Eddy current loss at normal frequency (ou nz) a l

P. Bf20.64 (50)2 1600 W

= x =

load copper
Example 5.12. In a 25 k\VA, 2000/200 V power transformer the iron and full
at (i) full
losses are 350 W and 400 W respectively. Calculate the efficiency at unit power factor
load and (ii) halfload.
xkVAx 1000 x cos ¢
Solution:
kVA x 1000 x cos +P +x Pe
where, cos 1; P =350 W; P. =400 W
i) At full-load; * = 1

1x25x 1000 x 1 x 100= 97.087 %

1x 25 x 1000 x1+350+ 1x1x400
(ii) Athalf-load; x = 0.5

0.5x 25 x 1000 x1
0.5 x 25 x 1000x 1+350 +(0.5)2 x 400
* 100 =96.525 %
Example 5.13. A 2201400 V. 10 kVA, 50 Hz single-phase transformer has at full load,
a

determine the
copper loss of 120 W. fit has a n efficiency of 98% at full load, unit power factor
iron losses. What would be the efficiency of the transformer at halffulLload at 0.8 p.f. lagging.
xhVAx 1000 xcos¢ x 100
Solution: xxkVA x 1000 x cos ¢ + P +** Pe
1x 10x 1000
o1x
x 100 or
P= 84.08 W
10x 1000 x1+P +1x1x120
 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

5.22

X /2 and cos p = 0.8;

When
0.5 x 10 x 1000 x 0.8 x 100 =97.23 %
openeled
t
o
b u l J a a d

120
0 . 5 x 10 x 1000 x 0.8 + 84.08+(0.5) x

98.77% when
single-phase transformer is
Example 5.14. The efficiency ofla 400 &VA, factor. Calculate
and 99.13%at half-load and unitpower
delivering full-load at 0.8 power factor
() the iron loss (ii) the full load copper loss.
load;
Solution: Efficiency of a transformer at any fraction of the
x

x kVAcos x 100
V A cos ¢ + P + Pe
Case I x = 1; cos ¢ = 0.8 ; n, = 98.77 %;

1x 400 x 0.8
98.77 x 100
1x 400 x 0.8+ P + (1) P
Pe 3.985 kW ..i)
or P + =

Case II x =05; cos = 1;n, = 99.13 %;

0.5x 400 x1
99.13= 0.5 x 400 x 100
x 1+ P + (0.5) P
or P+0.25 P,=1.755kW
Subtracting eq. (ii) from (7), we get,
0.75 P.= 2.23 kW or P, = 2.973 kW
and P 3.985-2.973 1.012 kW
Example 5.15. A 50 kVA transformer has on full- load a copper loss of 600 watts and iron
loss of 500 watts, caleulate the maximum efficiecny and the load at which it occurs.

output x 100
Solution:
output + Iron loss +Copper loss
Efficiency will be maximum when; cu. loss = Iron loss = 500 W

Fraction at which the efficiecny is maximum, x

500 0.9128
=
D V600
Load at which efficiency is maximum i.e.,
Outputxx kVA = 0.9128 x 50 =45.64 kVA
= 45.64 x 1 45.64 kW (cos ¢ 1)=

45.64x1000
m 4 5 . 6 4 x 1000+ 500+ 6oo x 100 = 97.85 %
 4
iron and copper losses a r e 350 watts and 40o
Example 9.25. In 25 kVA, 2,000/200 V transformer, the
a
load and 0.8 power factor lagging. Determine the
watts respectively. Calculate the efficiemcy at full
maximum efficiency and the corresponding load.

Full-load copper loss, P, =

400 watts or 0.4 kW
Solution
350 watts 0.35 kW
Iron loss, P; = or

full-load and 0.8 pf, Paout =

25 x 0.8 20 kW
Output at
Input, P; =
Paut + iron loss +full-load copper loss
20+0.35 + 0.4 = 20.75 kW

P 20
So. efficiency at full-load and 0.8 pf =u x 100 =
x
20.75
100 = 96.39%
Pin
The load corresponding to maximum efficiency,
350 23.38 kVA Ans.
=Rated kVA x Pi 25 400
Maximum efficiency, assuming power factor unity
P
23.38 x 1.0
x 100 97.1% Ans.
23.38+0.35 +0.35
472
loss is 900 w.
1200 W and its
kVA. At
full load its
copper
iron
ExAMPLE 18.18
at 100
transformer
is rated
A factor,
960 W. Calculate
load, unity p o w e r
at full factor,
efficiency
(a) the load, 0.8 power
at half factor,
efficiency 0.7 power
(6) the
at 75% full load, will occur,
efficiency efficiency
(c) the maximum

at which
the load kVA power
factor
(d) eficiency
at 0.85
maximum
e) the

SoLUTION VA
100 kVA
= 100 x 10
S W
1200 W, Pi =960
PeR
mS cos o2
mScos 2+Pi+m*ea

m BVenload
where mmfullload
1, cos o2 = 1
(a) At full load m
=

1x 100 x 10° x 1
1200
1 x 100 x 10* x 1+960 + (1)x
= 0.9788 pu or 97.88%

oz = 0.8
6) At half load m
= cos

x 100 x 10'x 0.8

100 x 100

= 0.9694 pu = 96.949%
x 10" x 0.8 + 960+
(2)2
x1200

c) cOs 0 . 7

At 75% full load m = 75 =0.75

0.75x100x 10x 0.7

0.75x 100x 10* x 0.7 +960+ (0.75) x 1200
= 0.9698 pu or 96.98%

d) Pi
SSP
960
=
1001 1200 89.44 kVA
'.
(e) Maximum efficiency
S'M COs 2
MM 89.44 x10 x0.85
SM COs P2 + 2Pi 89.44x 10 x 0.85+2x 960
=
0.9753 pu or 97.53%