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Time and Distance Formulas:

1. Speed, Time and Distance:

Distanc
e Time Distance , Distance = (Speed x Time).
Speed = ,
=
Time Speed
2. km/hr to m/sec conversion:
5
x km/hr = x x 18 m/sec.

3. m/sec to km/hr conversion:

18
x m/sec = x x 5 km/hr.

4. If the ratio of the speeds of A and B is a : b, then the ratio of the
the times taken by then to cover the same distance 1 1
: or b : a.
is a b
5. Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x km/hr and an equal distance at y km/hr. Then,
the average speed during the whole journey 2xy
x + y km/hr.
is

1. _________________________________+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Concept of Percentage:
By a certain percent, we mean that many hundredths.
Thus, x percent means x hundredths, written as x%.
x
To express x% as a fraction: We have, x% = .
100
    Thus, 20% 20 1
= .
= 100 5
a a a
To as a percent: We
b b = b x 100
express have,
%.
1 1
    Thus, 4 = 4 x 100= 25%.
%
2. Percentage Increase/Decrease:

If the price of a commodity increases by R%, then the reduction in consumption so as not to increase the expenditure
is:
R
(100 + R) x 100
%

If the price of a commodity decreases by R%, then the increase in consumption so as not to decrease the
expenditure is:
R
(100 - R) x 100
%
3. Results on Population:

Let the population of a town be P now and suppose it increases at the rate of R% per annum, then:
1. Population after n years = R n
1 + 100
P
2. Population n years ago = P
1+ R n
 100

4. Results on Depreciation:

Let the present value of a machine be P. Suppose it depreciates at the rate of R% per annum. Then:
1 R
n
1. Value of the machine after n years =
P - 100
P
2. Value of the machine n years ago R n
= 1 - 100

R
3. If A is R% more than B, then B is less than A
by (100 + R) x 100
%.
R
4. If A is R% less than B, then B is more than A x
by (100 - R) 100
%.