COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

There are three components on which a communication system can be based.

1. Transmitter
2. Channel
3. Receiver
Transmitter:
Transmitter is responsible for transmitting or sending the data. This data may be in the form of
analog data stream or digital data stream.
1. The Transmitter is responsible for multiplexing data.
2. The Transmitter is responsible for modulating data.
3. The Transmitter is responsible for Encryption of data.
4. Transmitter is also responsible for Encoding of data as well as compression of data.
Channel:
Data transmitted by transmitter travel through the specified channel. There are different types of
channels through which we can transmit the data. Data travels through these channels to reach there
destination receiver.
List of these channels is given as below.
1. Copper cable.
2. Unshielded twisted pair / Shielded twisted pair(UTP/STP)
3. Air.
4. Fiber Optics.
 Channels have a vital role in proper transmission of data but unfortunately every channel has
impurities i.e. Attenuation, Delay Distortion and Noise which will cause a substantial decrease in the
speed of data traveling.
Receiver:
Finally, the receiver receives the transmitted data from the specified channel. This data may be
in the form of analog data stream or digital data stream.
1. The Transmitter is responsible for multiplexing data.
2. The Transmitter is responsible for demodulating data.
3. The Transmitter is responsible for decryption of data.
4. Transmitter is also responsible for decoding of data as well as decompression of data.

Analog and Digital Communication

There are many kinds of information sources, which can be divided into two distinct message
categories, namely analog and digital.

Analog Communication:

• This form of communication uses analog messages.

• An analog message is a physical quantity that varies with time, usually in a smooth and
continuous fashion.

• Since the information resides in a time-varying waveform, an analog communication system

should deliver this waveform with a specific degree of reliability or fidelity

Advantages:

i)Smaller bandwidth is required.

ii)Synchronization problem is relatively easier.

Disadvantages:

i)Expensive analog components: L & C.

ii)No privacy i.e security is not high.

iii)Cannot merge data from different sources.

iv)No error correction capability.

Digital Communication

• This form of communication uses digital messages.

• A digital message is an ordered sequence of symbols selected from a finite set of discrete
elements.

• Since the information resides in discrete symbols, a digital communication system should
deliver these symbols with a specified degree of accuracy in a specified amount of time.

Advantages:

i)Inexpensive digital circuits.

ii)Privacy preserved(data encryption).

iii)Can merge different data(voice,video and data) and transmit over a common digital transmission
system.

iv)Error correction is possible by coding.

Disadvantages:

i)Larger bandwidth is required.

ii)Synchronization problem is relatively difficult

Modulation

It is the process by which the characteristics of the carrier wave is varied in accordance with the
instantaneous value of the message signal.

• The characteristic of high frequency carrier, which has been modified to carry the lower
frequency information, this process is called modulation.

• Once this information is received, the lower frequency information must be recovered from the
high frequency carrier , this process is called demodulation.

• modulation is the process of changing some property of the information sources into suitable
form for transmission through the physical medium/channel.
• it is performed in the transmitter by a device called modulator.
 • demodulation is the reverse process of modulation by converting the modulated information
sources back to its original information (it removes the information from the carrier signal).
• it is performed in the receiver by a device called demodulator.

Need of Modulation

• Easy of radiation, as the signals are translated to higher frequencies, it becomes relatively easier
to design amplifier circuit as well as antenna system at these increased frequencies

• To overcome hardware limitations

• Transmitting such lower frequencies reqire antennas with miles in wavelength

• Modulation to reduce which result in optimization to Signal to Noise Ratio(S/N)

• To minimize the effects of interference

• For multiplexing and frequency assignment

• For efficient radio transmission

Classification of Modulation

I)Classification Based by the nature of modulating signal

i)Analog Modulation

• The modulating signal is an analog signal

• Examples:AM(Amplitude Modulation),FM(Frequency Modulation),PM(Pulse

Modulation),Pulse Amplitude Modulation(PAM)

ii)Digital Modulation
 • The modulating signal is a digital signal

• Examples:ASK,FSK,PSK

2)Classification Based by the nature of carrier

i)Continuous Wave (CW) Modulation

• Carrier is a sinusoidal wave

• Eg.,AM,FM,ASK,FSK,PSK

ii)Pulse Modulation

• Carrier is a train of pulse

• Eg., PAM,PWM,PPM

Types of modulation

Sine wave (carrier) described by 3 parameters:

• amplitude, frequency and phase.

v(t) = A sin (ωt + φ)

So can have

• – Amplitude modulation (AM)

• – Frequency modulation (FM)

• – Phase modulation (PM)

Bandwidth

• it is the difference between the highest frequencies and the lowest frequencies of the input
signal frequencies (fb = 2fm ).
• The bandwidth of a communication signal greater than or equal to the bandwidth of the
information signal.
Bandwidth is typically measured in hertz, and may sometimes refer to passband bandwidth,
sometimes to baseband bandwidth, depending on context. Passband bandwidth is the difference
between the upper and lower cutoff frequencies of, for example, an electronic filter, a communication
channel, or a signal spectrum. In case of a lowpass filter or baseband signal, the bandwidth is equal to
its upper cutoff frequency. The term baseband bandwidth refers to the upper cutoff frequency.
Bandwidth in hertz is a central concept in many fields, including electronics, information theory, radio
communications, signal processing, and spectroscopy.

In computer networking and other digital fields, the term bandwidth often refers to a data rate
measured in bits per second, for example network throughput. The reason is that according to Hartley's
law, the digital data rate limit (or channel capacity) of a physical communication link is related to its
bandwidth in hertz, sometimes denoted frequency bandwidth, analog bandwidth or radio bandwidth.
For bandwidth as a computing term, less ambiguous terms are bit rate, throughput, maximum
throughput, goodput or channel capacity.

Noise
• In practice, we cannot avoid the existence of unwanted signal together with the modulated
signal transmitted by the transmitter.
• This unwanted signal is called noise.
• Noise is a random signal that exists in a communication system.
• Random signal cannot be represented with a simple equation.
• The existence of noise will degrade the level of quality of the receive signal at the receiver.
Types of noise
• An undesired disturbance within the frequency band of interest; the summation of unwanted or
disturbing energy introduced into a communications system from man-made and natural
sources.
• A disturbance that affects a signal and that may distort the information carried by the signal.

Internal noise
Due to random movement of electrons in electronic circuit
• Thermal noise/Johnson noise
• Shot noise
External noise
Man-made noise and natural resources
Lightning
Solar noise
Ignition
Crosstalk
Noise Effect
• Degrade system performance for both analog and digital systems.
• The receiver cannot understand the original signal.
• The receiver cannot function as it should be.
• Reduce the efficiency of communication system.