Bachelor of Science (Hons) Chemistry with Management (AS222)

Advanced Physical Chemistry (CHM524)

EXPERIMENT 1: CHANGE OF STANDARD GIBBS FREE ENERGY FOR THE

DECOMPOSITION OF SODIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE

PREPARED BY:

NUR SOFEA INSYIRAH BINTI MOHD YUSOFF (2018200038)

NUR NADZIRAH BINTI RAHIMAN (2018435308)

GROUP: 13 B

DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 23 SEPTEMBER 2019

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 30 SEPTEMBER 2019

NAME OF EVALUATOR: DR. SHARIL FADLI MOHAMAD ZAMRI

ABSTRACT

The objective of this experiment is to determine the change of standard Gibbs free energy

(∆Gᶱ) for the decomposition of sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO 3) from the change of

standard enthalpy (∆Hᶱ) and the change of standard entropy (∆Sᶱ). Mass of 4.0072 g

NaHCO3 was weighed. 50 mL of 1M H 2SO4 were transferred from a volumetric pipette into

the double-wall vacuum stainless steel calorimeter. The double wall covers were replaced

with the thermometer. The temperatures of H2SO4 were recorded for every 1 min for 4 min.

At the 5th min, NaHCO3 was quickly poured into the H2SO4. The cover was replaced and

stirred carefully the contents in the calorimeter with the thermometer. The temperature was

recorded for every 10 secs for the next 4 min. Step 1 and 3 was repeated with 3.0490 g of

219.2 JK
Na2CO3. Since ∆Hᶿ ( +44.396 kJ mol −1
) > 0, ∆Sᶿ (¿ ¿−1 mol−1) > 0 and ∆Gᶿexp
¿

−20958.48 Jmol
(¿¿−1) < 0, the decomposition of NaHCO3 can be considered as spontaneous
¿

and forward reaction which more stable at higher temperature. The reaction is endothermic

reaction.

INTRODUCTION

In thermodynamics, the potential that measure the process-initiating work that is

minimized when a thermodynamic system reaches chemical equilibrium at a constant

temperature and pressure is referred as the Gibbs free energy. Just as in mechanics, where

potential energy is defined as capacity to do work, similarly different potentials have different

meanings.
 Gibbs energy is the capacity of a system to do non-mechanical work and ΔG

measures the non-mechanical work done on it. The Gibbs free energy is the maximum

amount of non-expansion work that can be extracted from a closed system; this maximum

can be attained only in a completely reversible process. When a system changes from a well-

defined initial state to a well-defined final state, the Gibbs free energy ΔG equals the work

exchanged by the system with its surroundings, minus the work of the pressure forces, during

a reversible transformation of the system from the same initial state to the same final state.

This is how standard Gibbs free energy change is calculated:

ΔG° = ΔH° - TΔS°

G = H – TS

G = U + PV –TS

U = internal energy (J) T = temperature (Kelvin)

P = pressure (Pascal) S = entropy (JK-1mol-1)

V = Volume (m3) H = enthalpy (J)

PROCEDURE

1. Exactly 4.0g to 4.5g of NaHCO3 was weighed.

2. 50 mL of 1M H2SO4 were transferred from a volumetric pipette into the double-wall

vacuum stainless steel calorimeter. The double wall covers were replaced with the

thermometer. The temperature of H2SO4 were recorded for every 1 min for 4 mins. At

the 5th mins, NaHCO3 was quickly poured into the H 2SO4. The cover was replaced

and stirred carefully the contents in the calorimeter with the thermometer. The

temperature was recorded for every 10 secs for the next 4 mins.

3. Step 1 and 3 was repeated with 3.0g to 3.5g of Na2CO3.

RESULTS

Mass of NaHCO3 = 4.0072 g

Mass of Na2CO3 = 3.0490 g

Room Temperature = 24 ℃

NaHCO3 with H2SO4 Na2CO3 with H2SO4

Time T (◦C) Time T (◦C)
1 min 27.0 1 min 28.0
2 min 27.0 2 min 28.0
3 min 27.0 3 min 28.0
4 min 27.0 4 min 28.0

10 secs 25.0 10 secs 24.0

20 secs 25.0 20 secs 24.0
30 secs 25.0 30 secs 24.0
40 secs 25.0 40 secs 24.0
50 secs 25.0 50 secs 24.0
60 secs 25.0 60 secs 24.0
70 secs 24.0 70 secs 24.0
80 secs 24.0 80 secs 24.0
90 secs 24.0 90 secs 24.0
100 secs 24.0 100 secs 24.0
110 secs 24.0 110 secs 24.0
120 secs 24.0 120 secs 24.0
130 secs 23.0 130 secs 24.0
140 secs 23.0 140 secs 24.0
150 secs 23.0 150 secs 24.0
160 secs 23.0 160 secs 24.0
170 secs 23.0 170 secs 24.0
180 secs 23.0 180 secs 24.0
190 secs 22.0 190 secs 24.0
200 secs 22.0 200 secs 24.0
210 secs 22.0 210 secs 24.0
220 secs 22.0 220 secs 24.0
230 secs 22.0 230 secs 23.0
240 secs 22.0 240 secs 23.0
CALCULATION AND DISCUSSION

a. The heat change for the reactions of:

i. NaHCO3 with H2SO4

2NaHCO3 (s) + H2SO4 (aq)  Na2SO4 (aq) + 2CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)

q p =mC p ∆ T

q p =( 50 g ) ( 4.18 Jg−1 ℃−1 ) ( 23.5℃−27 ℃ )

q p =+731.5 J

qp
∆ Hᶿ=
n

731.5 J
∆ Hᶿ=
4.0072 g
( 84.007 g /mol )
−1
∆ Hᶿ=15.335 kJ mol

ii. Na2CO3 with H2SO4

Na2CO3 (s) + H2SO4 (aq)  Na2SO4 (aq) +H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

q p =mC p ∆ T

q p =( 50 g ) ( 4.18 Jg−1 ℃−1 ) ( 24 ℃−27 ℃ )

q p =+836 J
 qp
∆ Hᶿ=
n

836 J
∆ Hᶿ=
3.0490 g
( 105.989 g/mol )
−1
∆ Hᶿ=+ 29.061kJ mol

b. ∆Hᶿ for the decomposition of NaHCO3:

2NaHCO3(s)+H2SO4(aq)Na2SO4(aq)+2CO2(g)+2H2O(l) [1] ∆Hᶿ=+15.335 kJmol-1

Na2CO3 (s)+H2SO4(aq)Na2SO4(aq)+H2O(l)+CO2(g)[2] ∆Hᶿ =+29.061 kJmol-1

[1] – [2’]

2NaHCO3 (s)  Na2CO3 (s) +H2O (l) + CO2 (g) [3] ∆Hᶿ = X kJmol-1

−1
∆ Hᶿ= X kJ mol

θ
∆ H =[1]– [2 ’]

θ −1 −1
∆ H =[15.335 kJ mol ] – [−29.061 kJ mol ]

∆ H θ=+ 44.396 kJ mol−1

c. ∆Sᶿ for the decomposition of NaHCO3:

∆ Sᶿ=S product −Sreactant

∆ Sᶿ=( 138.8+ 70.0+ 213.8 JK −1 mol−1 )−( 2 ×101.7 JK−1 mol−1)

∆ Sᶿ=219.2 JK−1 mol−1

 d. ∆Gᶿ for the decomposition of NaHCO3:

∆ Gᶿ exp=Hᶿ−T ∆ Sᶿ

∆ Gᶿ exp=44396 Jmol−1 – [ 25+273.15 K ] × [ 219.2 JK−1 mol−1 ]

∆ G ᶿexp=−20958.48 Jmol
−1

∆ G ᶿtheory=G [ products ] – G [ reactants ]

∆ G ᶿtheory=[ (−1047.67 Jmol−1 ) + ( −394.38 Jmol−1 )+(−228.59 Jmol−1 ) ]−[ 2(−851.86 Jmol−1) ]

∆ G ᶿtheory=−33.08 Jmol
−1

Thus, ∆ Gᶿ exp< ∆Gᶿ theory

219.2 JK
Since ∆Hᶿ ( +44.396 kJ mol−1 ) > 0, ∆Sᶿ (¿ ¿−1 mol−1) > 0 and ∆Gᶿexp
¿

−20958.48 Jmol
(¿¿−1) < 0, the decomposition of NaHCO 3 can be considered as spontaneous
¿

and forward reaction which more stable at higher temperature. The reaction is endothermic

reaction.

In this experiment, there is an error occur such as the thermometer does not have a

high accuracy. There are also might be surrounding temperatures that affect the reading to be

a little different. Also, during the transferred process, there might be some of the NaHCO 3 or

Na2CO3 spilled off. During the time of temperature reading, in the middle of the observation,

some of the readings are accidentally missed read.

CONCLUSION

219.2 JK
In this experiment, since ∆Hᶿ ( +44.396 kJ mol−1 ) > 0, ∆Sᶿ (¿ ¿−1 mol−1) > 0 and
¿

−20958.48 Jmol
∆Gᶿexp (¿¿−1) < 0, the decomposition of NaHCO3 can be considered as
¿

spontaneous and forward reaction which more stable at higher temperature. The reaction is

endothermic reaction.
QUESTIONS

1. A student mixed 50.0 mL of HCl (aq) and 75.0 ml NaOH (aq) in a calorimeter.

Each of the reactant solutions had a density of 1.04 g mL and an initial

temperature of 22.6◦C. After HCl (aq) and NaOH (aq) reacted, the mixed

solution reached a maximum temperature of 26.3◦C. Calculate the heat released

or absorbed by the reaction process in unit J. Assume the product solution has

Cp = 4.18 J g-1 ◦C-1. Is the reaction exothermic or endothermic? Explain your

answer.

Mass=( 50+75 ) mL

1.04 g
Mass=125 mL x
1mL

Mass=130 g

∆ T =( 26.3−22.6 ) ℃

∆ T =3.7 ℃

q=mc ∆ T

q=(130 g)(4.18 J g−1 ℃−1 )(3.7 ℃)

q=2010.58 J

The reaction is endothermic because the heat is released to the surrounding.

 2. By applying Hess’s Law, show the steps for the derivation of reaction (a) from

reactions (b) to (d).

Mg (s) + ½O2 (g) MgO (s) (a)

H2 (g) + ½O2 (g) H2O (l) (b)

Mg (s) 2 HCl (aq) MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) (c)

MgO (s) + 2HCl (aq) MgCl2 (aq) + H2O (l) (d)

H2 (g) + ½O2 (g) H2O (l) (b)

Mg (s) + 2 HCl (aq) MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) (c)

MgCl2 (aq) + H2O (l) MgO (s) + 2 HCl (aq) (d’)

Mg (s) + ½O2 (g) MgO (s) (a)

REFERENCES

Jamie T. Potter, Paul R. Craddock, Robert L. Kleinberg, and Andrew E.

Pomerantz. Downhole Estimate of the Enthalpy Required to Heat Oil Shale and Heavy

Oil Formations. Energy & Fuels 2017, 31 (1), 362-373. DOI:

10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b02495

Atkins, P, Paula, JE. (2016) Physical Chemistry. Ninth Ed.: Oxford University Press. Lower,

S. (2010). Free energy: the Gibbs function (Gibbs energy)

APPENDIX