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Spin Orbit Interaction or Coupling HW Chapter 12 Dc43ph4021lectures 11 13
Spin Orbit Interaction or Coupling HW Chapter 12 Dc43ph4021lectures 11 13
orbit 2 e e l
period T I T 2
A
+ r
l e ev
IA r e r 2 l
2 2 1
2
r r
orbital l r p m vr
m r 2 r er
ang. mom. 0 0
l l
2m0
Note that and l point in opposite directions because the electron is
l
negatively charged.
eh
B 2m Bohr magneton
o
e
Component along l , l m
z B l
z Z 2mo
Where
gs 2.0023 is a numerical factor known as the Lande factor
(or “g factor”). Classically it should be 1, but is 2 according to
Dirac’s relativistic quantum theory.
V
mag
∫ (r B)d
r ∫
B sin B[cos ]
/ 2
d
/2 /2
r r
B cos B
r B
Vmag
Orbiting proton Bl Bl
produces a field Bl
Bl at the site of -r
the electron.
r Ze [v r Ze0 [v r
Biot-Savart law: Bl 0
r (r )] r r ]
4r 4r
3
3
(gs 2)
from full relativistic
calculation
(“Thomas factor”)
Vl ,s e r r Ze 0 (s
2 r
(s B ) l )
l
8m 0 r r
2
3
m0
We define the spin-orbit coupling constant a:
Ze2 h2 a r r
a 0 Vl , l s
8 m20r3 s 2
h
(With this definition a has the dimension of an energy.)
s
j l sr
l j
r 2 r2 r r a r2 r2 r
r Vl , j l 2
j l s 2 l s cos(l, ( s )
2h2
s) s
modulus^2: 1 3
ˆj j( j 1) with j integer , , ...
2 2
2
h2 1,
2
projection along z- ˆj hm j
z with m j j, j 1,.., j
axis:
s
… and so we can replace the operators with the corresponding
eigenvalues:
r2 r2 r2
a
Vl , 2 ( j l s )
a
j 1) 1) s(s 1)
2h j( 2 l(l
s
a 35 1 3 a
• state 3p j=3/2 and Vl , 2
2 2 2 2 2
s
2
j=1/2 and a 13 1 3
Vl , 2
s
2 2
2 2
2
a
fine structure for 3p a/2 j=3/2
a 3a
j=1/2 2
3s 3p transition is split into a
doublet (D lines: D1 and D2)
spin term
2s1
principal
quantum n l j total angular
number
momentum
orbital angular momentum
from earlier =s,p,d,f etc...
(the spin term is sometimes omitted, like in the previous slide, because
it’s the same for all the levels.)
Let’s see how the spectral lines split
due to fine-structure:
3 p1/ 2
Summary for FINE STRUCTURE
• Vl , r a r
s B l spin-orbit coupling
r s 2 r
l
h s
(You can verify that =v/c with v= velocity of 1st Bohr orbit.)
Example: let’s apply this result to the n=2 level of Hydrogen.
Here we have an s state and a p state:
Bohr Dirac QE
(relativistic QM) D
n=2
l=1, j=3/2 2
2 3/ 2
10GHz 2
2 1/ 2
2
l=0,1, j=1/2 2 1/ 2
1057MHz
This is a further splitting that
can only be explained by
Quantum Electrodynamics (QED)…
… this is known as the Lamb shift of the s level.
It was first observed in 1947-1952 and was crucial
for the development of QED.
Significance of Lamb shift
In QED the electromagnetic field is quantised.
A quantised field has a zero point energy (analogous to the ground
state of the simple harmonic oscillator). This means that even in
the case of number of photons=0 (“vacuum”), there is a fluctuating
electric field.
Due to this fluctuating field the electron performs small oscillations
and its charge is effectively smeared out. It can be shown that the
Coulomb potential acting on the electron is different than that for a
point charge. This difference causes the Lamb shift.
(Note: this fluctuating electric field is also responsible for
spontaneous emission.)