NO WORDS AND PHRASES PART OF SPEECH

a breath of fresh air

1 idiom

2 acidification noun

3 arid adjective

4 attenuate verb

5 barren adjective

be coming up roses.
6 idiom

7 be entangled in/with noun

8 be the cat's whiskers/pyjamas idiom

9 beat a(round) the bush idiom

biodegradable
10 adjective

11 biohazard noun
12 blood sport noun

13 cap and trade phrase

14 carbon footprint noun

15 carbon offset noun

16 carbon tax noun

17 cataclysm noun

clear the air

18 idiom

19 concrete jungle phrase

20 decipher verb

21 decontamination noun

deforestation
22 noun

23 degrade verb
24 desertification noun

25 deserve a bouquet of orchids idiom

die/drop/fall like flies

26 idiom

27 discernible adjective

dispose of
28 phrasal verb

29 effluent noun

environmental degradation
30 noun phrase

31 epoch noun

32 exacerbate verb

find out how the land lies

33 idiom

34 green audit noun

35 green credentials noun phrase

36 greenwashing noun

37 in the wilderness idiom

38 in/into the stratosphere phrase

39 lush adjective

make a beeline
40 idiom

mighty oaks from little acorns

41 idiom
grow

42 mutation noun

not see the wood/forest for the

43 idiom
trees

44 over-exploitation noun

45 paleoclimatology noun

phase out
46 phrasal verb

47 pristine adjective
48 quadruple verb

49 rewilding noun

50 salvage noun

51 sedimentary rock noun phrase

52 stave sth off ph.v

53 Stratum / strata (pl) noun

54 strike a chord idiom

55 sustainable development phrase

56 the greenhouse effect noun

the primrose path

57 idiom

58 tipping point phrase

59 transient adj
60 zero-carbon adjective
 UNIT 1: E
PRONUNCIATION

/ə breθ əv freʃ eə(r)/

/ˈæsɪdɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/

/ˈær.ɪd/

/əˈten.ju.eɪt/

/ˈbærən/

/bi ˈkʌmɪŋ ʌp rəʊzɪz/

/ɪnˈtæŋ.ɡəl/

/bi ðə kæts ˈwɪskə(r) pəˈdʒɑːməz/

/biːt əˈraʊnd|əˈbaʊt ðə bʊʃ/

/ˌbaɪəʊdɪˈɡreɪdəbl/

/ˈbaɪəʊhæzəd/
/ˈblʌd ˌspɔːt/

/ˈkæp ænd treɪd/

/ˌkɑːrbən ˈfʊtprɪnt/

/ˌkɑːbən ˈɒfset/

/ˈkɑː.bən ˌtæks/

/ˈkætəklɪzəm/

/klɪə(r) ðə eə(r)/

/ˌkɒŋkriːt ˈdʒʌŋɡl/

/dɪˈsaɪ.fɚ/

/ˌdiː.kən.tæm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/

/ˌdiːˌfɒrɪˈsteɪʃn/

/dɪˈɡreɪd/
/dɪˌzɜː.tɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/

/dɪˈzɜːv ə buˈkeɪ əv ˈɔːkɪd/

/daɪ|drɒp|fɔːl laɪk flaɪz/

/dɪˈsɜːnəbl/

/dɪˈspəʊz əv/

/ˈefluənt/

/ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentlˌdɛɡrəˈdeɪʃn/

/ˈiːpɒk/

/ɪɡˈzæs.ə.beɪt/

/faɪnd aʊt haʊ ðə lænd laɪs/

/ˌɡriːn ˈɔːdɪt/

/ɡriːn krɪˈden·ʃəlz/
/ˈɡriːn.wɒʃ.ɪŋ/

/ ɪn ðə ˈwɪldənɪs/

/ˈstræt.ə.sfɪər/

/lʌʃ/

/meɪk ə ˈbiːlaɪn/

/ˈmaɪti əʊks frəm ˈlɪtl ˈeɪkɔːn ɡrəʊ/

/mjuːˈteɪʃn/

/nɒt siː ðə wʊd|ˈfɒrɪst fə(r) ðə triːs/

/ˌəʊ.vər.ek.splɔɪˈteɪ.ʃən/

/ˌpeɪ.li.oʊ.ˌklɑɪ.mə.ˈtɑː.lə.dʒi/

/feɪz aʊt/

/ˈprɪs.tiːn/
/ˈkwɒdrʊpl/

/ˌriːˈwaɪldɪŋ/

/ˈsælvɪdʒ/

/ˌsedɪˈmentri rɒk/

/steɪv/

/ˈstrɑːtəm/

/straɪk/ /ə/ /kɔːrd/

/səˈsteɪ.nə.bəl/ /dɪˈvel.əp.mənt/

/ðə ˈɡriːnhaʊs ɪfekt/

/ðə ˈprɪmrəʊz pɑːθ/

/ˈtɪp.ɪŋ ˌpɔɪnt

/ˈtræn.zi.ənt/
/ˌzɪərəʊ ˈkɑːbən/
 UNIT 1: ENVIRONMENT
DEFINITION

something new/exciting

the process of becoming an acid or the act of making something become an acid

very dry and without enough rain for plants

to make something less or weaker

unable to produce plants or fruit

you can say "everything's coming up roses" if everything is turning out very well for someone
or for something.

involved with something or someone in a way that makes it difficult to escape

better than everyone else

don't say something directly, usually for not wanting to upset people (the person you’re talking
to)

able to decay naturally and harmlessly

risk to human health or to the environment from a biological source

any sport that involves animals being killed or hurt to make the people watching or taking part
feel excitement

a system that puts a limit on the amount of pollution companies can produce. Companies can
buy and sell rights to put harmful gases into the air, meaning a company that reduces its
pollution is financially rewarded

a measure of the amount of carbon dioxide that is produced by the activities of a person or
company

a way for a company or person to reduce the level of carbon dioxide for which they are
responsible by paying money to the company that works to reduce the total amount produced
in the world, for example by planting trees

a tax on the use of fuels that produce gases that harm the atmosphere (= the mixture of gases
around the earth)

a sudden disaster or a violent event that causes change, for example a flood or a war

make bad feelings between people disappear

a way of describing a city or an area that is unpleasant because it has many large modern
buildings and few trees or parks

to discover the meaning of something written badly or in a difficult or hidden way:

the action of removing dangerous substances from something

the cutting down of trees in a large area; the destruction of forests by people

to spoil or destroy the beauty or quality of something

the process by which land changes into desert, for example because there has been too much
farming activity on it or because a lot of trees have been cut dow

if someone deserves a bouquet of orchids, they have done something worthy of praise.

dying/ giving up quickly

able to be seen or understood:

get rid of

liquid waste, especially chemicals produced by factories

the deterioration in environmental quality from ambient concentrations of pollutants and other
activities and processes such as improper land use and natural disasters

a period of time in history, especially one during which important events or changes happen

to make something that is already bad even worse

you see how he situation is before you get involved

an official examination of the effect of a company’s business on the environment

the qualities that show you believe it is important to protect the natural environment
behaviour or activities that make people believe that a company is doing more to protect the
environment than it really is

If someone, such as a politician, is in the wilderness, they no longer have a position of

authority, fame, or success and are not now in the news

at or to an extremely high level

A lush area has a lot of green, healthy plants, grass, and trees.

go straight for something

big or great things start very small

the change that happens in an organism’s genes which produces differences that are passed
to new organisms by reproduction, or the process of this change

If you can't see the wood for the trees, you can't see the whole situation clearly because you're l

the act of using too much of something, especially a natural resource (= minerals, forests, coal,
etc. that exist in a place and can be used by people)

the study of climates for which direct measurements were not taken.

to stop using something gradually in stages over a period of time

original and pure; not spoiled or worn from use

to become four times bigger; to make something four times bigger

the practice of helping large areas of land to return to their natural state

the act of saving things that have been, or are likely to be, damaged or lost, especially in a
disaster or an accident

be formed from sediment - solid material that settles at the bottom of a liquid

to stop something bad from happening, or to keep an unwanted situation or person away,
usually temporarily:

a layer or set of layers of rock, earth, etc.

If something strikes a chord, it causes people to approve of it or agree with it:

development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.

an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere which is
believed to be the cause of a gradual warming of the surface of the Earth.

the primrose path is an easy and pleasurable lifestyle, but one that ends in unpleasantness
and problems.

the point at which the number of small changes over a period of time reaches a level where a
further small change has a sudden and very great effect on a system or leads to an idea
suddenly spreading quickly among a large number of people

lasting for only a short time; temporary:

in which the amount of carbon dioxide produced has been reduced to nothing or is balanced
by actions that protect the environment
NMENT
EXAMPLES

His latest invention is a breath of fresh air into the computer village.

Several factors can lead to acidification of soils.

The desert is so arid that nothing can grow there.

Radiation from the sun is attenuated by the earth's atmosphere.

We drove through a barren, rocky landscape.

This year might be the year for her, everything’s coming up roses both in her home and her working life.

The dolphin had become entangled in/with the fishing nets.

He thinks he's the cat's whiskers as he was trusted with the contract

I did ask her about the book she’d borrowed but she beat around the bush. I’m sure she's lost it.

Biodegradable packaging helps to limit the amount of harmful chemicals released into the atmosphere.

The threat of biohazards for workers in health-care and other human services is increasing.
Blood sports continued to be seen as a matter of individual conscience, to be pursued through private mem

Cap and trade has been successful in reducing acid rain in the U.S. by more than 30%.

Companies are measuring their carbon footprints.

The country can trade carbon offset to rich polluters.

Many now argue that a simple carbon tax on each ton of emissions would be more efficient and less burea
cap-and trade system.

The floods were a cataclysm from which the local people never recovered.

They decided to sit down and clear the air as they were both grown-ups.

Despite Mumbai being an over-populated concrete jungle, there are still many humble corners where peop

Can you decipher the writing on this envelope?

Good personal hygiene and environmental decontamination are essential to keep the disease from spread
humans.

It should not be forgotten that illegal logging and deforestation in the Amazon Basin is still a major factor in
change.

Every day the environment is further degraded by toxic wastes.

The proximity of ancient and recent ruins is indicative of a continuing process of desertification within the p
city.

People who voluntarily dished out food for free during the pandemic deserve a bouquet of orchids.

My roses are dropping like flies in this early frost.

There is often no discernible difference between rival brands.

Nuclear waste must be disposed of safely and strictly to the rules.

Effluents from local factories are finding their way into the river.

In some industrial zones, the production processes may result in serious environmental degradation.

The death of the emperor marked the end of an epoch in the country's history.

This attack will exacerbate the already tense relations between the two communities.

I'm just finding out how the land lies between my parents before I make any solid plans to come visit them.

Management refused to carry out/conduct a green audit.

They are cutting down on air travel in an effort to improve their green credentials.

The environmental movement has warned consumers against greenwashing, saying that when businesses
such as "environmentally friendly" and "green" they are often meaningless.

He has managed to bring his party back to leadership of Congress after years in the wilderness.

There is no question that volcanic debris and sulfur were injected into the stratosphere.

The frequent rainfall encourages the lush growth of trees, ferns, and shrubs.

My grandma made a beeline for the smoking room as soon as she got off the airplane.

Don't be depessed or stressed just because you fail once. Remeber, mighty oaks from little acorns grow!

Environmental pressures encourage genes with certain mutations to persist and others to die out.

The detectives couldn’t solve the case at first as he couldn’t see the woods for the trees.

Man's over-exploitation of the earth's resources has led to more and more people starving to death.

Some countries have decided to phase out the production of petrol-driven cars.

Its remoteness, size, and virtually pristine condition mean that large-scale ecological and evolutionary proc
continue essentially as they have done since times immemorial.
Sales have quadrupled in the last five years.

Rewilding represents a desire to return to the state in which humans existed before the advent of civilizatio

They managed to salvage only a few of their belongings from the fire.

Sedimentary rocks are the most common rocks exposed on Earth’s surface but are only a minor constituen
crust, which is dominated by igneous and metamorphic rocks.

She brought some fruit on the journey to stave off hunger 

Excavated coins can often be dated from other objects in the same stratum.

Her speech struck a sympathetic chord among business leaders.

Lack of institutional foresight is also one of the key challenges for the wider agenda of sustainable develop

If all countries over the world could decrease their energy consumption, this will reduce the emission of gre
gases.

Unable to enjoy his newly acquired wealth, he felt he was being led down the primrose path to destruction.

The earth has already passed the tipping point in terms of global warming.

There is a transient population of thousands of visitors during the year. 

A zero-carbon house that uses no energy from external sources
 No. Vocabulary Part of speech

1 act of God idiom

2 afforestation noun

3 alleviate verb

4 amelioration noun

5 annihilation noun

6 be the culprit of noun

7 blow hot and cold idiom

8 boil the ocean idiom

9 boycott verb

carbon capture and storage

10 noun phrase
(carbon capture and sequestration)

11 cataclysm noun

12 coin verb

13 contingency adj
14 culprit noun

15 curb verb

16 decomposition noun

17 decontaminate verb

18 defunct adj

19 deterioration noun

20 deterrence noun

21 detrimental adjective

22 discrepancy noun

23 disperse verb

24 dry up phrasal verb

25 ecocide word

26 exacerbate verb

27 exasperation noun

28 feasible adj
29 flight shame noun phrase

noun
30 forage
verb

31 fragmentation noun

32 get/ wrap your mind/ head around sth Idiom

33 give sanctuary to phrase

34 have a part to play (in sth) idiom

35 have one's say phrase

36 impediment noun

37 let nature take its course idiom

38 lethal adj

39 mitigate verb

40 omnipresent adj

41 perpetual adj

42 persecution noun

43 pervasive word
44 plethora noun

45 preservation noun

46 prevalence noun

47 pristine adj

48 propaganda noun

49 rampant adj

50 rehabilitation noun

51 resurgence noun

52 retractable adj

53 ride herd on sb/sth idiom

54 status quo noun

55 stringent adj

56 to weather the storm idiom

57 unprecedented adj

wildlife reserve/ nature reserve/ game

58 noun phrase
reserve
59 feasible adj

60 tenable adj
 UNIT 2: CONVERS
Pronunciation

/ækt əv ɡɒd/

/əˌfɒrɪˈsteɪʃn/

/əˈliː.vi.eɪt/

/əˌmiːliəˈreɪʃn/

/ə¸naiə´leiʃən/

 /ˈkʌl·prɪt/

 /bləʊ hɒt ænd kəʊld/

/ˈbɔɪ.kɒt/

/ˌkɑːbən ˌkæptʃər ən
ˈstɔːrɪdʒ/

/ˈkætəklɪzəm/

/kɔɪn/

/kənˈtɪn.dʒən.si/
/ˈkʌlprɪt/

/kɜːb/

/ˌdiː.kɒm.pəˈzɪʃ.ən/

/ˌdiːkənˈtæmɪneɪt/

/dɪˈfʌŋkt/

/dɪˌtɪr.i.əˈreɪ.ʃən/

/dɪˈterəns/

/ˌdet.rəˈmen.t̬ əl/

/dɪˈskrep.ən.si/

/dɪˈspɝːs/

/draɪ ʌp/

/ˈiːkəʊsaɪd/

/ɪɡˈzæs.ɚ.beɪt/

/ɪɡˌzɑː.spəˈreɪ.ʃən/

/ˈfiː.zə.bəl/
/ˈflaɪt ʃeɪm/

/ˈfɒr.ɪdʒ/

/ˌfraɡmənˈteiʃ(ə)n/

/ɡɪv ˈsæŋk.tʃʊə.ri tu/

/həv ə pɑːrt tə pleɪ ɪn/

/ɪmˈped.ɪ.mənt/

/ˈliːθl/

/ˈmɪtɪɡeɪt/

/ˌɒm.nɪˈprez.əns/

/pɚˈpetʃ.u.əl/

/ˌpɝː.səˈkjuː.ʃən/

/pəˈveɪ.sɪv/
/ˈpleθərə/

/ˌprez.ɚˈveɪ.ʃən/

/ˈprev.əl.əns/

/ˈprɪs.tiːn/

/ˌprɒpəˈɡændə/

/ˈræm.pənt/

/ˌriːəˌbɪlɪˈteɪʃn/

/rɪˈsɜːdʒəns/

/rɪˈtræktəbl/

/raɪd hɜːd ɒn/

/ˌsteɪ.təs ˈkwəʊ/

/ˈstrɪn.dʒənt/

/ʌnˈpres.ɪ.den.tɪd/
/ˈfiː.zə.bəl/

/ˈtenəbl/
 UNIT 2: CONVERSATION
Meaning

an event caused by natural forces beyond human control, such as a storm, a flood or an ea

the process of planting areas of land with trees in order to form a forest

to make something bad such as pain or problems less severe

the process of making something better

complete destruction, so that nothing or no one is left

a fact or situation that is the reason for something bad happening

to sometimes like or be interested in something or someone and sometimes not, so people

you really feel

If you are trying to boil the ocean, you are attempting to do something that's impossible or t
something too complex

To refuse to buy a product or take part in an activity as a way of expressing strong disappro

the process of collecting carbon dioxide produced by burning coal, oil, etc. and other indust
it so that it does not affect the atmosphere

a sudden disaster or a violent event that causes change, for example a flood or a war

if a word is coined by someone, it was invented by that person

something that might possibly happen in the future, usually causing problems or making fur
necessary
a person who has done something wrong or against the law

to control or limit something that is not wanted

the action of decaying, or causing something to decay

to remove harmful substances from a place or thing

no longer existing, living, or working correctly

the fact or process of becoming worse

Something that deters people from doing something

causing harm or damage

a difference between two things that should be the same

to spread across or move away over a large area, or to make somthing do this

to no longer exist or be available

destruction of the natural environment of an area, or very great damage to it

to make something that is already bad even worse

the feeling of being annoyed, especially because you can do nothing to solve a problem

able to be made, done or achieved

the idea that people should stop travelling by plane in order to limit damage to the environm

- food grown for horses or farm animals

- to go searching for Food

the process or state of breaking or being broken into small or separate parts

to succeed in understanding something difficult or strange

to give shelter or protection to something

to be able to help sth

express or make known one's views, opinions, or ideas

something that makes progress, movement, or achieving something difficult or impossible

to allow someone or something to live or die naturally

able to cause death, extremely dangerous

to make something less harmful, serious, etc.

synonyms: alleviate

present everywhere

continuing forever in the same way

hostility and ill-treatment, especially because of race or political or religious beliefs.

present or noticeable in every part of a thing or place

an amount that is greater than is needed or can be used

the act of keeping something the same or of preventing it from being damaged

the fact that something is very common or happens often

original and pure; not spoiled or worn from use

ideas or statements that may be false or one-sided, used in order to gain support for a polit

(of something bad) getting worse quickly and in an uncontrolled way

- the process of returning a building, place or area of activity to its previous good condition
- the process of helping somebody to have a normal, useful life again after they have been
long time
- the return and growth of an activity or idea that had stopped
~ synonyms: resurface, revival

​that can be moved or pulled back into the main part of something

to keep watch or control over sb/sth

the situation as it is now, or it was before a recent change

having a very severe effect, or being extremely limiting

to survive difficult times

never having happened or existed in the past

an area of land in which plants and animals are protected, often because they are rare.
(a)able to be made, done

(of a theory, an opinion, etc.) easy to defend against attack or criticism

 Example

The insurance company dismissed the accident as an act of God and refused to pay
out.

There was a national launch for massive afforestation especially when a lot of
deforestation has occurred between 1972 into the 1980s.

The drugs did nothing to alleviate her pain.

Progress brings with it the amelioration of the human condition.

The direct consequence of the failure was the annihilation of political nationality.

He is the main culprit in the bank robbery case.

He's been blowing hot and cold about the trip to Holland ever since I first suggested it. 
Bob is trying to boil the ocean with our customer satisfaction study. He thinks he can
identify the top three customer satisfaction complaints for all our products for the past
year, develop solutions, and have a presentation ready in two days.

We boycotted companies that were polluting the environment.

Forest regrowth is a form of carbon sequestration, with the forests themselves serving
as carbon sinks.

A comet slamming into the planet or some galactic cataclysm could wipe us all out.

He invented the iris diaphragm in cameras, the balance wheel in watches, and coined
the word 'cell'.

They become obsessed with trying to equip their vehicles with gadgets to deal with
every possible contingency.
The police quickly identified the real culprits.

We can curb juvenile delinquency by education.

Keeping a landfill damp could speed up the decomposition process

Many people are not aware of what is required to decontaminate water supplies.

This amusement park has been defunct for 4 years since the terrifying roller coaster
accidents caused by malfunction.

The program is intended to prevent the significant deterioration of air quality.

The pet owner used the shock collar as a deterrence, clicking it every time the wayward
pup tried to meander off.

These chemicals have a detrimental effect/impact on the environment.

There is some discrepancy between the two accounts.

Police dispersed the crowd that had gathered

Money is drying up for people seeking home-equity loans or lines of credit to finance
projects.

This attack will exacerbate the already tense relations between the two communities.

The organization has expressed its exasperation with the government.

With the extra resources, the project now seems feasible

The flight shame movement is about feeling accountable for your carbon footprint

The cows were foraging in the pasture. 

Human population growth and resulting land fragmentation

 I just couldn't wrap my mind around what had happened.

Most countries refuse to give sanctuary to people who hijack aeroplanes.

We all have a part to play in the campaign for water conservation

When one of the people or groups involved in a discussion has their say, they give their
opinion.

At the age of 41, he began to realise that he had a serious speech impediment. 

He could be kept alive artificially, but I think it would be kinder to let nature take its
course

These chemicals are lethal to fish.

hey protect the valleys from destructive avalanches, and, retaining the superficial soil by
their roots, they mitigate the destructive effects of heavy rains.

A rumour that Mr.Ken stole the picture last week has been omnipresent these days

They lived in perpetual fear of being discovered.

They left the country out of fear of persecution.

hey are extremely aware of the pervasive pain and sadness.

Some coffee shops have a plethora of drinks to choose from, while others stick to the
basics. 
The president has said that the government is committed to the preservation of the
country's national interests.

The prevalence of the disease is higher in some families.

The biohazard elimination field was marked by pristine white fencing. 

There was a propaganda onslaught, financed by the tax payer, to persuade the British
people to change their minds.

Rampant corruption brought about the downfall of the government. 

They had a team of architects beavering away at a scheme for the rehabilitation of
District 

Jane hoped for a resurgence in her energy after she took a nap.

The new stadium will have a retractable roof.

The police rode herd on the group who was suspicious of deforestation

Conservatives wanted to maintain the status quo and had a research on that antiquity

Stringent safety regulations were introduced after the accident

When John was made redundant, the family had to weather the storm until he found a
new job.

This level of growth is unprecedented. 

The nature reserve in Poland is the purest form of the forest.

We are still looking for feasible solutions in new areas of the design space.

The old idea that this work was not suitable for women was no longer tenable.
 NO. WORDS Part of speech PRONUNCIATION

1 aesthetic adj /esˈθet̬ .ɪk/

2 atelier noun /ˌætlˈjeɪ/

3 calligraphy noun /kəˈlɪɡrəfi/

4 composition noun /ˌkɑːmpəˈzɪʃn/

5 conceptual adj /kənˈseptʃuəl/

6 connoisseur noun /ˌkɑː.nəˈsɝː/

7 contemporary art noun /kənˈtem.pər.ər.i a:t/

culture vulture
8 noun /ˈkʌl.tʃə ˌvʌl.tʃər/

9 embellish verb /ɪmˈbel.ɪʃ/

10 embroidery noun /ɪmˈbrɔɪdəri/

11 engrave verb /ɪnˈɡreɪv/

12 epic noun /ˈep.ɪk/

13 ethics noun /ˈeθɪk/

14 figurative adj /ˈfɪɡjərətɪv/

15 fluid noun /ˈfluː.ɪd/

16 genre noun /ˈʒɑːn.rə/

17 hologram noun /ˈhəʊləɡræm/

18 imagery noun /ˈɪm.ə.dʒər.i/

19 impeccable adj /ɪmˈpek·ə·bəl/

20 improvisation noun /ˌɪm.prə.vaɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/

21 insight noun /ˈɪnsaɪt/

22 interpretation noun /ɪnˌtɝː.prəˈteɪ.ʃən/

23 interweave verb /ˌɪn.təˈwiːv/

24 intrinsically adv /ɪnˈtrɪn.zɪ.kəl.i/

25 juxtaposition noun /ˌdʒʌk.stə.pəˈzɪʃ.ən/

26 lavish adj /ˈlæv.ɪʃ/

27 monochrome adj /ˈmɑːnəkrəʊm/

28 naturalistic adj /ˌnætʃ.ɚ.rəˈlɪs.t̬ ɪk/

29 notion noun /ˈnəʊʃn/

30 obscure adj /əbˈskjʊər/

31 oeuvre noun /ˈɜː.vrə/

32 paradigmatic adj /ˌper.ə.dɪɡˈmæt̬ .ɪk/

33 paradoxical adj /ˌpær.əˈdɒk.sɪ.kəl/

noun
34 philistine /ˈfɪl.ɪ.staɪn/
adj
35 prestigious adj /presˈtɪdʒ.əs/

36 proportion noun /prəˈpɔːr.ʃən/

37 protagonist noun /prəˈtæɡ.ən.ɪst/

38 recapitulate verb /ˌri·kəˈpɪtʃ·əˌleɪt/

/ˌrep.rɪ.zenˈteɪ.ʃən.əl
39 representational art noun phrase
ɑːt/

40 retrospective adj /ˌretrəˈspektɪv/

41 sculpture noun /ˈskʌlp.tʃɚ/

42 sentiment noun /ˈsen.t̬ ə.mənt/

43 spiral adj /ˈspaɪr.əl/

44 still life noun /ˌstɪl ˈlaɪf/

45 stylize verb /ˈstɑɪl·ɑɪz/

46 symbolism noun /ˈsɪmbəlɪzəm/

47 symmetry noun /ˈsɪm.ə.tri/

48 the avant-garde adj /ði ˌævɑ̃ː ˈɡɑːrd/

49 vibrant adj /ˈvaɪ.brənt/

50 voluminous adj /vəˈluː.mə.nəs/

 UNIT 3: ART AND LITERATURE; ENTERTAINMENT

DEFINITION

(adj): concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty.

(n): set of principles underlying and guiding the work of a particular artist or artistic
movement.

a room or building in which an artist works

beautiful handwriting that you do with a

special pen or brush; the art of producing this

*) the process or skill of writing music

*) the way that people or things are arranged in a painting or photograph

related to or based on ideas

an expert on matters involving the judgment of beauty, quality or skill in art or music

art created at the present time or relating

to the present time.

a person with an excessive or pretentious

interest in the arts.

to make something more beautiful by adding decoration to it

patterns that are sewn onto cloth using threads of various colours; cloth that is
decorated in this way
to cut words or designs on wood, stone, etc.

a film, poem, or book that is long and contains a lot of action, usually dealing with a historic

ideas or moral beliefs that influence the behavior, attitudes, or philosophy of a group of
people

(of language, words, phrases, etc.) used in a way that is different from the usual
meaning, in order to create a particular mental picture.

(n): a substance that flows and is not solid

(adj): smooth and continuous

a particular type or style of literature, art, film or music that you can recognize because
of its special features

a special type of image that appears to be

three-dimensional (= solid rather than flat),
especially one created using lasers

language that produces pictures in the minds of people reading or listening

perfect, with no problems or bad parts

a performance that an actor, musician, etc. has not practised or planned

a clear and deep understanding of a

complicated problem or situation

an explanation or opinion of what something means.

to twist together or combine two or more things so that they cannot be separated easily

in a way that is an extremely important and basic characteristic of a person or thing.

the fact of putting things that are not similar next to each other

large in amount, or impressive, and usually costing a lot of money

(of photographs, etc.) using only black, white

and shades of grey

representing what is real; not abstract or artificial

an idea, a belief or an understanding of something

(adj): not known to many people

(v): to prevent something from being seen or heard

a work of art, literature, music, etc of a writer,

painter, or other artist.

(specialist or formal) that is a typical example or pattern of something

seeming impossible or difficult to understand because of containing two opposite facts or ch

(n): a person who refuses to see the beauty or the value of art, music and literature.
(adj): people or organizations who you think do not care about or understand the value
of art, music, or literature.
a piece of art which was respected and
admired, usually because of being important

the number or amount of a group or part of something when compared to the whole.

one of the main characters in a story or a play.

to repeat the main points of an explanation or description

depicting or attempting to depict objects,

scenes, figures, etc, directly as seen.

a public exhibition of the work that an artist has done in the past, showing how his or
her work has developed

the art of forming solid objects that represent a thing, person, idea, etc. out of a material
such as wood, clay, metal, or stone, or an object made in this way.

a feeling or an opinion, especially one based on emotions

(adj): shaped in a series of curves, each one above or wider than the one before
(v): to move in a spiral/ If costs, prices, etc. spiral, they increase faster and faster

a painting or drawing of an arrangement of

objects such as flowers or fruit. It also refers
to this type of painting or drawing.

to show or do something in a particular style.

the use of symbols to represent ideas,

especially in art and literature
the quality of having parts that match each other, especially in a way that is attractive,
or similarity of shape or contents.

new and very modern ideas in art, music or literature that are sometimes surprising or
shock people

(of colors) bright and striking

(of a piece of writing, a book, etc.) very long and detailed

NT

EXAMPLE

(adj): The pictures give great aesthetic pleasure.

(n): The Cubist aesthetic.

He was hoping to convert the cellar into a

photographic atelier.

This poem is written in neat italic calligraphy.

This concerto is one of her earlier/later compositions.

Her drawing is competent, but her composition is poor

Conceptual art was another attempt by artists to avoid the

strait-jacket of commercialisation and the conformity of gallery
art.

In order to enjoy beautiful paintings, it is not necessary to be a

connoisseur of works of art.

The hotel blends old artifacts and pieces of

contemporary art.

If you're a culture vulture, New York has everything

you could want - opera, theatre, museums, and more.

The huge carved door was embellished with brass door

knockers.

My mother urge me to learn embroidery as a way

to train my patience.
‘Four letters were engraved inside the crystal: Kari.’

It's one of those old Hollywood epics with a cast of thousands.

Needless to say, careful review of all clinical trials by

properly constituted ethics committees must continue.

‘He exploded with rage’ shows a figurative use of the

verb ‘explode’.

His piano playing was beautifully fluid, adding grace to every

song he played.

Crime fiction is a genre which seems likely to stay with us for

many years.

Human organs in specimen jars could be replaced by

three-dimensional holograms using a new kind of
imaging technology being developed in the UK

He evokes complex imagery with a single well-placed word.

With no accompanying instruments, the choir was thrust

centre-stage and relished every opportunity afforded them to
show off their impeccable intonation and ensemble.
The music was decidedly different, relying on riff-based
extended improvisations with little harmonic movement over
a soul-based rhythmic foundation.

Literature provides insights into the human condition

in a way that no political treatise can match

The rules are vague and open to interpretation.

She has created an intriguing story by skilfully interweaving fictional and historical events.

The college and the community are intrinsically linked.

Unlike film, music has the capacity for simultaneous

juxtaposition that similarly thwarts forward motion.

They laid on lavish entertainment for their guests.

A monochrome (picture) of one of Swindon's car

parks, in Villett Street, bagged him third place.

We are so accustomed to a naturalistic tradition of accurate

reproductions that we expect art to imitate reality.

There were other crucial elements that pointed to the

differences in Western and Asian notions of beauty.

An obscure 18th-century painter created paintbrush.

His oeuvre is rarely out of stock and available at the

click of a mouse.

Perhaps the most paradigmatic style of English poetry, blank

verse, as exemplified in works by Shakespeare and Milton,
consists of unrhymed iambic pentameters.

It seems paradoxical to me, but if you drink a cup of hot tea it seems to cool you down.

*) I wouldn't have expected them to enjoy the

exhibition anyway - they're just a bunch of philistines!
*) They are a philistine government that allowed the
arts to decline.
This year's shortlisted artists present their works to
the public as they compete for the prestigious award.

Children make up a large proportion of the world's population.

The use of colorful language and superfluous details

is further illustrated by the journalist's excessive
description of the protagonist's appearance.

The passage recapitulates the version he offers in his

prologue.

Although I confess that I do prefer representational

art, I find this new work immensely powerful.

Amsterdam, Netherlands is home to a Van Gogh

retrospect exhibition which attracted 1.2 million
visitors over 4 months.

Tom teaches sculpture at the local art school.

All these noble sentiments have little chance of being put into
practice.

(adj): A spiral staircase.

(v): Spiralling costs have squeezed profits.

The third painting was a still life with a green drape,

and green lettuce, pepper and apples.

Looking for ways to rearrange, stylize and add inspiration to

your work area?

Overflowing with symbolism and ironic dialogue, the

film is beautifully washed in grey light.
The design of the house had a pleasing symmetry, its square
shape being picked up in its elongated windows.

The theatre shows a lot of avant-garde work.

The room was decorated in vibrant reds and yellows.

There is voluminous literature on modernism and

post-modernism.
a
performanc
e that an
actor,
musician,
etc. has not perfect, with
practised or no problems
planned or bad parts
NO. WORD PRONUNCIATION

1 à la mode (a.) /ˌæl.ə ˈməʊd /

2 accrual (n.) / əˈkruː.əl /

3 affiliate marketing (n.) / əˈfɪl i ɪt-ˈmɑr kɪ tɪŋ /

4 apparel (n.) / əˈpær.əl /

5 arbiter (n.) /ˈɑːr.bə.t̬ ɚ /

/ˈärdəzən/
6 artisan (n)

7 avenue (n.) / ˈæv.ə.nuː /

8 batch (n.) / bæt /

9 benchmark (n.) / ˈbentʃ.mɑːk /

10 bespoke (a.) / bɪˈspəʊk /

11 bombard (v.) / bɒmˈbɑːd /

12 cachet (n.) / kæˈʃeɪ /

13 cashmere (n.) / ˈkæʃ.mɪər /

/ səˈleb.rə.t̬ i ɪnˈdɔːrs.mənt
14 celebrity endorsement
/

15 clockwork precision (n.) / klɒkˌwɜːk prɪˈsɪʒən /

16 conglomerate (n.) / kənˈɡlɑː.mɚ.ət /

cottage industry (n.)

17 / ˌkɒt.ɪdʒ ˈɪn.də.stri /

18 coworking (n) / kōˈwərkiNG /

19 crowdfunding(n) / ˈkroudˌfəndiNG /

20 cut out the middleman / kʌt aʊt ðə ˈmɪd.əl mæn /

cutting ticket (n.)

21 /ˌkʌt.ɪŋ 'tɪk.ɪt /

22 destitution (n.) / ˈdes.tə.tuːt /

23 deviate (v.) / ˈdiː.vi.eɪt /

24 direct-to-consumer sales / dīˈrekt tə ˈkʌs.tə.mɚ /

/ dɪˈskreʃ.ən.er.i ˈspen.dɪŋ
25 discretionary spending (n.)
/

26 disparity (n.) / dɪˈsper.ə.t̬ i /

27 enlighten (v.) / ɪnˈlaɪ.tən /

entrepreneur (n.)
28 / ˌɒn.trə.prəˈnɜːr /

29 eponymous (a.) / ɪˈpɒn.ɪ.məs /

30 exponential (a.) / ˌek.spoʊˈnen.ʃəl /

31 fast-fashion / ˌfɑːst ˈfæʃ.ən /

32 fiscal (a.) / ˈfɪs.kəl /

33 free-lance(n) / ˈfrēˌlans /

34 from scratch (adv) / frʌm skrætʃ /

35 furlough (n.) / ˈfɝː.loʊ /

36 gig economy(n) / ɡiɡ əˈkänəmē /

37 hand-me-downs (n.) / ˈhan(d)-mē-ˌdau̇n /

haute couture (n.)

38 / ˌəʊt kuːˈtjʊər /

39 hedge your bets / hedʒ jɚ best /

high end (a.)

40 / ˌhaɪˈend /

/ ˌɪn trə prəˈnɜr, -ˈnʊər, -

41 intrapreneur (n.)
ˈnyʊər /

lead time (n.)

42 / ˈliːd ˌtaɪm /

line sheet (n.)

43 / laɪn ʃiːt /

44 low-hanging fruit (n.) / loʊ-hæŋ ɪŋ frut /

45 made-to-measure (a.) /ˌmeɪd.təˈmeʒ.ər /

46 make a dent in sth / dent /

47 marketability (n.) / ˌmɑːr.kɪ.t̬ əˈbɪl.ə.t̬ i /

48 marquee investor (n.) / mɑːrˈkiː ɪnˈves.t̬ ɚ /

49 merchandise (n.) / ˈmɜː.tʃən.daɪs /

50 middle-market (a.) / ˈmɪd l-ˈmɑr kɪt /

51 Miss the boat / mɪs ðə boʊt /

52 Multinational(n) / məltēˈnaSH(ə)n(ə)l /

53 null and void (a.) / nʌl ænd vɔɪd /

/ ˌɒf.ðəˈpeɡ /
off-the-peg (a.)
54

55 outsource (v.) / ˈaʊt.sɔːs /

56 press release (n.) / ˈpres rɪˌliːs /

57 prohibitive costs/fees/rates / proʊˈhɪb.ə.t̬ ɪv /

/ kwäˈdro͞opəl /
58 Quadruple(v)
 specification sheet (n.)
59 /ˌspes.ɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən ʃiːt /

60 Sponsorship (n.) / ˈspɒn.sə.ʃɪp /

61 stature (n.) / ˈstætʃ.ɚ /

62 stock-out (n.) / ˈstɒkˌaʊt /

swatch (n.)
63 / swɒtʃ /

swing ticket
64 (n.) /swɪŋ ˈtɪk.ɪt/

65 Team-player(n) / tēm ˈplāə /

teeter on the brink/edge of

66 / ˈtiː.t̬ ɚ /
sth

67 turnaround (n.) / ˈtɝːn.ə.raʊnd /

68 up-start company (n.) / ˈʌps.tɑːrt ˈkʌm.pə.ni /

69 vogue (n.) / voʊg /

70 wholesale distribution (n.) / ˈhoʊl.seɪ dɪs.trɪˈbjuː.ʃən /

 UNIT 4: FASHION AND BUSINESS

DEFINITION

in the most modern style or fashion

a gradual increase in an amount of money

the use of one website to advertise the products and services of another
website

clothing

someone who makes a judgment, solves an argument, or decides what will be

done

a person skilled in a utilitarian art, trade, or craft, especially one requiring

manual skill

a method or way of doing something; a possibility

a group of things created or worked on together

a level of quality that can be used as a standard when comparing other things

Individually or custom made

 force

a quality that marks someone or something as special and worth respect and
admiration

very soft, expensive wool material that is made from the hair of goats from
Kashmir

a form of advertising campaign or marketing strategy which uses a celebrity's

fame or social status to promote a product, brand or service

the quality of occurring without problems or delays

a company that owns several smaller businesses whose products or services

are usually very different

A small business run from home

an arrangement by which freelancers or remote employees working for various

companies share an office or other workspace

the activity or process of raising money from a large number of people,

typically through a website, as for a project or small business.

to deal directly with someone instead of talking to their representatives, or to

avoid unnecessary stages in a process

Exact details for an order set for production, otherwise known as the
production run.

the state of being without money, food, a home, or possessions

 to do something that is different from the usual or common way of behaving:

a sales strategy where a business sells directly to customers

the act of spending money by consumers on things other than necessary

things such as food, clothes, and fuel

a lack of equality or similarity, especially in a way that is not fair

to provide someone with information and understanding, or to explain the true

facts about something to someone

Person that starts a new business venture.

Eponymous road/place: the name of the road is the name of a person

An exponential rate of increase becomes quicker and quicker as the thing that
increases becomes larger

clothes that are made and sold cheaply, so that people can buy new clothes often

connected with public money

a person who works as a writer, designer, performer, or the like, selling work
or services by the hour, day, job, etc., rather than working on a regular salary
basis for one employer.

from the beginning, without using anything that already exists

 a period of time when a company stops employing someone, usually
temporarily, because the company does not have enough money or enough
work

an economic sector consisting of part-time, temporary, and freelance jobs

Put in use by one person or group after being used, discarded, or handed
down by another.

Clothes made exclusively for private clients.

to protect yourself against loss by supporting more than one possible result or
both sides in a competition

Expensive designs below haute couture level, often produced in limited

numbers.

an employee of a large corporation who is given freedom and financial support

to create new products, services, systems, etc., and does not have to follow
the corporation's usual routines or protocols.

Time taken for supplier to make goods available.

Selling tool showing sketches of product with pricing, colour options and sizes.

something that is easy to obtain, achieve, or take advantage of

made specially to fit a particular person, room, etc.

to reduce an amount of something, esp. money or work

(of products or skills) the quality of being easy to sell because a lot of people
want them

a person whose investment will be recognized by other investors and will

motivate them to invest

goods that are bought and sold

used to describe a product or service that is neither very cheap nor very
expensive when compared to other products or services of the same type

to lose an opportunity to do something by being slow to act

a large corporation with operations and subsidiaries in several countries.

having no legal force

Made and bought in standard sizes and not made especially to fit a particular
person.

If a company outsources, it pays to have part of its work done by another

company

Announcement of an event, performance or other newsworthy item issued to

the press.

(of costs) too expensive to pay

to make or become four times as great:

Document including specification drawing, listing all the relevant components
needed to make up a first sample.

money that is given, usually by a company, to support a person, organization

or activity

the good reputation a person or organization has, based on their behavior and
ability

a situation in which there are no goods of a particular kind available for sale

Small piece of fabric used to illustrate colour, print, design or detail before a
piece is made or delivered.

Tag put on products showing price, size and designer's log/motif.

a person who willingly works in cooperation with others.

If something is teetering on the brink/edge of a bad situation, it is likely that the

situation will happen soon

a situation in which something changes from bad to good

a new competitor

a fashion or general liking, especially one that is temporary

Independent operations that buy products from manufacturers and sell them to
various consumers or other businesses.
INESS

EXAMPLE

Vintage fashion is very à la mode at the moment.

While a payment plan is in effect, late-payment penalty accruals are cut in half.

The adverts appear on publishers' websites, creating an affiliate marketing network.

He really hit the roof and screamed in anger and told her to take off that apparel and never
him see it again.

He rose from polite but humble beginnings to become an arbiter of taste and manners.

We need high-quality artisans to compete with our rivals.

There are also at least two other possible avenues for improving the models of user
satisfaction.

The cook brought in a fresh batch of homemade cupcakes.

The catalog industry can discover new opportunities by comparing its own business trends
industry benchmarks.

She ordered a bespoke hat.

In subsequent months the administration has been bombarded by denunciations of
corruption and by media scandals.

The likes of Nike and Adidas have long prided themselves on their ability to get out in front
whatever trend has cultural cachet with its fans.

Many good firms producing the best worsted, cashmere and camel hair in the world have
gone to the wall.

The diet has enjoyed media attention and celebrity endorsement, but its critics have calle
a fad diet.

The meal was served with clockwork precision, and at the appointed time de Gaulle
proposed a toast to his visitor.

The way forward was to liberalize the markets dominated by the big conglomerates.

Traditional cottage industries such as handicrafts continue to play a role in the economies
all Asian countries.

The whole idea of coworking is to bring bright, creative people together and let the ideas
collide.

Musicians, filmmakers, and artists have successfully raised funds and fostered awareness
through crowdfunding.

Why don't you cut out the middleman and tell him what you think yourself?

Depending on the product complexity, you can have a cutting ticket for each fabrication us
in the product.

It is not surprising that their principal concern was with the high proportion of destitute
pilgrims
He never deviated from his strict vegetarian diet.

A significant portion of that revenue went to consumer packaged goods (CPG) companies
selling direct to the consumer (DTC), many for the first time.

Soaring fuel prices have hit discretionary spending, which could weaken the economy.

Manhattan had the greatest income disparity between rich and poor residents outside Pue
Rico.

The same methods are also inadequate for analyzing why the preference for cooperation
deviates from instrumental rationality.

He’s an entrepreneur who made his money in computer software.

British resistance prevented the destruction of eponymous nomenclature.

We are looking for exponential growth in our investment

Instead of having two seasons, fast fashion gives us new variations on T-shirts and jeans
every week.

The governor said the fiscal crisis couldn't be solved by spending cuts alone, insisting the
state needs additional revenue.

After working at the company for many years, he decided to go freelance.

Can we fix the current computer system, or would it be better to start from scratch with a
new system?
The union represents about 9,000 active pilots, with nearly 2,000 more pilots currently on
furlough.

In a gig economy, workers are paid for the “gigs” that they do, such as couriers for delivery
companies.

Our office furniture was a collection of hand-me-downs.

One would not be able to shower one's fiancée with bouquets, meet at a secret rendezvous
or buy her haute couture clothes.

Political forecasters are hedging their bets about the likely outcome of this Saturday's
Louisiana governor's race.

It is expensive to develop, it requires high-end technology to transmit, and it is unclear how

affects the construct.

An intrapreneur brings entrepreneurial thinking and skills to building a career path within th
structure of an existing organisation.

Additionally, the delivery lead time of the supplier is assumed to be reported.

Line sheets allow you to get your products in front of buyers to generate more wholesale
orders from retailers.

When cutting costs, many companies start with the low-hanging fruit: their ad budgets.

The company sells made-to-measure suits.

I have a meeting in an hour, but before that I'm hoping to make a dent in this backlog of
documents that need to be filed.
Publishers are investors who select a manuscript for its marketability and prepare it for
publication.

The company has raised a total round size of 1 million dollars and set in a marquee new se
of investors.

This store has a wide selection of merchandise for sale

The middle-market retail group has been blamed for failing to modernize its stores to mee
customer needs.

There were tickets available last week, but he missed the boat by waiting till today to try to
buy some.

Tesco is one of the biggest multinationals in the UK.

Believing the contract thus null and void, he obtained a privilege to publish under his own
name

We often ask her where she gets some of her clothes and most of the time they're just off-
the-peg.

As part of a recent restructuring, Anglian Water decided to outsource some of its operation

A telephone helpline was established to coincide with the press release.

Green groups have been unable to challenge instances of pollution in court because of
prohibitive costs.

Oil prices quadrupled in the 1970s.

The product specification sheet will be received by your manufacturers and used as a
reference for quotes and your product's manufacturing.

Schools are being encouraged to look for business sponsorship for sports teams.

If the school continues to gain in stature, it will attract the necessary financial support.

There were stockouts of the product at some locations over the summer holiday period.

They requested that the brother give them a swatch of his clothing.

The Cashmere Made in Scotland swing ticket will be launched during London Fashion
Week, which begins today.

She has all the qualities of an excellent team-player.

What we are seeing now is a country teetering on the brink of civil war.

The CEO was responsible for the turnaround in the company's fortunes.

Larger drug companies are buying up many of the upstart companies.

In the 1920s, short hair for women became the vogue.

The modern-day wholesale distributor evolved from those hardy traders who bought and
sold goods hundreds of years ago.
No Word Part of Speech

1 a matter of life and death idiom

a question mark over/against

2 something idiom

3 add up to phrasal verb

4 ally noun

5 altercation noun

6 annulment noun

7 antagonist noun

8 be at loggerheads idiom

9 be of the opinion phrase

10 be under the thumb idiom

bend over backwards for

11 idiom
someone

12 birds of a feather flock together idiom

13 blaze the trail idiom

14 by trial and error idiom

15 chameleon noun

16 chemistry noun

17 collegiality noun

18 compatible adj

19 compromise noun

20 comrade noun

21 concrete adj

22 conjecture noun

23 consonance noun

24 corollary noun

25 credulous adj

26 dissenting adj
27 divergent adj

28 dogmatic adj

29 dyed in the wool idiom

30 emergent adj

31 fair-weather friend noun

32 flush out phrasal verb

33 fraternization noun

get off on the wrong foot with

34 idiom
someone

35 get on like a house on fire idiom

36 hand in gloves adverb

37 have a soft spot for someone idiom

38 imbroglio noun

39 indisputable adj

40 intransigence noun
41 keep someone at arm’s length idiom

42 keep tabs on someone idiom

43 logomachy noun

make common cause with

44 idiom
somebody

45 meet sb halfway idiom

46 sell sb down the river idiom

47 set in motion phrase

48 sibling rivalry noun

49 simulation noun

50 stalwart adj

51 sworn enemies idiom

52 synergy noun

53 take someone under your wing idiom

54 the bottom line idiom

55 To be as thick as thieves idiom

56 to be joined at the hip idiom

57 to bury the hatchet idiom

58 to clear the air idiom

to fall head over heels in love

59 idiom
with someone

60 to fall out with sb idiom

61 to go back a long way idiom

62 to move in the same circles idiom

63 to pop the question idiom

64 to struck up a relationship idiom

65 to tie the knot idiom

66 treachery noun

67 true-blue adj

68 truism noun
69 twist one's arm idiom

70 vendetta noun
 UNIT 5: PEOPLE & RELATIONSHIP
Pronounciation

/ˈælaɪ/

/ˌɔːltərˈkeɪʃn/

/əˈnʌlmənt/

/ænˈtæɡənɪst/
/kəˈmiːliən/

/ˈkemɪstri/

/kə.liː.dʒi.ˈæl.ə.t̬ i/

/kəmˈpætəbl/

/ˈkɑːmprəmaɪz/

/ˈkɑːmræd/

/ˈkɑːnkriːt/

/kənˈdʒektʃə(r)/

/ˈkɑːnsənəns/

/ˈkɔːrəleri/

/ˈkredʒələs/

/dɪˈsentɪŋ/
/kəmˈpætəbl/

/dɔːɡˈmætɪk/

/ˌdaɪ.dɪn.ðəˈwʊl/

/ɪˈmɜr·dʒənt/

/ˌfeə.weð.ə ˈfrend/

/ˌfrætərnəˈzeɪʃn/

/hænd/ /ɪn/ /ɡlʌvs/

/ɪmˈbrəʊliəʊ/

/ˌɪndɪˈspjuːtəbl/

/ɪnˈtrænzɪdʒəns/
/loʊˈɡɑ.mə.ki/

/ˈsɪb·lɪŋ ˈrɑɪ·vəl·ri/

/ˌsɪm.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/

/ˈstɔːlwərt/

/ˈsɪnərdʒi/
/ˈtretʃəri/

/ˌtruː ˈbluː/

/ˈtruːɪzəm/
/venˈdetə/
 UNIT 5: PEOPLE & RELATIONSHIP
Definition

something extremely important

used to say that something is not certain

equal

someone who supports and helps someone else

a noisy argument or disagreement

the act of stating officially that something (usually a marriage ), is not

legally recognized

a person who strongly opposed to something

to disagree strongly

to have specified opinion or belief

to be controlled by someone else

do everything possible to help someone

People who have the same interests, outlook, tastes in things generally
are found in each others company.
start doing something for the first tiime

trying out different methods

a person who changes their behaviour or opinions according to the

situation

the relationship between two people,usually a strong sexual attraction

a friendly relationship between people who work together or do the same

job:

if two people are compatible, they can have a good relationship becuase
they have similiar ideas, interests, ...
an agreement made between two people or groups in which each side
gives up some of the things they want so that both sides are happy at the
end

a friend, especially one who you have been involved in difficult or

dangerous, usually military, activities with

based on facts, not on ideas or guesses

a guess about something based on how it seems and not on proof

agreement

a situation, an argument or a fact that is the natural and direct result of

another one

always believing what you are told, therefore easily deceived

having or expressing opinions that are different from those that are
officially accepted
(of opinions, views, etc.) different; no longer similar

being certain that your beliefs are right and that others should accept
them, without paying attention to evidence or other opinions

unchanging in a particular belief or opinion

starting to exist or to become known

someone who is a good friend when it is easy to be one and who stops
being one when you are having problems

to force a person or animal to leave a hiding place

the action of meeting someone socially, especially someone who belongs

to an opposing army or team, or has a different social position

to start off badly with someone

to get on really well

in close collaboration, association

to be very fond of someone

an unwanted, difficult and confusing situation

that is true and cannot be disagreed with or denied

the quality in people of being unwilling to change their opinions or

behaviour in a way that would be helpful to other
to keep someone at a distance

to watch someone carefully to check what they are doing

an argument or debate marked by the reckless or incorrect use of words;

meaningless battle of words.

to be united with somebody about something

that you both agree on or wish to believe

to reach an agreement with somebody by

giving them part of what they want

to put someone in a difficult or dangerous situation by not acting as you

had promised to act, usually in order to win an advantage for yourself

begin something

the ongoing conflict between kids raised in the same family.

a model of a set of problems or events that can be used to teach someone

how to do something, or the process of making such a model

able to be trusted, loyal

to hate someone

the increased effectiveness that results when two or more people or

businesses work together

to look after someone until they settle in

an essential idea
To be very close or friendly with each other.

To be extremely close to someone, having the reputation of always being

together.

To bury a conflict.

To defuse the tension between two or more people.

you love or start to love them very much

To have one's relationship with someone completely diminished, typically

due to an argument or unpleasant incident.

to know someone well for a long time

To socialize with people of the same background or lifestyle.

to ask someone to marry you

to start something such as a relationship or conversation with someone in

an informal way.

to get married

behaviour that deceives or is not loyal to someone who trusts you

extremely loyal

an idea or expression that has been used by many people

to persuade or force somebody to do something

a series of acts done to harm a disliked person or group

HIP
Example

she would not go out on the Sabbath unless it was a matter of life and death

There's still a big question mark hanging over his future with the team.

The total added up to three times the actual profits.

His sister was his ally against their grandparents.

A youth became involved in an altercation with a police officer over a parking ticket.

The king sought an annulment of his marriage to Queen Elizabeth

He has always been the prime minister’s most formidable antagonist in Parliament.

James and Josh are at loggerheads over the new policy

He is of the opinion that nothing more can be done.

He really keeps her under the thumb

She bent over backwards for them when they first arrived in the town

James and Josh are always together, but hey, what can I say? Birds of a feather flock toge
The company blazed a trail with the first small computers.

pupils learn by trial and error

Alicia is such a chameleon! She changed her vote just because of

some coaxing words from our rival!

The personal chemistry between the two stars are obvious

Reporters in war zones share a sense of cooperation and collegiality.

It is rare to find a compatible partner through a dating app

After lengthy talks the two sides finally reached a compromise.

Many of his comrades were killed in the battle.

The man was sentenced based on concrete evidence of his ex's murderer.

There's been a lot of conjecture in the media recently about the marriage

The Western concept of the beach is not in consonance with our cultural traditions.

increased taxes are the inevitable corollary to any new government spending program

Quinn charmed credulous investors out of millions of dollars

Although the decision on promotion had baffled everyone, there were few of them raised th
dissenting voices
There are divergent opinions on this issue.

The conservative teacher is becoming too dogmatic about his teaching methods

He's a dyed-in-the-wool traditionalist where cooking is concerned - he doesn't allow any

modern gadgets in the kitchen.

We have the flexibility to adjust our rates to meet emergent customer needs.

I thought he was a great friend but he’s really just a fair-weather friend. He didn’t even call o
visit when I was in the hospital

He had to climb down the side of the tunnel to flush out the birds

He was accused of fraternization with a student and sexual harassment.

She really got off on the wrong foot with her new boss.

I was worried that they wouldn't like each other but in fact they're getting on like a house on

We are working hand in glove with local officials to solve the problem

She has a soft spot for her youngest child.

We are faces with an an imbroglio of question

It is indisputable that the crime rate has been rising.

Officials yesterday blamed council intransigence for the failure to reach a deal.
I’m keeping her at arm’s length for the time being.

He’s keeping tabs on the sales team at the moment

The two case workers were deadlocked in logomachy, neither budging on their definition of
'minimum level of care'.

Several different religious groups have made common cause in the campaign.

If he agreed to apologized, the least she could do was meet him halfway and accept some
the blame

He has been sold down the river by the people who were supposed to protect him.

Newly discovered evidence set a second investigation in motion

Basic information on the age old problem on sibling rivalry along with practical suggestions
how parents can solve the problem in their family.

The manager prepared a computer simulation of likely sales performance for the rest of the
year.

he remained a stalwart supporter of the project

Those two are sworn enemies

A synergy has developed among the different groups working on this project.

He took her under his wing for her first month at work.

The bottom line is that it's not profitable.

James and Josh are as thick as thieves.

James and Josh are joined at the hip.

James and Josh need to bury the hatchet and move on!

James you need to clear the air with Josh.

We met in 1998, and fell head over heels in love.

Apparently, James fell out with Josh last week, and now they're not talking to each other at

Those two go back a long way. They were at primary school together.

James, Josh, and Jack all move in the same circles.

when he popped the question I said yes without a further thought

She struck up a relationship with an artist soon after she arrived in Paris.

So when are you two going to tie the knot?

From his cell on board ship, the captain wrote about the treachery of his crew.

You don't need to worry about Kimberley - she's true-blue.

He ended his letter with the overused truism

I didn't really buy in at first but Linda twist my arm

He has had a vendetta against her ever since she beat him out for the promotion.