Engineering Mechanics II:

Dynamics
KINEMATICS OF A PARTICLE ME114
19th October, 2020
Dr. Sana Waheed
Section 12.3
R. C. Hibbeler (2016) Engineering Mechanics Dynamics, 14th Ed, Prentice Hall
 RECTILINE AR MOTION:
ERRATIC MOTION
Dr. Sana Waheed - Fall 2020 - SMME, NUST
 KINEMATICS: ERATIC MOTION & GRAPHING
• Graphing provides a good way to handle complex
motions that would be difficult to describe with formulas.

• Graphs also provide a visual description of motion and

reinforce the calculus concepts of differentiation (slope of
a curve) and integration (area under the curve) as used in
dynamics.

• If a graph relating any two of the variables s,v, a, t can

be drawn, then this can be used to construct subsequent
graphs relating any other two variables

Dr. Sana Waheed - Fall 2020 - SMME, NUST

S-T GRAPH
• Plot of position vs. time can be used to find
velocity vs. time curve.

• i.e. the slope of the tangent to the position

curve at any point is the velocity at that point
(or v = ds/dt).

• Therefore, the v-t graph can be constructed

by finding the slope at various points along
the s-t graph.
 V-T GRAPH
Plots of velocity vs. time can be used to find
acceleration vs. time curves.

Also, the displacement of the particle is the

area under the v-t graph during time t.

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 A-T GRAPH
Given the a-t curve, the change in velocity (v)
during a time period is the area under the a-t
curve.

So we can construct the v-t graph from an a-t

graph if we know the initial velocity of the
particle.

Note that the algebraic signs need to be carefully

considered: areas above the t axis are +ve
whereas areas below the t axis are negative

• Think of the constant acceleration a-t graph, and

how we can construct the v-t curve from it.
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 A-S GRAPH

A more complex case is presented by the a-s

graph. Recall  a ds =  v dv .

This equation can be solved for v1, allowing us to solve for the velocity at a point.
By doing this repeatedly, we can create a plot of velocity versus displacement.
• Given that the initial velocity is known.
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 V-S GRAPH

Conversely, if the v-s graph is known, the

acceleration a at any position s can be
determined using a ds = v dv

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 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑣 𝑑 2 𝑠
𝑣= 𝑎= = 𝑎𝑑𝑠 = 𝑣𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2

v = ds/dt a = dv/dt a ds = v dv

s = so + vct v = vo + act s = so + vot + (1/2) act2 v2 = (vo)2 + 2ac (s - so)

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 EXAMPLE

Given: v-t graph for a train moving between two stations

Find: a-t graph and s-t graph over this time interval

40

Think about your plan of attack for the problem!

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 EXAMPLE (continued)
Find: a-t graph

Solution: For the first 30 seconds the slope is constant and is equal to:
a0-30 = dv/dt = 40/30 = 4/3 m/s2

Similarly, a30-90 = 0 and a90-120 = -4/3 m/s2

a(m/s2)

4
3
40 t(s)

-4
3

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 EXAMPLE (continued)

v dt= ds

40 Find: s-t graph

s(m)
The area under the v-t graph
3600 represents displacement.

3000 s0-30 = ½ (40)(30) = 600 m

s30-90 = (60)(40) = 2400 m

s90-120 = ½ (40)(30) = 600 m

600
t(s)
30 90 120
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 GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING

Given: The v-t graph shown

Find: The a-t graph, average speed,

and distance traveled
for the 30 s interval

v = ds/dt a = dv/dt a ds = v dv
Dr. Sana Waheed - Fall 2020 - SMME, NUST
s = so + vct v = vo + act s = so + vot + (1/2) act2 v2 = (vo)2 + 2ac (s - so)
 GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING
Find: The a-t graph
Solution:
For 0 ≤ t ≤ 10 a = dv/dt = 0.24 t m/s²

For 10 ≤ t ≤ 30 a = dv/dt = 0.3 m/s²

a(m/s²)

2.4

0.3
t(s)
10 30

v = ds/dt a = dv/dt a ds = v dv
s = so + vct v = vo + act s = so + vot + (1/2) act2 v2 = (vo)2 + 2ac (s - so)
 GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING (continued)
Find : distance

s0-10 =  v dt = (1/3) (0.12)(10) 3 = 40 m

s10-30 =  v dt = (0.3/2)(30) 2 + 9(30) – (0.3/2)(10)2 – 9(10)

= 300 m

s0-30 = 300 + 40 = 340 m

Find : Average speed

vspavg(0-30) = total distance / time

= 340/30
= 11.33 m/s

v = ds/dt a = dv/dt a ds = v dv
s = so + vct v = vo + act s = so + vot + (1/2) act2 v2 = (vo)2 + 2ac (s - so)
 Q1. A car starting from rest moves along a
straight track with an acceleration as shown.
Determine the time t for the car to reach a speed
of 50m/s and construct the v-t graph that
describes the motion until the time t.
Given: vf = 50 m/s, a1 = 8 m/s2 , t1 = 10 s
Solution:
For 0 < t < 10s.
v t

( )
8 8 2
8
a= t
10
y = mx + dv = adt line
c straight  dv = 
0 0
10
tdt v=
20
t

8
At t= 10s. v= (10) 2 = 40 m s
20

At t > 10s. a = 8. vi = 40 m / s v f = 50 m / s
50 − 40
v f − vi = at t= = 1.25 s total time = 10 + 1.25 = 11.25 s
8
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Q2. The s-t graph for a train has been
experimentally determined. From the data,
construct the v-t and a-t graph for the motion; 600
0< t < 40s. 0< t < 30s, the curve is s=
(0.4t2)m, and then it becomes straight for t >
360
30s.
Solution:
30 40
0< t <
30s
ds dv
s = 0.4t 2
v= = 0.8t a= = 0 .8
dt dt
30< t < 40

 600 − 360 
s − 360 =  (t − 30) (
y = mx + c straight line )
 40 − 30 

s = 24(t − 30) + 360 ds dv

v= = 24 a= =0
Dr. Sana Waheed - Fall 2020 - SMME, NUST
dt dt
 600
v-t graph

v = 0.8t v = 24 360
v

30 40
t

a-t graph

a = 0.8
a
a=0

t
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 Q3. The a-s graph for a train travelling
along a straight track is given for the first
400m of its motion. Plot the v-s graph.
v=0 s=0.
Solution: 2

0< s < 200

200 400
1
a= s ads = vdv
100
s v
1 1 2 1 2
0 100sds = 0 vdv s = v v = 0.1s At s=200, v= 20 m/s
200 2
200 < s < 400;
ac =2
1 2
v − v = 2ac ( s − so ) 2( s − 200) = (v − 400)
2 2
i
v 2 = 4s − 400
2

At s = 400m. v = 4(400) − 400 = 34.6 m s

 2

200 400

v-s graph

Dr. Sana Waheed - Fall 2020 - SMME, NUST