MEng8042 Materials Characterization and Testing

By: Fakada Dabalo Gurmesa

JIMMA UNIVERSITY, JIT

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

July 29, 2022

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Presentation Outlines
1 Static Mechanical Testing methods
Hardness testing methods and relevant standards
Tensile test methods and standards; Stress-strain relations for different
materials
Torsion test methods and standards
Impact and fracture toughness tests
Codes and standards for testing metallic and composite materials
2 Dynamic Mechanical Testing-Fatigue
Stress cycle and the S-N curve
Low and high cycle fatigue
Fluid Velocity Measuring System
Fatigue tests: LCF and HCF tests, test methods and equipmen
Statistical nature of fatigue and strain-life equations.
3 Creep and stress rupture including examples of testing methods

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1. Static Mechanical Testing methods
a) Review of hardness testing methods and relevant standards
Definition: Hardness is the resistance of a material to permanent
deformation such as indentation, wear, abrasion, scratch.
Theory: Current practice divides hardness testing into two categories:
macro hardness and micro hardness.
1) Macro Hardness Testers (Applied Loads > 1 kg)
Rockwell
Brinell
Vickers
2) Micro Hardness Testers (Applied Loads < 1 kg)
Knoop diamond
Vickers diamond pyramid

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1) Macro-hardness testers (Applied loads > 1 kg)
(a) Rockwell Hardness Tester
Apparatus:
Rockwell hardness testing machine.
Diamond cone indentor, ball indentor.
Specimens (Hardened steel, Mild steel, Brass, Copper, Aluminium)
Indentor used is the cone having an angle of 120 degrees made of black
diamond.
The principle of Rockwell hardness test has to do with the application of
a standard load (Based on the type of material) through a standard
indentor (cone or ball indentor) for a standard duration of time.
Suitable Application:
- Rockwell hardness test is generally used for larger sample geometries.
- It is a ’quick test’ mainly used for metallic materials.
- It can also be used for advanced tests, such as the Jominy (end quench)
test (HRC).
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Rockwell hardness testing machine

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Rockwell hardness testing machine

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Cont...
Triple Point
For any substance, the liquid phase, solid phase, and vapor phase can
coexist at only one temperature and pressure. This is known as the triple
point

Figure 1 : Triple Point

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Cont...
Thermal Equilibrium
Two objects are in thermal equilibrium when no heat flows from one
object to another
The two objects have the same temperature
Thermal equilibrium is important in the context of a measurement device
Absolute Zero
Absolute zero is the temperature at which all molecular motion stops
(molecules have no kinetic energy)
A value has been established for the temperature at absolute zero, but
this temperature can never be attained

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Cont...
The International Practical Temperature Scale (IPTS) uses Absolute Zero
philosophy and defines a number of fixed points for reference
temperatures. Three examples are:
1 The triple point of hydrogen: 259.35o C
2 The freezing point of zinc: 419.53o C
3 The freezing point of gold: 106418o C

Figure 2 : Triple Point

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Cont...
Temperature Standards
The Celsius and Fahrenheit scales are encountered in everyday use
The absolute scales Kelvin and Rankine are also used within scientific
circles.
Celsius Temperature Scale
The Celsius temperature scale is based on the following two points (both
at atmospheric pressure):
0o C, the freezing point of water
100o C, the boiling point of water
On this scale, absolute zero is −273.15o C
Fahrenheit Temperature Scale
The Fahrenheit temperature scale is based on the following two points
(both at atmospheric pressure):
32o F , the freezing point of water
212o F , the boiling point of water
On this scale, absolute zero is −459.67o F .
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END

Thank You!
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