E Eng-Calculations

Hydrodynamic calculation Needle valve

Q QAair
Bair

Qmax
D

+F -F

0.4D
1.9D

0.85D

D
D

0.912
0.975

Needle valve
 1

1
d

d
- 32
- 28

1
- 24
- 20
- 16
D

1
- 12
d
0.975

1
D

-8
D

-4 d
0.773
0.666

D
0.56
0.45
0.35

D
0.26

D
0.183
0.133

D
03
0.
1=
d
Needle

Values for calculation

Valve diameter

D 1500 mm

Flow

12
3
Qmax m /s

Rated net head

H 30 m

Gravitational acceleration

g 9.81 m/s
2

The water temperature

T 23 °C
Density

ρ 997.6 kg/m
3

Saturated vapor pressure

PT 2810.9 Pa

Water hammer

ΔP 5.6 m

Valve axis position to sea level

h 150 m

Air density

ρ
air 1.207 kg/m
3

Atmospheric pressure

pa 99535.4 Pa

Aeration

n yes, hole A+B

Closing time

t 60 s

Pipe length behind valve

L 10 m

Loss coefficient

ζ 1.367

Calculation
Velocity in valve
6 6
4 ⋅ 10 ⋅ Qmax 4 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 12
vmax = = = 6.79m/s
2 2
π ⋅ D π ⋅ 1500
Theoretical pressure in the valve at full opening
2 2
vmax 6.79
Δh = ⋅ (ζ + 1) = ⋅ (1.367 + 1) = 5.56m
2 ⋅ g 2 ⋅ 9.81

Pressure parameter
Δh 5.56
p = = = 0.1854
H 30

Effective closing time factor

cef = 0.4156

Under-pressure behind the valve

L ⋅ vmax 10 ⋅ 6.79
Pu = max (− , −10.17) = max (− , −10.17) = −0.2776m
g ⋅ t ⋅ cef 9.81 ⋅ 60 ⋅ 0.4156

Requirements
0 < p ≤ 1 → 0 < 0.1854 ≤ 1

Does suit.
 [mm]

Hydraulic profile of the needle valve

Stroke from open Flow Coefficient of hydraulic force on a needle in
position coefficient the axis x

s KQ Kx

0 0.65 -0.02

10 0.635 -0.027

20 0.595 -0.026

30 0.528 -0.022

40 0.45 -0.03

50 0.364 -0.031

60 0.272 -0.025

70 0.195 -0.028

80 0.128 -0.03

90 0.069 -0.013

100 0 0
 -●-K Q [−]

s[%]

Flow coefficient
 -●-K x [−]

s[%]

Coefficient of hydraulic force on a needle in the axis x

 Flow of Water
Stroke from Reduced free flow area water in velocity
open Loss in the throttle control Relative the in
position coefficient system flow pipeline pipeline

s ζ fr Qp Q v

3
% m /s m/s

0 1.367 1 1 12 6.79

10 1.48 0.977 0.996 11.95 6.76

20 1.825 0.915 0.983 11.79 6.67

30 2.587 0.812 0.955 11.46 6.49

40 3.938 0.692 0.912 10.95 6.2

50 6.55 0.56 0.843 10.12 5.73

60 12.52 0.4185 0.731 8.77 4.961

70 25.3 0.3 0.59 7.08 4.005

80 60 0.1969 0.4227 5.07 2.871

90 209 0.1062 0.2406 2.888 1.634

100 1.0E+200 0 0 0 0
 -●-ζ[−]

s[%]

Loss coefficient

2
1 − K
Q
ζ =
2
K
Q
 -●-f r [−]

-●-Q p [−]

s[%]

Coefficients

KQ
fr =
KQmax

fr
Qp =
2
√p + fr ⋅ (1 − p)
 -●-Q[m 3
/s]

-●-v[m/s]

s[%]

Flow and speed of water in the pipeline

Q = Qp ⋅ Qmax

v = Qp ⋅ vmax
Stroke from open Loss of pressure on Pressure on Cavitation Forces on the
position the valve the valve number needle

s HL Hv σ Fx

% m m kN

0 3.213 5.56 6.59 -1.924

10 3.448 5.8 6.28 -2.71

20 4.14 6.51 5.49 -2.928

30 5.55 7.96 4.315 -3.028

40 7.7 10.18 3.162 -5.28

50 10.95 13.54 2.137 -7.26

60 15.7 18.54 1.304 -8.02

70 20.68 23.91 0.803 -11.58

80 25.21 29.03 0.505 -15.06

90 28.45 33.05 0.346 -7.43

100 30 35.88 0.2755 0

 -●-H L [m]

-●-H v [m]

s[%]

Loss of height on valve and pressure height on Needle valve

2
v
HL = ⋅ ζ
2 ⋅ g

2
v
Hv = HL + + (1 − Qp ) ⋅ (ΔP − Pu )
2 ⋅ g
 -●-σ[−]

s[%]

Cavitation number

pa − P T
+ H − HL
ρ ⋅ g
σ =
Hv
 -●-F x [kN]

s[%]

Forces on the needle

π ⋅ D
Fx = ⋅ ρ ⋅ g ⋅ Hv ⋅ K x
9
4 ⋅ 10
 Stroke from Aerated Coefficient of under- Under-pressure in Air
open position coefficient pressure of aerated hole the aerated pipeline flow

s β fair pair Qair

3
% Pa m /s

0 0 0 0 0

10 0.02 0.007 -28.23 0.0528

20 0.05 0.041 -140.3 0.2096

30 0.1 0.163 -470.1 0.535

40 0.168 0.46 -1135.9 1.052

50 0.296 1.428 -2807.1 1.879

60 0.524 4.474 -6331.3 3.233

70 0.888 12.85 -11594 4.923

80 1.341 29.3 -13845.4 6.93

90 1.577 40.52 -7565 9.11

100 0 0 -2717 0
 -●-β[−]

s[%]

Aerated coefficient
 -●-f air [−]

s[%]

Coefficient of under-pressure of aerated hole

 -●-p air [Pa]

s[%]

Under-pressure in the aerated pipeline

2
vmax L ⋅ vmax ⋅ ρ
pair = − min (pa , fair ⋅ ⋅ ρ + (1 − Qp ) ⋅ min ( , pa ))
2 ⋅ g t ⋅ cef
 -●-Q air [m
3
/s]

s[%]

Air flow

pa
if P u <
2

Qair = min (Qmax − Q, β ⋅ Q)

else

Qair = max (Qmax − Q, β ⋅ Q)

Stroke from open Air The flow area of the The flow area of the
position velocity aerated hole aerated pipeline

s vair Aair Aair−pipe

2 2
% m/s m m

0 0 0 0

10 4.787 0.01104 0.01104

20 10.67 0.01964 0.01964

30 19.53 0.02741 0.02741

40 30.36 0.03465 0.03465

50 47.73 0.03937 0.03937

60 71.7 0.0451 0.0647

70 97 0.0507 0.0985

80 106 0.0653 0.1385

90 78.4 0.1163 0.1822

100 46.96 0 0
 -●-v air [m/s]

s[%]

Air velocity

2 ⋅ pair
vair = min (0.7 ⋅ √− , 250)
ρ
air
 -●-A air [m
2
]

s[%]

The flow area of the aerated hole

Qair
Aair =
vair
 -●-A air−pipe [m
2
]

s[%]

The flow area of the aerated pipeline

if v air > 50

Qair
Aair−pipe =
50

else

Aair−pipe = Aair