypothesis of the study is
right and accurate.
ANOVA, or Analysis of Variance, is used to see if there are any statistically
significant differences in the means of two or more independent groups.
F critical is the tabulated value, it depends on the level of significance
F-value is the quotient of MSB and MSE.
Rule: if the /Fcalculated/ ≥ /Ftabulated/ then Reject Ho or the Null Hypothesis
SV- Source of Variation SS- Sum of Square df- Degrees of freedom

31
MS- Mean square F-value
k- number of treatment/levels N- number of observations/population

32
CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
According to the findings of the study, ordinary potato peel mixture is more
effective in growing hydroponic onion bulbs in terms of length and number of
leaves, as well as root length. While sweet potato peel makes a minor
improvement, it is still ineffective in terms of commodity growth.
Here are the results of 20 days of observation of the commodity's mixtures.
Table 2. Length of Roots in centimetre (Sweet Potato Peel)
Plant Day Day Day Day Day Day Day Day Day Day
no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 1 2.2 3.3 4.3 5.1
2 0.3 0.4 0.8 1 1 2.1 3.4 4.6 5 6.5
3 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.8 1 1 1 1 1 1
4 0.5 0.8 1 1.9 2.5 3.6 5 6.1 7 7.8
5 0.2 0.6 0.9 1.4 2.3 3.3 4 5.2 6.5 8
no. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 6.5 8 8 8.6 9.6 10.2 11 11.9 12.5 13.2
2 7.9 8.3 9.5 9.5 11 12.1 13 13.9 14.8 15.4
3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

33
4 8.5 9.3 10 11.3 12.5 13.7 14.4 15.6 16.6 17.8
5 9.3 10.3 11.5 12.3 13.3 14.5 15.4 16 17.2 17.9
Table 3. Length of Roots in centimetre (Potato Peel)
no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 0.3 0.4 1 2.8 4.1 6.9 8.2 9.5 10.3 12.5
2 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
3 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.6 3.7 4.7 6 7.3 8.4
4 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.7 3.4 4.2 5.2 6.2 7.8
5 0.2 0.5 0.7 1.5 2.3 4 4.7 6.7 7.5 9.4
no. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 13.4 14.4 15.3 16.4 17.1 18.3 19.5 20.3 21.8 22.7
2 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
3 10 11.1 13.2 14.3 16.1 16.2 17.3 18 19.1 20.2
4 9.1 10 11.1 11.7 12.4 13.1 13.8 14.5 15.3 16.4
5 10.2 11 12.2 13 13.8 14.6 15.4 16.4 17.2 18.1

34
Table 4. Length of Roots in centimetre (Water)
no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.8 1.7 2.9 3.2 3.6 4 4
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.7 1.3 2.6 4 4.8 5.3 5.3
4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
5 0.3 0.3 0.4 1 2.1 2.7 3 3 3 4.5
no. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 4.5 5 5 5.2 6.5 7.9 8.5 9.3 10 10.9
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 5.6 5.8 6.2 6.2 7 8.3 9.5 10.3 10.9 11.5
4 0.3 0.3 0.7 1 2.2 3.5 4.7 5.6 6.1 6.9
5 5.5 6.4 7.7 8.2 9 9.6 10.4 10.8 11.4 12.3
As shown in the tables of the length of roots in centimetre, the longest roots is
the regular potato peel mixture.

35
Table 5. Number of leaves (Sweet Potato Peel)
no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
no. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

36
Table 6. Number of leaves (Potato Peel)
no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
no. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

37
Table 7. Number of leaves (Water)
no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
no. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
As shown in the tables of the number of roots, only the sweet potato peel mixture
and the potato peel mixture has one leaf presented.

38
Table 8. Length of leaves in centimetre (Sweet potato peel)
no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
no. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3

39
Table 9. Length of leaves in centimetre (Potato peel)
no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
no. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

40
Table 10. Length of leaves in centimetre (Water)
no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
no. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
As shown in the tables of the length of leaves in centimetre, all lengths are
slightly the same, but sweet potato mixture and potato peel mixture has the first
growth of leaf.

41
Analysis of Variance Results
• Length of Roots
F-statistic value = 15.51215
P-value
Table 11. Data Summary
Groups N Mean Std. Dev. Std. Error
Sweet Potato 100 6.105 5.5061 0.5506
Potato Peel 100 7.755 6.8553 0.6855
Water 100 3.454 3.707 0.3707
Table 12. ANOVA Summary
Source Degrees of Sum of Mean F-Stat P-Value
Freedom Squares Square
Between 2 941.6301 470.815 15.5121 0
Groups
Within 297 9014.3583 30.3514
Groups
Total 299 9955.9884

42
[Average ± Standard Deviation]
Sweet Potato Peel Potato Peel Water
Figure 3. One Way ANOVA Graphical Representation
• Number of Leaves
P-value= 0.00002
Sweet Potato 100 0.1 0.3015 0.0302
Potato Peel 100 0.1 0.3015 0.0302
Water 100 0 0 0

43
Table 14. ANOVA SUMMARY
Between 2 0.6667 0.3333 5.5004 0.0045
Groups
Within 297 17.9986 0.0606
Groups
Total 299 18.6653

44
• Length of Leaves
P-value = 0.01385
Sweet Potato 100 0.018 0.0626 0.0063
Potato Peel 100 0.019 0.0631 0.0063
Water 100 0 0 0
Table 16. ANOVA SUMMARY
Between 2 0.0229 0.0114 4.3416 0.0139
Groups
Within 297 0.7821 0.0026
Groups
Total 299 0.805

45
There are significant disparities between the three (3) experimental groups,
according to the researchers' findings utilizing the ANOVA data method. According
to the Data and ANOVA summary, the ordinary potato peel mixture produces the
longest roots, followed by the sweet potato peel mixture, and finally the water.
However, both the sweet potato peel mixture and the potato peel mixture groups
have the same number of leaves in the results. Lastly, the ANOVA test revealed
that the length of leaves in both the sweet potato peel mixture and the potato peel
mixture is identical.

46
CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
As the main study problem, the study outlines the differences between
sweet potato (ipomoea batatas) peel and potato (solanum tuberosum) peel
mixture as a growing medium for hydroponic onion (allium cepa) bulb. The
study's purpose was to use the two ways to communicate the results of a 20-day
investigation. According to the researchers' findings utilizing the ANOVA data
analysis, there are substantial differences between the three (3) experimental
groups. The regular potato peel mixture generates the longest roots, followed by
the sweet potato peel mixture, and finally the water, according to the Data and
ANOVA summary. On the other hand, the sweet potato peel and potato peel
mixture groups have the same amount of leaves. Although the leaves of the
sweet potato and potato peel mixture groups were nearly identical in length, the
potato peel mixture group grew first.
Conclusion
This study was conducted to see which mixture, sweet potato or ordinary
potato peel, was more beneficial in the growth of hydroponic onion bulbs.
According to the results of the investigation, regular potato peel mixture can
support the growth of hydroponic onion bulbs in terms of length and number of

47
leaves, as well as the length of their roots. Regular potato peel mixture and sweet
potato peel mixture can both increase the growth of hydroponic onion bulbs,
however the two (mixtures) have variances in terms of biology structure.
Recommendations
Based on the study's findings and conclusions, the following
recommendations are made.
1. The set-ups are needed to be placed in areas where heat coming from the
sunlight are possible to be controlled to avoid plant dehydration and dying.
2. The researchers need try to different methods on making a mixture or a
solution for the growth of the onion like drying the potato peels, boiling the
peels or even grinding the peels and mixing it to water.
3. The researchers can substitute the potato peels for other types of plants
like banana peels or an apple peel.
4. The researchers need to determine whether certain types of onions are
unsuitable for hydroponic cultivation, and which types are best suited for
this form of farming.
5. The researchers need to conduct laboratory testing to quantify the amount
of potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus do the sweet potato peel and
regular potato peel have.

48
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A. Electronic Sources
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Aires, A. (2018). Hydroponic Production Systems: Impact on Nutritional Status and
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_supporting_the_application_of_integrated_crop_management_in_greenh
ouse

54
APPENDIX A
RAW DATA
Table 17. Length of Roots in centimetre (Sweet Potato Peel)
no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 1 2.2 3.3 4.3 5.1
2 0.3 0.4 0.8 1 1 2.1 3.4 4.6 5 6.5
3 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.8 1 1 1 1 1 1
4 0.5 0.8 1 1.9 2.5 3.6 5 6.1 7 7.8
5 0.2 0.6 0.9 1.4 2.3 3.3 4 5.2 6.5 8
no. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 6.5 8 8 8.6 9.6 10.2 11 11.9 12.5 13.2
2 7.9 8.3 9.5 9.5 11 12.1 13 13.9 14.8 15.4
3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
4 8.5 9.3 10 11.3 12.5 13.7 14.4 15.6 16.6 17.8
5 9.3 10.3 11.5 12.3 13.3 14.5 15.4 16 17.2 17.9

55
Table 18. Length of Roots in centimetre (Potato Peel)
no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 0.3 0.4 1 2.8 4.1 6.9 8.2 9.5 10.3 12.5
2 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
3 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.6 3.7 4.7 6 7.3 8.4
4 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.7 3.4 4.2 5.2 6.2 7.8
5 0.2 0.5 0.7 1.5 2.3 4 4.7 6.7 7.5 9.4
no. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 13.4 14.4 15.3 16.4 17.1 18.3 19.5 20.3 21.8 22.7
2 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
3 10 11.1 13.2 14.3 16.1 16.2 17.3 18 19.1 20.2
4 9.1 10 11.1 11.7 12.4 13.1 13.8 14.5 15.3 16.4
5 10.2 11 12.2 13 13.8 14.6 15.4 16.4 17.2 18.1

56
Table 19. Length of Roots in centimetre (Water)
no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.8 1.7 2.9 3.2 3.6 4 4
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.7 1.3 2.6 4 4.8 5.3 5.3
4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
5 0.3 0.3 0.4 1 2.1 2.7 3 3 3 4.5
no. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 4.5 5 5 5.2 6.5 7.9 8.5 9.3 10 10.9
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 5.6 5.8 6.2 6.2 7 8.3 9.5 10.3 10.9 11.5
4 0.3 0.3 0.7 1 2.2 3.5 4.7 5.6 6.1 6.9
5 5.5 6.4 7.7 8.2 9 9.6 10.4 10.8 11.4 12.3

57
Table 20. Number of leaves (Sweet Potato Peel)
no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
no. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

58
Table 21. Number of leaves (Potato Peel)
no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
no. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

59
Table 22. Number of leaves (Water)
no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
no. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

60
Table 23. Length of leaves in centimetre (Sweet potato peel)
no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
no. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3

61
Table 24. Length of leaves in centimetre (Potato peel)
no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
no. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

62
Table 25. Length of leaves in centimetre (Water)
no. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

63
APPENDIX B
DOCUMENTATION
Figure 6. Set-Up for Regular Potato Figure 7. Set-Up for Sweet Potato
Peel Mixture Peel Mixture
Figure 9. Regular Potato Peel

Figure 8. Set-Up for Control
Mixture Plant 1
Group(Water)

64

Mixture Plant 2
Mixture Plant 3

Mixture Plant 4
Mixture Plant 5

Figure 14. Sweet Potato Peel Figure 15. Sweet Potato Peel
Mixture Plant 1 Mixture Plant 2
Figure 16. Sweet Potato Peel Figure 17. Sweet Potato Peel
Mixture Plant 3 Mixture Plant 4

Figure 18. Sweet Potato Peel Figure 19. Water Plant 1
Mixture Plant 5
Figure 20. Water Plant 2 Figure 21. Water Plant 3

Figure 22. Water Plant 4 Figure 23. Water Plant 5

CURRICULUM VITAE
JULIUS ROBERTSON BOBIS

09062189681
robertsonbobis22@gmail.com
PERSONAL INFORMATION
BIRTHDATE: July 22, 2004

ADDRESS: 7318 San Antonio Los Baños Laguna
GENDER: Male
CITIZENSHIP: Filipino
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Complete Academic Requirement (Senior High)
June 2022*
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Pearl Street, Umali Subd., Brgy. Batong Malake, Los Baños, Laguna
Complete Academic Requirement (Junior High)
April 2020
• Maranatha Christian Academy
Batong Malaki, Los Baños, Laguna
• San Antonio Elementary school
69
HAIEM AERIN C. DESALESA

09309794542
hayemadesalesa@gmail.com
BIRTHDATE: August 24, 2004

ADDRESS: 2295 Purok 3 Tuntungin Putho, Los Baños, Laguna
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EDUCATION:
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70
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BIRTHDATE: March 25, 2004

ADDRESS: 2855 Anos, Los Baños, Laguna
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EDUCATION:
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M Palis Brgy. Timugan Los Baños
Laguna Complete Academic Requirement (Elementary)
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71
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BIRTHDATE: April 3, 2004

ADDRESS: Putho Tuntungin, Los Banos, Laguna
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72
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ADDRESS: Putho Tuntungin, Los Baños, Laguna
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Putho Tuntungin Los Baños Laguna
Complete Academic Requirement (Grade 7-9)
• City of Malolos Integrated School
Malolos, Bulacan
March 2020
April 2016

73
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09453508640
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BIRTHDATE: September 15, 2003

ADDRESS: 1026 BRGY. DILA BAY LAGUNA
GENDER: Male
EDUCATION:
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74
JOSEF MARCLEIN D. LEONARDO

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75
EDRIN JOHN D. MALBATAAN

092118368224
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BIRTHDATE: January 15, 2004

ADDRESS: Paciano Rizal, Bay Laguna
GENDER: Male
EDUCATION:
June 2022*
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Paciano Rizal Bay Laguna

76
SHAINA A. PANER
09519786835
panershaina@gmail.com
BIRTHDATE: December 28, 2003

ADDRESS: 11153 Mayondon, Los Baños, Laguna
GENDER: Female
EDUCATION:
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April 2020
• Mayondon Elementary School
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April 2016

77
ADRIAN A. ZAYAS
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BIRTHDATE: May 20, 2004

ADDRESS: Bayog, Los Baños, Laguna
GENDER: Male
EDUCATION:
June 2022*
• Los Baños Integrated School
Brgy. Mayondon, Los Baños, Laguna
April 2020
• Bayog Elementary School
Brgy. Bayog, Los Baños, Laguna
April 2016


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District of Los Baños

LOS BAÑOS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

USE OF SWEET POTATO (Ipomoea batatas) PEEL AND

BOBIS, JULIUS ROBERTSON

This research entitled: “USE OF SWEET POTATO (Ipomoea batatas)

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with the Grade of

MICHAEL WILLIAM V. PUNA III, Ed.D.

Alvin L. Montalla Neil James R. Panganiban Rogelio P. Bulong

Member Member Member

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

MICHAEL WILLIAM V. PUNA III, Ed.D.

Teacher in Charge – LBSHS

Research Contribution No.

LOS BAÑOS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

This research is dedicated to:

LOS BAÑOS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

resources and a nurturing environment to successfully conduct our experiment and

in the making of this study.

LOS BAÑOS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

One of the gardening technologies that can be utilized to cultivate onions is

collection and material preparation. Samples and materials are collected in

of observing and documenting the plant's developments. In terms of length and

potato peel mixture group expanded first.

LOS BAÑOS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………….…. i

DEDICATION …………………………………………………………….…… iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………..……. vi

LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………..……… vii

LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………………………..……….. xi

Chapter I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Background of the Study ……………...……………….……... 3

Conceptual Paradigm ……………………………………..…… 5

Statement of the Problem ……………………………..………. 6

Research Hypothesis ………………….………………...…….. 7

Significance of the Study ……..………………………….…... 7

Scope and Delimitation of the Study …..……………..…….. 8

Definition of Terms ……………………………………..…….... 9

Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Related Literature …………………………………….……...… 12

Related Studies ……………………………….………………… 19

LOS BAÑOS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Chapter III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design ……………………………………………...… 26

Sampling Technique ………………………………………...…..27

Research Instrument ……………………………………….……28

Research Procedure …………………...….………………....….28

Data Gathering Procedure …………………………………..... 29

Data Analysis Procedure …………………….…………...…… 30

Chapter IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND

INTERPRETATION OF DATA ……………….……………….... 32

Chapter V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Table No. Table Name Page No.

(Sweet Potato Peel)

LOS BAÑOS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

(Sweet Potato Peel)

(Sweet Potato Peel)

11 Data Summary (Length 41