UNIT V

Wireless Networks, Blue Tooth, Cellular Radio Networks, Wireless LANs, Cable Television
Networks, Satellite Television Networks, Interactive Services.

Wireless Networks:
Digital wireless communication is not a new idea. As early as 1901, the Italian physicists
Guglilmo Marconi demonstrated ship-to-Shore wireless telegraph, using Morse code. Modern
digital wireless system has better performance, but the basic idea is the same.

Wireless networks can be divided into three main categories:

1. System interconnection
2. Wireless LAN
3. Wireless WANs

System interconnection is all about interconnecting the components of computer using short-
range radio. Some companies together design a sort-range wireless network called Bluetooth to
connect monitor, keyboard, mouse and printer to main unit.

Following are the elements in wireless network

1. Wireless host: A wireless host may be a laptop, palmtop, smart phone, or desktop
computer
2. Wireless link: A host connects to a base station or to another wireless host through a
wireless communication link.
3. Base station: The base station is a key part of the wireless network. A base station is
responsible for sending and receiving data to and from wireless host which is connected
with base station.
4. Network infrastructure:

Bluetooth:
Bluetooth is a wireless LAN technology designed to connect devices of different
functions such as telephones, notebooks, computers, cameras, printers, and so on. A Bluetooth
LAN is an ad hoc network, which means that the network is formed spontaneously; the devices
find each other and make a connection called a piconet. A Bluetooth LAN can even be
connected to the internet if one of the gadgets has this capability. Generally Bluetooth LANs are
not large. It has several applications like.

1. Connecting peripheral devices of computer

2. Monitoring devices can communicate with sensor devices in small health care center.
3. In home security to connect different sensors to the main security control.

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 4. Conferences.

Bluetooth technology is designed under the protocols defined by the IEEE 802.15 standards.
Bluetooth technology defines two types of networks.

1. Piconet
2. Scatter net

Piconet:

A Bluetooth network is called a piconet, or a small net. A piconet can have up to eight
stations, one of which is called primary; the remaining are called secondary’s. All the secondary
stations synchronize their clocks and hoping sequences with the primary. The communication
between the primary and the secondary can be one-to-one or one-to-many.

As piconet can have a maximum of seven secondary, and additional eighth secondary’s
can be in the parked state.

Scatter net:

Piconet can be combined to form what is called a Scatter net. A secondary station in one
piconet can be the primary in another piconet. This station can receive messages from the
primary in first piconet ( as a secondary) and, acting as a primary, deliver them to secondary’s in
the second piconet. A station can be member of two piconets.

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Cellular Radio Network:

As shown in following figure , a cellular system has include the following basic
components.:

1. Mobile Station (MS) – Mobile handsets.

2. Cell – Each cellular service area is divided into small regions called cell (5 to 20 km).
3. Base Stations ( BS) – Each cell contains an antenna, which is controlled by a small office.
4. Mobile Switching Center (MSC) - Each base station is controlled by a switching office,
called mobile switching center.

Cell
MS

Mobile Switching
Center (MSC)
BS

Public Switched Telephone

Network (PSTN)

Stationary Phone
Cellular telephone system is relay on an intelligent allocation and reuse of channels. Each base
station is given a group of radio channels to be used within a cell. By limiting the coverage areas,
known as footprint, within cell boundaries, the same set of channels may be used to cover

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different cells repeated from one another by a distance large enough to kepp interface within
tolerable lines.

Transmitting and Receiving:

Transmitting involves the following steps

1. A caller enters a 10 – digit code and press the send button.

2. The MS scans the band to select a free channel and sends a strong signal to send the number
entered.

3. The BS relays the number to the MSC.

4. The MSC then dispatches the request to all the base stations in the cellular system.

5. ( The mobile identification Number (MIN) is then broadcast over all the cellular forward
control channels throughout the cellular system.) it is known as paging.

6. The MS responds by identifying itself over the reveres control system.

7. The BS relays the acknowledgement sent by the mobile and informs the MSC about the
handshake.

8. The MSC assigns an unused voice channel to the call and call is established.

Receiving involves the following steps:

1. All the idle mobile stations continuously listens to the paging signal to detect messages
directed at them.

2. When a call is placed to a mobile station, a packet is sent to the callee’s home MSC to find
where it is.

3. A packet is sent to the base station in its current cell, which then sends a broadcast on the
paging channel.

4. In response, a voice channel is assigned and ringing starts at the MS.

Wireless LANs:
It is on e of the fastest growing technologies. It can be found oin college campus, in
office buildings, and many public areas.

IEEE has defined the specifications for a wireless LAN, called IEEE 802.11 which covers the
physical and data link layer.

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There are two kinds of services

1. The basic service set (BSS)

2. Extended service set (ESS)

BSS:

BSS is the building block of a wireless LAN. A basic service set is made of stationary
or mobile wireless stations and an optional central base station, known as the access point (AP).
The BSS without an AP is a standalone network and cannot send data to other BSSs. It is called
an ad hoc architecture. In this architecture, stations can form a network without need of an AP;
they can locate one another and agree to be part of a BSS. A BSS with an AP is sometimes
referred to as an infrastructure network.

ESS: (Extended Service Set)

An Extended Service Set (ESS) is made up of two or more BSS with APs. In this case
the BSS are connected through a distribution system. Which is usually a wired LAN. The
distribution system connetcts the APs in the BSSs. The Extended Service Set uses two type of
stations : mobile and Stationary. The mobile stations are normal stations inside a BSS. The
stationary stations are part of a wired LAN. Following figure shows ESS.

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When BSSs are connected, the stations within reach of one another can communicate without the
use of an AP. However, communication between two stations in different BSSs usually occurs
via APs.

There are three types of stations based on their mobility in a wireless LAN.

1. Non – transition
2. BSS – transition
3. ESS =- transition mobility.

Cable Television Network:

Cable television was conceived in the late 1940s as a way to provide better reception
to peo0ple living in rural or mountains area. The system initially consisted of a big antenna on
top of hill to pull the television signal out of the air, an amplifier, called head end, to strengthen
it, and a coaxial cable to deliver it to people’s houses as shown in following figure.

In the early years, cable television was called community Antenna Television.

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Satellite Television Network:

Satellite television is a service that delivers television programming to

subscribers by relaying it form a communication satellite. The signals are received
via an outdoor parabolic antenna usually known as satellite dish. A satellite
receiver then decodes the desired television program for viewing on a television
set. Receiver can be external set-top-boxes, or built-in television tuner. Satellite
television provides wide range of channels. Modern systems are all direct-
broadcast satellite television (DBST) also known as Direct to Home DTH. In
DBSTV systems, signals are relayed form a direct broadcast satellite with the 12-
18 GHz frequency band which is received by a small dish.

Early direct-broadcast satellite television system used analog signals, but

modern one use digital signals which allows transmission of the modern television
standard, high definition television (HDTV).