1

CLIMATE CHANGE PERFORMANCE INDEX 2022

 The Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) is an annual report published by Germanwatch, Climate Action
Network (CAN) and New Climate Institute since 2005.  CCPI is an independent monitoring tool that tracks the
climate protection performance of around 60 countries and the European Union. These countries collectively
generate about 90% of global greenhouse gas emissions. It aims to enhance transparency in international climate
politics and enables a comparison of climate protection efforts and progress made by individual countries. 
 The report analyses countries in four categories having 14 indicators-- Greenhouse gas emissions (40% of
total score), Renewable energy (20%), Energy use (20%) and Climate policy (20%). Denmark is the highest
performing nation in the index. This year, India ranked at the 10th position in the index and continues to be
among the top-performing countries within G20. 
 India is already on track to meet its 2030 emissions target (which is compatible with a well-below-2°C scenario),
close to achieving its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) target of a 40% share for non-fossil fuel installed
power capacity by 2030, and on course for a targeted 33–35% reduction in energy intensity by the same year.
 Contributing to India’s strong performance this year, the CCPI country experts highlight the considerable
improvement of renewables targets and the focus on implementation and achievement of NDC targets. The
experts also stress India’s ambitious renewable energy policies, such as its targets of renewable electricity
capacity of 450 GW and a 30% electric vehicle share by 2030.
 This data story aims to highlight the rank of India in CCPI index 2022.

**********
 2

GDP PER CAPITA

 GDP per capita is gross domestic product divided by midyear population. GDP is the sum of gross value added
by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the
value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for
depletion and degradation of natural resources.
 India has technically slipped below Bangladesh in terms of per capita income as the neighbouring country
reported its per capita income at $2,227 in the financial year 2020-21. Latest official data show that India’s per
capita income reached $1,947.417, thanks to the sharp contraction in the economic growth due to Covid-19
pandemic and the subsequent nationwide lockdown.
 Goa has the highest per capita income among 33 Indian states and union territories, followed by northeast state
Sikkim. Capital Delhi, Chandigarh, and Haryana complete the top five lists. Among the five richest economies of
India, three are states, and two are union territories.
 Among Top seven richest states/UTs, five have a population of less than two cr (20 million). And, one has a
population below three crores. 6th ranked Karnataka has the highest figure among states population having
more than three cr, followed by Kerala, Telangana, Gujarat, and Uttarakhand. All five South Indian states have
higher GDP per capita than India’s average. Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Manipur, and Assam are the top
five poorest states.
 GSDP Per capita of Goa and Sikkim are above three times India’s average. GSDP per capita of Bihar is three
times lower than that of India. In US Dollar, the GDP per capita of Goa is $6,997 in 2019. Four states/UTs have
GSDP per capita above $5,000, and only Bihar has below $1000.
 This data story aims to give a picture about GDP per capita of India over the years.

.**********
 3

COAL RESERVES IN INDIA

 India is currently producing about 783 million tonnes of coal. However, it is a fact that domestic production is
not able to meet the demand of coal in the country. India imported 247 million tonnes of coal last year and
spent 1.58 lakh crore as foreign exchange. Despite India being world’s second largest coal producer and being
the 5th largest country in terms of coal deposits, with coal reserves which may last at least 100 years more,
the country is unable to produce adequate quantity of coal to meet the requirement of domestic industry and
development.
 India is home to vast reserves of coal, and a commercial coal-mining industry has been in operation since 1774,
launched by the East India Company along the Damodar River in West Bengal. A 2018 report estimated the
subcontinent possesses just over 319 billion tonnes of proven, indicated and inferred coal reserves. Hard coal
deposits spread over 27 major coalfields, are mainly confined to eastern and south central parts of the country.
The lignite reserves stand at a level around 36 billion tonnes, of which 90% occur in the southern State of Tamil
Nadu.
 Top 5 States in terms of total coal reserves in India are: Jharkhand > Odisha > Chhattisgarh > West Bengal >
Madhya Pradesh.
 4

 Coal is the most important and abundant fossil fuel in India. It accounts for 55% of the country’s energy needs. The
country’s industrial heritage was built upon indigenous coal. Commercial primary energy consumption in India
has grown by about 700% in the last four decades.
 Driven by the rising population, expanding economy and a quest for improved quality of life, energy usage
in India is expected to rise. Considering the limited reserve potentiality of petroleum & natural gas, eco-
conservation restriction on hydel projects and geo-political perception of nuclear power, coal will continue to
occupy the centre-stage of India’s energy scenario.
 This data story aims to present a picture about coal reserves in India and the world.

**********
 5

IRRIGATION IN INDIA

 Out of about 141 million hectare of net area sown in the country, about 65 million hectare (or 45 per cent)
is presently covered under irrigation. Substantial dependence on rainfall makes cultivation in unirrigated
areas a high risk, less productive profession. Empirical evidence suggests that assured or protective irrigation
encourages farmers to invest more in farming technology and inputs leading to productivity enhancement and
increased farm income.

 The overarching vision of Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) will be to ensure access to some
means of protective irrigation to all agricultural farms in the country, to produce “per drop – more crop”, thus
bringing much desired rural prosperity.
 6

OBJECTIVES OF THE SCHEME:

 Achieve convergence of investments in irrigation at the field level (preparation of district level and, if required,
sub-district level water use plans).
 Enhance the physical access of water on the farm and expand cultivable area under assured irrigation (Har Khet
Ko Pani).
 Enhance the adoption of precision irrigation and other water saving technologies (Per Drop - More Crop).
 Enhance recharge of aquifers and introduce sustainable water conservation practices.
 Ensure the integrated development of rain-fed areas using the watershed approach towards soil and water
conservation, regeneration of groundwater, arresting runoff, providing livelihood options and other Natural
Resource Management (NRM) activities.
 This data story aims to highlight the statistics of irrigated areas in India.

**********
 7

WILDLIFE CRIMES IN INDIA

 ‘Wildlife crime’ refers to the taking, trading (supplying, selling or trafficking), importing, exporting, processing,
possessing, obtaining and consumption of wild fauna and flora, including timber and other forest products, in
contravention of national or international law.
 Incidents of wildlife crime have come down drastically in the country in 2021, owing to the stringent measures
adopted by the Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB).
 According to the data accessed by IANS, there has been a drop of 127 per cent this year in comparison to 2020.
As per the data available with WCCB, provided by state forest and police authorities, a total number of 281
wildlife crime cases were registered in 2021. The second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic too played a major
role in the reduction in such incidents.
 The Wildlife Crime Control Bureau has taken several steps to prevent illegal trafficking of endangered animals
and wildlife species and to conserve the flora and fauna of the country.
 This data story aims to highlight the wildlife crimes over the years and the killing of tigers and leopards.

**********
 8

SCHEDULED TRIBES IN INDIA

 As per 1951 census, 5.6% of the total population of the country was tribal. According to Census-2011, it is 8.6%
of the total population of India. The scheduled tribes are 11.3% of the total population of rural areas and 2.8%
of urban areas. 
 The sex ratio of the tribal population in the country is higher than the national average at 990 females per 1,000
males, but the child sex ratio has declined from 972 in 2001 to 957 in 2011, the first ever report on health of
tribals has revealed. “At 990 per 1,000 males, the sex ratio among STs is much better than the All India average
of 933. It is also an improvement from 978 in 2001. Tribal population in states like Goa (1,046), Kerala (1,035),
Arunachal Pradesh (1,032), Odisha (1,029), Meghalaya (1,013) and Chhattisgarh (1,020) show a positive sex
ratio.
 The literacy rate as per Census 2011 is 73 percent but for STs is 59 percent only. Government schemes /
programmes inter-alia being implemented to increase the literacy rates and education level of STs:
 9

 Ashram Schools: Funds are provided to States for setting up residential schools for STs for primary, middle,
secondary and senior secondary levels of education.
 ST Hostels: Central assistance is given to States/UTs/Universities for construction of new hostel buildings
and/or extension of existing hostels.
 Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), a Centrally Sponsored Scheme is also being implemented for universalisation
of elementary education for all children in the 6-14 age group.
 Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalayas (KGBVs) are residential schools from class VI to XII for girls belonging
to disadvantaged groups such as SC, ST, OBC, Minority and Below Poverty Line (BPL).
 The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) was established by amending Article 338 and inserting a
new Article 338A in the Constitution through the Constitution (89th Amendment) Act, 2003. By this amendment,
the erstwhile National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was replaced by two separate
Commissions namely:
 the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC)
 the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST)
 This data story aims to highlight the data related to ST population in India.

**********
 10

LIVESTOCK CENSUS

 The Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying under the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying
attributes critical importance to livestock and to the collection and availability of up-to-date and accurate data
related to livestock, as they are the vital component of rural economy. For proper planning and formulation of
any programme meant for bringing further improvement in this sector and its effective implementation and
monitoring, valid data are required at every decision making stage.
 The Livestock Census is the main source of such data in the country. The livestock census has been conducted
across the country periodically since 1919. The census usually covers all domesticated animals and head
counts of these animals are taken. So far, 19 Livestock Censuses were conducted in participation with State
Governments and UT Administrations. The 20th Livestock Census was launched during the month of October,
2018. The enumeration was done in both rural and urban areas. Various species of animals (cattle, buffalo,
mithun, yak, sheep, goat, pig, horse, pony, mule, donkey, camel, dog, rabbit and elephant)/poultry birds (fowl,
duck and other poultry birds) possessed by the households, household enterprises/non-household enterprises
 11

were counted at that site. Another important feature of 20th Livestock Census is it has been designed to
capture Breed-wise number of animals and poultry birds.
 For the first time, livestock data were collected online in the 20th Livestock Census. Advanced technology has
been adopted to collect data through tablet computers. The National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Electronics
& IT has developed an Android based mobile application for data collection with various features such as
data entry module to facilitate recording the data on tablets, web-based work application, local government
directory codes etc.
 This data story aims to highlight the comprehensive data on livestock population in India.

**********
 12

INDIAN RAILWAYS

 Indian Railways is among the world’s largest rail network, and its route length network is spread over 68,155
km, with 13,169 passenger trains and 8,479 freight trains, plying 23 million travellers and 3 million tonnes (MT)
of freight daily from 7,349 stations. India’s railway network is recognised as one of the largest railway systems
in the world under single management.
 The railway network is also ideal for long-distance travel and movement of bulk commodities, apart from being
an energy efficient and economic mode of conveyance and transport. Indian Railways is the preferred carrier
of automobiles in the country.
 The Government of India has focused on investing in railway infrastructure by making investor-friendly policies.
It has moved quickly to enable Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in railways to improve infrastructure for freight
and high-speed trains. At present, several domestic and foreign companies are also looking to invest in Indian
rail projects.
 13

 The Indian Railway network is growing at a healthy rate. In the next five years, the Indian railway market will
be the third largest, accounting for 10% of the global market. Indian Railways, which is one of the country’s
biggest employers, can generate one million jobs.
 ‘Adarsh’ Station Scheme has been started since 2009-10 and presently, railway stations are upgraded/
modernized based on the identified need of providing better enhanced passenger amenities at stations. Under
the scheme, 1253 stations have been identified for development, out of which 1201 stations so far have been
developed. The remaining 52 stations are planned to be developed by 2021- 22.
 Indian Railways is also looking at other areas of revenue generation such as the following: a) Change in
composition of coaches so that it can push the more profitable AC coach travel; b) Additional revenue streams
by monetising traffic on its digital booking IRCTC; and c) Disinvesting IRCTC.
 The Indian Railway launched the National Rail Plan, Vision 2024, to accelerate implementation of critical
projects, such as multitrack congested routes, achieve 100% electrification, upgrade the speed to 160 kmph on
Delhi-Howrah and Delhi-Mumbai routes, upgrade the speed to 130 kmph on all other golden quadrilateral-
golden diagonal (GQ/GD) routes and eliminate all level crossings on the GQ/GD route, by 2024.
 This data story aims to highlight the railway network of India.

**********
 14

HYDRO-POWER

 Cumulative hydropower capacity reached approximately 1,330 gigawatts in 2020. This was
an increase compared to 2014, when slightly more than 1,000 gigawatts had been installed.
Hydropower is one of the most commonly used renewable energy sources. China is by far the largest contributor
to hydropower capacity by country. As of 2020, China’s hydropower and pumped storage plants had a capacity
of 370.2 gigawatts.
 Hydropower is harnessed from the kinetic energy derived from moving water. This power is often found in
streams and rivers that flow from hills and mountains. Hundreds of years ago, this energy was used to power
sawmills, domestic lifts, and many other domestic devices. In 1879, the first hydroelectric power plant was built
at Niagara Falls and soon after began its operation to power a small city in Wisconsin. Generally, a hydropower
plant consists of a plant where electricity is produced, a dam to control water flow, and a reservoir to store
water. Hydropower accounts for nearly half of the total installed renewable capacity worldwide.
 More than 90% of India’s hydroelectricity is operated by the public sector through companies like NHPC,
SJVNL, NTPC-Hydro, NEEPCO. The Indian government recently announced a series of measures to support
hydropower development, including declaring that large hydropower (more than 25 MW) is officially a
renewable energy source.
 This data story aims to highlight the hydropower capacity in the world and India.

**********
 15

E-WASTE

 E-waste contains several toxic additives or hazardous substances, such as mercury, brominated flame retardants
(BFR), and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), or hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). The increasing levels of e-waste,
low collection rates, and non-environmentally sound disposal and treatment of this waste stream pose
significant risks to the environment and to human health. A total of 50 t of mercury and 71 kt of BFR plastics
are found in globally undocumented flows of e-waste annually, which is largely released into the environment
and impacts the health of the exposed workers.
 Improper management of e-waste also contributes to global warming. First of all, if the materials in e-waste
are not recycled, they cannot substitute primary raw materials and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from
extraction and refinement of primary raw materials. Next, the refrigerants that are found in some temperature
exchange equipment are greenhouse gases. A total of 98 Mt of CO2-equivalents were released into the
 16

atmosphere from discarded fridges and air-conditioners that were not managed in an environmentally sound
manner. This is approximately 0.3% of global energy-related emissions in 2019.
 According to the Global E-waste Monitor, 53.6 million tons of electronic waste was generated worldwide in
2019. The figure increased by 21 percent in just five years, making e-waste the fastest growing domestic waste
stream in the world. The largest producer of electronic waste is China with a total of 10.1 million tons. In 2019,
the formal documented collection and recycling was 9.3 Mt, thus 17.4% compared to e-waste generated.
 In 2019, most of the e-waste was generated in Asia (24.9 Mt), while the continent that generates the most in
kg per capita is Europe (16.2 kg per capita). Europe is also the continent with the highest documented formal
e-waste collection and recycling rate (42.5%). In all other continents, the e-waste documented as formally
collected and recycled is substantially lower than the estimated e-waste generated.
 India is the third largest electronic waste generator in the world after China and the USA and these three
countries together contributed 38% of total waste.
 This data story aims to highlight the e-waste generation statistics of the world and India.

**********
 17

FERTILISERS IN INDIA

 Fertilizers are natural or chemical substances supplied to the crops to increase their growth and productivity.
Fertilizers enhance the natural fertility of the soil or replace the chemical elements taken from the soil by
previous crops. These are used by farmers to increase the crop yield. The use of manure and composts as
fertilizers is probably almost as old as agriculture. Modern chemical fertilizers contain one or more of the
three elements that are important in plant nutrition viz. nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus. Of secondary
importance are the elements sulphur, magnesium and calcium.
 Production and movement of fertilizers is comfortable across the country. 2019-20 record high urea production
of 244.55 LMT as compared to 240 LMT during 2018-19. While sales/consumption of Urea have reached 336.97
LMT as compared to 320.20 LMT of the previous year i.e. 2018-19.
 The Government has launched a National Mission on Soil Health Card to promote soil test based balanced and
judicious fertilizer application in the country. Similarly, organic farming is being promoted under Parampragat
Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) and Mission Organic Value Chain Development for North East Region (MOVCD-NER)
in the country. Training and demonstrations are organized through ICAR institutions including Krishi Vigyan
Kendras (KVKs), and agricultural universities to educate farmers on all these aspects.
 18

 The fertilizer industry is highly regulated and monitored by the government. The difference between the cost of
production, which is higher than the price at which the fertilizer is sold to the beneficiary, is reimbursed by the
Government in the form of subsidies. Whenever there is shortage of funds, the Government either announces
an additional subsidy amount or liquidates the pending subsidy by arranging loans under a Special Banking
Agreement (SBA). While the MRP of urea is fixed and controlled by the Central Government that is not the case
with decontrolled fertilizers where the manufacturers have the liberty to price the product freely according to
the prevailing market conditions.
 This data story aims to highlight fertilizer usage in India.

**********
 19

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (IPRS) IN INDIA

 The ingenuity of the mind used for creation of a commercial entity or societal use is considered as the Intellectual
Property (IP) of the concerned person i.e. inventor. The inventor has a legal right over these properties or
inventions, which are termed as Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs). IP protection is critical to foster innovation.
Currently, IPRs cover patents, copyrights, trademarks, industrial designs, geographical indications (GI), layout
designs, trade secrets and new plant varieties. Without protection of ideas, individuals as well as businesses
would not reap the full benefits of their inventions and thus would focus less on R&D.
 Patents occupy a prominent position as global indicators for ranking of the world economies. In India, the
patent system is administered by the office of the Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trademarks
(CGPDTM) under the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP), Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
 In the last three years — 2017-18 to 2019-20 — as many as 53,399 patent applications were filed from India of
which 27,934 applications, that is 52 per cent, were from Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. Maharashtra
topped with over 12,000 patent applications.
 Kerala, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha filed less than 1,000 patent applications each while Chhattisgarh
and Bihar filed just above 160 applications each. The North-Eastern States filed the least patent applications.
 India’s global position, both in innovations and publications, has been rising over the years. According to the
Global Innovation Index (GII) 2020, India’s GII ranking has improved significantly to 48 in 2020 from 81 in 2015.
India made it to the top 50 in GII ranking for the first time in 2020. In terms of scientific publications, India
ranked third in 2018 compared to sixth in 2014, according to the National Science Foundation (NSF) USA 2020. 
 This data story aims to highlight trends of IPRs In India.

**********
 20

TUBERCULOSIS

 Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most ancient diseases of mankind and has co-evolved with humans for many
thousands of years or perhaps for several million years. Tuberculosis is caused by a group of closely related
bacterial species termed Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex.
 Tuberculosis commonly affects   the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. It spreads from person
to person through the air, when people who are infected with TB infection cough, sneeze or otherwise transmit
respiratory fluids through the air. It is a disease   that can be cured with proper treatment.
 According to WHO, TB is a worldwide pandemic. Among the 15 countries with the highest estimated TB
incidence rates, 13 are in Africa, while half of all new cases are in six Asian countries, viz., Bangladesh, China,
India, Indonesia, Pakistan and Philippines.  India accounts for one fourth of the global TB burden.
 All health care providers (both public and private providers), laboratories and chemists have to notify the TB
cases to local government health authorities. Notification of cases is done with the case-based web-based TB
surveillance system called “NIKSHAY”.
 Free TB drugs are provided under the programme in the form of daily fixed dose combinations (FDCs) for all TB
cases on the strategy of directly observed therapy (DOT). DOT is a specific strategy, to improve adherence by
any person observing the patient taking medications in real time. The treatment observer does not need to be
a health-care worker, but could be a friend, a relative or a lay person who works as a treatment supervisor or
supporter. If treatment is incomplete, patients may not be cured and drug resistance may develop. 
 This data story aims to highlight Tuberculosis.

**********
 21

BORDER MANAGEMENT

 India has 15,106.7 km of land border and a coastline of 7,516.6 km including island territories. The Department
of Border Management was created in the Ministry of Home Affairs in January, 2004 to devote focused
attention to the issues relating to the management of the international land and coastal borders, strengthening
of border policing and guarding, creation of infrastructure such as roads, fencing, flood lighting and Border
Out Posts (BOPs)/Company Operating Bases (COBs) at the borders, and implementation of the Border Area
Development Programme (BADP).
 Securing the country’s borders against interests hostile to the country and putting in place systems that are
able to interdict such elements while facilitating legitimate trade and commerce are among the principal
objectives of border management.
 Deployment of forces along the borders is based on the principle of ‘One Border, One Border Guarding Force
(BGF)’. Accordingly, domination of each border has been entrusted to a particular Border Guarding Force as
under: -
 22

 Bangladesh and Pakistan Borders - Border Security Force (BSF)

 China Border - Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)
 Nepal and Bhutan Borders - Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)
 Myanmar Border - Assam Rifles
 Besides this: Indian Army is guarding land borders along the LoC on Pakistan border along with BSF and Line of
Actual Control (LAC) on China border along with ITBP. Indian Navy is responsible for overall Maritime Security
which includes coastal and offshore security. Indian Coast Guard has been additionally designated as authority
responsible for coastal security in India’s territorial waters including areas to be patrolled by the Coastal Police.
 This data story aims to highlight the statistics related to border management in India.

**********
 23

WOMEN IN POLICE FORCE

 Our society is feudal or semi-feudal, where the gender roles are perfectly demarcated. However, with changing
times and needs, that line is blurred and the gender roles are sometimes reversed. Violence against women,
child abuse, crimes against children and juveniles, motivated women to contribute to the criminal justice
system. Women’s contribution to wars is also pivotal, and they are many times the front face of revolutions.
 Fair representation and diversity positively in policing has positive impacts on the department as well as on
the society. It helps the minority of the country to trust the police personnel. Further, police organisations and
armed forces are mandated to eliminate discrimination against women and ensure equality between men and
women.
 It is bound to guarantee the fundamental rights enshrined in the Constitution of India. Article 14 enshrines the
right to equality before the law and emphasizes non-discrimination between the citizens of the country.
 24

 Secondly, under Article 15, the State is allowed to make special provisions for vulnerable groups such as
women and children.
 Lastly, Article 16 mandates the State to provide equal opportunity in matters of public employment, such as the
police institutions, and to rectify the disadvantages that curtail women.
 Further, being a signatory to Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the International Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against
Women (CEDAW) and several other conventions and treaties, India is obligated to ensure ‘principle of equity’
in its full spirit. Thus, to implement the above constitutional rights and UN Conventions, various initiatives have
been taken by the Government.
 At 25.3 per cent, Bihar leads the list of 25 states for employing most women in its police force, according to the
second annual survey on police, prisons, judiciary and legal aid, India Justice Report
 This data story highlights the numbers related to women in the Police force in India.

**********
 25

MILK PRODUCTION IN INDIA

 India is the largest milk producer. India is ranked 1st in milk production contributing 23 percent of global milk
production. Milk production in the country has grown at a compound annual growth rate of about 6.2 per cent
to reach 209.96 mn tonnes in 2020-21 from 146.31 mn tonnes in 2014-15.
 As per a study on the demand for milk conducted by the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB), the
estimated demand for 2030 at an All India level is 266.5 million metric tonnes for milk and milk products. The
rural sector has an estimated share of 57 per cent in the total consumption. The per capita consumption in the
urban areas (592 ml) remains higher than the rural areas (404 ml) even in the 2030 projections.
 The Government of India in association with the Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying in June 2020
announced a $ 2.1 Bn infrastructure development fund with an interest subsidy scheme to promote investment
by private players and MSMEs in dairy, meat processing and animal feed plants which in return are expected
to create 3.5 million jobs. 
 The Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI) has issued detailed operational scheme guidelines and has
launched an online portal for ‘Production Linked Incentive Scheme for Food Processing Industry (PLISFPI) with
an outlay of $ 1.4 Bn to support the creation of global food manufacturing champions commensurate with
India’s natural resource endowment and support Indian brands of food products in the international markets.
 This data story aims to highlight the milk production of India.

**********
 26

WORLD HAPPINESS REPORT 2022

 India may be one of the fastest growing economies of the world, but it is among the least happy countries.
Ahead of the UN International Day of Happiness, observed on March 20, the World Happiness Report 2022
ranked India 136th — tenth from the bottom of the list — while Finland topped the charts for the fifth year in
a row.
 The World Happiness Report is a publication of the Sustainable Development Solutions Network powered
by the Gallup World Poll data. The report, which is in its tenth year, uses global survey data to report on how
people evaluate their own lives, besides economic and social parameters. The rankings are based on average
data of a three-year period of 2019-2021.
 Although India improved its position in the list compared to last year, it ranks lower than its neighbours such
as China, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Pakistan.
 Serbia, Bulgaria and Romania made the biggest gains in this year’s rankings, while Lebanon, Venezuela and
Afghanistan saw the biggest fall in their rankings. 
 Since 2011, the World Happiness Report (WHR) is released every year around the time of International Day
of Happiness on March 20 which was adopted by the UN General Assembly based on a resolution tabled by
Bhutan. It is published since 2012 and the World Happiness Report is based on two key ideas:
 Happiness or life evaluation measured through opinion surveys and
 Identifying key elements that determine well-being and life evaluation across countries.
 This data story aims to highlight India’s ranking in the Global Happiness Report.

**********
 27

FOREST-FIRES IN INDIA

 Forest fires are a regular phenomenon in our country often observed during the fire season. A number of
37,059 fires were detected in 2018 using MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer) sensor
data. Every year large areas of forests are affected by fires of varying intensity and extent. Based on the forest
inventory records, 54.40% of forests in India are exposed to occasional fires, 7.49% to moderately frequent fires
and 2.405 to high incidence levels while 35.71% of India’s forests have not yet been exposed to fires of any real
significance. Precious forest resources including carbon locked in the biomass is lost due to forest fires every
year, which adversely impact the flow of goods and services from forests.
 Satellite based remote sensing technology and GIS tools have been effective in better prevention and
management of fires through creation of early warning for fire prone areas, monitoring fires on a real time
basis and estimation of burn scars.
 28

 Forest fires occur every year during summer due to natural and anthropogenic reasons, including accumulations
of inflammable matter. Most of the forest fires in the country are ground fires in which low vegetation gets
burnt. In 2017, the Forest Survey of India (FSI), an organisation under the Union Ministry of Environment,
Forest and Climate Change, developed a completely automated satellite-based ‘forest fire monitoring and alert
system’ for effective monitoring of forest fires at a national level.
 This was equipped with Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership-Visible and Infrared Imager/Radiometer
Suite sensor-based information. The fire alerts are disseminated through SMS and email to field staff of state
forest departments.
 The responsibility of forest-fire prevention and management lies primarily with the respective state and the
ministry supports the efforts of the states and Union territories in preventing and controlling forest fire by
providing financial assistance for various measures.
 The measures include use of modern tools for extinguishing fire, use of communication and information
technology, creation and maintenance of fire lines in forest areas, engagement of fire watchers, creation of
water storage structures in forest areas, strengthening of the forest infrastructure, procurement of firefighting
equipment, soil and moisture conservation work in high-risk areas, awareness creation, incentivising villages
and communities for protection against forest fire under the centrally-sponsored Forest Fire Prevention and
Management scheme.
 This data story aims to present the picture about forest fires in India.

**********
 29

MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE (MMR) IN INDIA

 Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) in India was exceptionally high in 1990 with 556 women dying during childbirth
per hundred thousand live births. Approximately, 1.38 lakh women were dying every year on account of
complications related to pregnancy and childbirth.
 The Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) of India has declined by 10 points as per a special bulletin released by the
Registrar General of India. It has declined from 113 in 2016-18 to 103 in 2017-19 (8.8 % decline). The country
had been witnessing a progressive reduction in the MMR from 130 in 2014-2016, 122 in 2015-17, 113 in 2016-
18, and to 103 in 2017-19.
 India has committed itself to the latest UN target for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for MMR at
70 per 1,00,000 live births by 2030. As per NHP (National Health Policy) 2017, the target for MMR is 100 per
1,00,000 live births by 2020.
 Seven Indian states have very high maternal mortality. These are Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Odisha and Assam. ‘Very high’ MMR means 130 or more maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.
 The MMR is ‘high’ in Punjab, Uttarakhand and West Bengal. This means 100-130 maternal deaths per 100,000
live births. It is ‘low’ in Haryana and Karnataka (71-100 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births).
 This data story aims to highlight the recent findings of the Registrar General of India regarding Maternal
Mortality Ratio (MMR) in India.

**********
 30

IRON-ORE

 Iron ore is an important manufacturing ingredient primarily used in steelmaking, and its significance to the
global economy supports a high level of demand from those countries with the largest reserves in the world.
 According to the US Geological Survey (USGS), global crude iron ore reserves stood at around 170 billion
tonnes as of 2019, comprising 81 billion tonnes of iron content. Around 2.5 billion tonnes of the metal were
produced from mines worldwide in 2019, with Australia holding a dominant position among the world’s top
iron ore producing countries.
 India has large iron ore reserves. It occurs in various geological formations but major economic deposits are
found in volcano-sedimentary Banded Iron Formation (BIF) from the Precambrian age. The prominent ores of
iron found in India are Hematite and Magnetite. Hematite is a better quality and lumpy in nature and is used
by steel and sponge iron manufacturing industries of India. Magnetite is valuable as the content of iron is as
high as 70 percent. 
 In India iron ore is found in four regions. The highest producer is the Odisha Jharkhand belt, followed by
Durg Bastar Chandrapur belt. The third belt is Bellary- Chitradurga-Chikmagalur-Tumkur belt followed by
Maharashtra Goa belt. 
 This data story aims to highlight the iron ore reserves in India and the world.

**********
 31

HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN INDIA

 Human trafficking is a group of crimes involving trafficking in person of men, women and children for sexual
exploitation or for financial gains or other exploitation of trafficked persons. Victims are lured or abducted
from their homes and subsequently forced to work against their wish through various means in various
establishments, indulge in or subjected to various types of indignities and even killed or incapacitated for the
purposes of begging and trade in human organs.

INDIA AND PROVISIONS RELATED TO HUMAN TRAFFICKING:

 Article 23 prohibits human trafficking and begar (forced labour without payment).
 Article 24 forbids employment of children below the age of 14 years in dangerous jobs like factories and
mines.
 32

 Section 370 and 370A of IPC provide for comprehensive measures to counter the menace of human
trafficking including trafficking of children for exploitation in any form including physical exploitation or
any form of sexual exploitation, slavery, servitude, or the forced removal of organs.
 Sections 372 and 373 dealing with selling and buying of girls for the purpose of prostitution.
 The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956 (ITPA) is the premier legislation for prevention of trafficking for
commercial sexual exploitation.
 There are other specific legislations enacted relating to trafficking in women and children - Prohibition
of Child Marriage Act, 2006, Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976, Child Labour (Prohibition and
Regulation) Act, 1986, Transplantation of Human Organs Act, 1994,
 Protection of Children from Sexual offences (POCSO) Act, 2012, is a special law to protect children from
sexual abuse and exploitation.
 State Governments have also enacted specific legislations to deal with the issue (e.g. The Punjab Prevention
of Human Smuggling Act, 2012).
 This data story aims to highlight the scenario of human trafficking in India.

**********
 33

MANGROVE FORESTS

 Mangroves are a diverse group of salt-tolerant plant communities of tropical and subtropical regions of the
world which can survive the limiting factors imposed by lack of oxygen, high salinity and diurnal tidal inundation.
Mangroves are a group of trees and shrubs that live in the coastal intertidal zone. According to Champion &
Seth Classification (1968) Mangroves are included in Type Group-4 Littoral & Swamp Forests.
 Mangroves have a complex root system which is very efficient in dissipating the sea wave energy thus protecting
the coastal areas from tsunamis, storm surge and soil erosion. Their protective role has been widely recognized
especially after the devastating Tsunami of 2004. Mangrove roots slow down water flows and enhance sediment
deposition. Therefore, they act as a zone of land accretion due to trapping of fine sediments including heavy
metal contaminants. They also arrest coastal erosion and sea water pollution.
 They act as a fertile breeding ground for many fish species and other marine fauna. They act as an important
source of livelihood for the coastal communities dependent on collection of honey, tannins, wax and fishing.
Mangroves are an important carbon sink.
 About 40% of the world’s Mangrove Cover is found in South East Asia and South Asia. The mangrove cover in
India is 4,992 sq km. Among the states and UTs, West Bengal has the highest percentage of area under total
Mangrove cover followed by Gujarat and Andaman Nicobar Islands.
 This data story aims to highlight Mangrove forest.

**********