Practical

Research
1 Prepared by:

Here starts Michelle Razzelle N.

the lesson! Ybañez
Intended
Learning
Outcomes
 At the end of this
lesson, you should be
able to:
4. Enumerate the benefits
1. Explain your of inquiry-based
understanding of the term learning;
“inquiry”;
5. Identify a question as
2. Outline all the ideas simple or complex based
you have learned about on the kind of thinking
inquiry; it elicits from you; and

3. Infer about societal 6.Compose an essay to

issues through speculative prove the extent of your
thinking; understanding of inquiry
 Lesson 1

Nature of Inquiry
 Lesson 1 – Nature of Inquiry
Inquiry and Research
● Both involve investigative work in which you seek
information

Inquiry Research
- Is looking for - Involves examining and
information experimenting in order to
mainly through discover or modify existing
asking various knowledge. Or identify
questions applications on what has
been known.
 Inquiry – Based Learning
• Learning is obtaining knowledge about your
surroundings
• A learning process that motivates you to
obtain knowledge or information about
people, places, things, or events.
• Investigating by asking questions you are
inquisitive about.
• Requires you to collect data (facts and
information) about the object of your
inquiry
• Inquiry is a problem-solving technique.
• Includes cooperative learning because any
knowledge from society can help to make the
solution.
• Inquiry elevates your thinking power
 Inquiry-Based Learning
 In your analysis, you execute varied thinking
strategies that range from lower-order to
higher-order thinking skills such as:

- inferential
- critical
- integrative
- creative thinking

Inquiry is an active learning process.

Inquiry-Based Learning

 Beginning with whatever experience or background

knowledge you have, you proceed like scientists
with your inquiry by:

-Imagining
-Speculating
-Interpreting
-Criticizing
-Creating something out of what you discovered
 Inquiry-Based Learning

 Center your research on the what, why,

and how of the object of your study.

Letting you do things meaningfully,

inquiry makes you live up to this
popular buzzword—“Tell me and I forget;
show me and I remember; involve me and I
understand.”
 Inquiry-Based Learning
 Inquiry elevates your thinking
power.
It makes you think in different
ways.
It enables you to arrive at a
particular idea or understanding
that will motivate you to create
something unique, new, or
innovative for your personal
growth and also for the world.
 Inquiry-Based Learning

 Inquiry, as a problem-
solving technique,
includes cooperative
learning because any
knowledge from members
of the society can help
to make the solution.
 Inquiry-Based Learning
 Whatever knowledge you
have about your world
bears the influence of
your:
- Cultural,
- Sociological,
- Institutional, and
- Ideological
understanding of the
world.
 Governing Principle
or Foundations of
Inquiry
2. Theory of Zone of
Proximal Development
1. Theory of Connected
Experiences for Exploratory
and Reflective Thinking
3. Theory of
Constructivism or
Discovery Learning
Theory of Connected
Experiences for Exploratory
and Reflective Thinking
John Dewey (1859-1952)
an American educator
and philosopher,
number one supporter
of basic theory of IBL
and strongly promoted
experimental learning
by doing.

John Dewey
 Lev Vygostsky (1978) is the proponent of
Theory of Zone of this learning theory that underpins social
constructivism which is the basis of
Proximal Development Inquiry-based Learning.

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) states

that students can learn faster and more
effectively of they get help from a more
learned or experienced people or form
instructional scaffolding.

Instructional Scaffolding ( front-loading

vocabulary) encourages teachers to carry
out teaching strategies such as: showing
pictures, activating students’ schemata,
using graphic organizers, etc.

Eileen Raymond of Edutopia defined ZPD as

“the distance between what the students
can do by themselves and the next learning
that they can be helped to achieve with
Lev Vygotsky complete assistance.”
Theory of
Jerome Bruner (1915-
Constructivism or 2016), one of the
Discovery Learning leading backers of
this theory that would
enable the learners to
discover answers to
their inquiries
through their reliance
on their schemata
prior knowledge or
experience.
Jerome Bruner
American Psychologist
 Benefits of inquiry based-learning
In conclusions, you can say that IBL gives you the following advantages:
1. Elevates interpretative thinking through graphic skills
2. Improves student learning abilities
3. Widens learner’s vocabulary
4. Facilitates problem-solving acts
5. Increases social awareness and cultural knowledge
6. Encourages cooperative learning
7. Provides mastery of procedural knowledge
8. Encourages higher-order thinking strategies
9. Hastens conceptual understanding
Knowing the ins and
outs of Inquiry-based Era of Globalization
Learning will greatly  Age of Knowledge
guide you in deciding Explosion
which learning method  Age of Consumerism
 Digital Age
will guarantee  Age of Instant World
successful learning in
the present world:
 Lesson 2

Nature of Research
Connecting Concepts
Picture Analysis. Examine these different scenic places.
Which of these places interest you the most? Why? Would you
like to know more about them? How do you think will you be
more knowledgeable about your favorite or most loved places?
 Lesson 2 - Nature of Research
Research is a process of
executing various mental
acts for discovering and
examining facts and
information to prove
accuracy or truthfulness of
your claims or conclusions
about the topic of your
research .
Research requires you to
inquire or investigate about
your chosen research topic by
asking questions that will
make you engage yourself in
top-level thinking strategies
of interpreting, analyzing,
synthesizing, criticizing,
appreciating, or creating to
enable you to discover truths
about the many things you tend
to wonder about the topic of
your research work (Litchman,
2013).
 Lesson 2 - Nature of Research

Central to research is
Research is analogous to your way of discovering
inquiry in that both new knowledge , applying
involve investigation of knowledge in various
something through ways as well as seeing
questioning. relationships of ideas,
events, and situations.
 Meaning of Research
 The meaning of research is more complicated than
inquiry because it does not center mainly on raising
questions about the topic, but also on carrying out a
particular order of research stages.
 Each stage of the research process is not an individual
task because the knowledge they obtain through each
stage comes not only from themselves, but other people
as well.
 Similar to inquiry, research involves cooperative
learning. It is a process requiring you to work
logically or systematically and collaboratively with
others.
 Characteristics of Research
1. Accuracy. It must give factual and exact data in which
should be correctly and appropriately documented or
acknowledged in the footnotes, notes, and bibliographical
entries.

2. Objectivity. It must deal with facts and not with mere

opinions arising from assumptions , generalizations,
predictions, or cocnlusions.

3. Timeliness. It must work on a topic that is fresh , new,

and interesting to the present society.

4. Relevance. Its topic must be instrumental in imporving

society or in solving problems affecting the lives of
people in a community.
 Characteristics of Research
5. Clarity. It must succeed in expressing its central point or
discoveries by using simple, direct, concise, and correct
language.

6. Systematic. It must take place in an organized or orderly

manner.

7. Ethical. It must be geared toward what are advantageous or

beneficial rather than what are detrimental by respecting
preferences on matters of confidentiality, independence. Or
freedom.
 Purposes of Research
1. To learn how to work independently

2. To learn how to work scientifically or systematically

3. To have an in-depth knowledge of something

4. To elevate your mental abilities by letting you think in higher-order thinking

strategies (HOTS) of inferring, evaluating, synthesizing, appreciating, applying,
and creating.

5. To improve your reading skills

6. To be familiar with the basic tools of research and the various techniques of
gathering data and of presenting research findings.

7. To free yourself, to a certain extent, from he domination or strong influence of a

single textbook or professor’s lone viewpoint or spoon-feeding.
 Types of Research
1. Based on Application of
Research Method

Pure research - deals with ideas, Applied research – deals with

principles, or abstract concepts.
This type of research may
increase knowledge about a
particular subject with its nature
of discovery
societal problems or issues.
This research is conducted with
the purpose of answering a
question or solving a problem.
 Types of Research The main purpose of Descriptive
research is to explain the nature or ins
2. Based on Purpose and outs of present events or
problems in the society by collecting
data capable of casting light to such
A. Descriptive Research
societal issue or problem.
- aims at defining or giving a verbal
portrayal or picture of a person, a
Data gathering techniques for
thing, an event, a group, or a situation
descriptive research include survey of
among others.
existing records and documents.
- Centers mainly on the WHAT of the
Existing literary books, periodicals,
subject of the study that aims at
studies, and reports found in the library
exactly establishing, describing, or
are the repository or storehouse of the
naming what such person or thing is
aid references.
all about.
 2. Based on Purpose

a. Descriptive Research
 One distinctive characteristic of descriptive research lies in its
research question. It normally begins with “What is...”

 What is the impact of eco-design on the marketability of a

product?
 What is the right age for undertaking Entrepreneurship
Education?
 What are the attitudes, values, and motivations of an
entrepreneur?
 What are the characteristics and features of the financial
world?
 What are the effects of changes on interest rates, taxation, and
inflation on individuals, households, and society?
2. Based on Purpose
a.Descriptive Research
 The main purpose of descriptive
research is to explain the nature
or ins and outs of present events
or problems in the society by
collecting data capable of casting
light to such societal issue or
problem.
 Aside from explaining things, it
also validates findings of
previous research studies.
 Types of Research
Types of Correlational Research
2. Based on Purpose
Based on changes in variable:
B. Correlational Research • Positive Correlation
- Shows relationships or • Negative Correlation
connectedness between two
factors, circumstances, or agents Based on data collection technique:
called variables that affect the • Natural Observation
research. • Survey Research
- Correlation coefficient is the • Archival Research
expression used to specify a
numerical value to represent the
strength and direction of the
relationships of variables.
 Types of Research
2. Based on Purpose
C. Explanatory Research
- Also known as “Casual Research”
- Focuses on the reasons behind the
occurrence of something and on
the present or future effects of
such happening.
C. Exploratory Research
- known as “Formulative Research”
- Has the purpose of exploring a
certain topic , specifically, one that
was not given clear explanations or
results in previous studies.
- Aims to obtaining clearer
understanding of the research
problem and formulating hypothesis
or assumptions to ensure accurate
investigation (Shields, 2013)
 Comparisons
Descriptive Explanatory
What are the attitudes of
millennials toward Which between entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship Education? education and financial
literacy will have a stronger
impact on one’s business
acumen?
Exploratory
What kind of Entrepreneurship
Education do millennials go for?
 Types of Research
Action Research
This type of research studies an
ongoing practice of a school, an
organization, a community, or
any institution for the purpose of
obtaining results that will bring
about improvements in the
system.
Several methods of Action
Research make you observe or
interview individuals or groups,
take pictures of the subjects, record
field notes, questionnaire,
videotape record, etc. (Coghan &
Brannneick, 2014)
Ex.
Action Research:
In the secondary Science
Classroom: Student Response to
differentiated, Alternative
Assessments
 Types of Research
2. Based on Types of
Data Needed
- The kind of data that you
want to work on reflects
whether you wish to do a
quantitative or qualitative
research.
Qualitative Research requires non-
numerical data. The research uses
content that highlights the human
experience.
Quantitative Research involves
measurements of data that
presents research findings in
reference to numerical forms, i.e.
percentages, fractions, and
numbers.
3. Based on Types of Data
Needed  Secondary data, if
such data have
 Primary data are
obtained through already been
direct observation written about or
or contact with reported on and are
people, objects, available for
artifacts, reading purposes.
paintings, and the
like.
 Approaches to Research
1. Scientific or Positive approach – discover and measure information as
well as observe and control variables in an impersonal manner.

2. Naturalistic Approach – uses words to express data. Non-numerical

data that express truths about the way people perceive or understand
the world. Happens in natural setting.

3. Triangulation approach – you are free to gather and analyze data

using multiple methods, allowing you to combine or mix up research
approaches, research types, data gathering, and data gathering
techniques. This gives you the opportunity to view every angle of the
research from different perspectives (badke, 2012; Silverman, 2013)
Michelle Razzelle N. Ybañez, LPT

mrybanez@cpu.edu.ph

CPU Senior High School Dept.