STUDENT’S PROFILE

LESTHER S. ROBLO
BGT-AT 1B

PROJECT FOR GROUP 3

in
BMC

(Buildings Materials & Methods of Construction)

TUESDAY 12:00 PM – 3:00 PM

PROF. MARCELINA P. PUGA

2nd Semester 2021-2022

date when you submitted

 TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Ayala Blvd. corner San Marcelino St. Ermita Manila
COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE and FINE ARTS
Graphics Department

PROJECT FOR GROUP 3

in
BMC

(Buildings Materials & Methods of Construction)

Submitted by: Lesther S. Roblo

Course, Year, & Section: BGT-AT 1B

Submitted to: Prof. Marcelina P. Puga

date when you submitted

 I. Wood

Trees and wood have been an integral part of the development of our civilization. Different types
of wood have been used from early Paleolithic times for constructing buildings, woodworking
& DIY and manufacturing tools, construction equipment, weapons, and furniture. Right from
ancient times, the use of wood has been dependent on cost, quality, and availability.

Wood is a hard-fibrous material forming the trunk and branches of trees or shrubs. There
are many structural and non-structural applications of the wood used in construction. As
wood is a general term, it is important to understand its application in constructio n.
According to the tree experts at Burbank Tree Pros, wood is only second to stone in terms
of its application in the world of construction. It is a widely preferred material when it
comes to building houses, shelters, and boats. The chemical properties of wood are
inherently complex, but despite this challenge, we have successfully harnessed its unique
characteristics to build a variety of composite structures. Let’s understand why wood enjoys
such popularity in the construction and home decor segment.

Benefits of Using Wood in Construction

1) Wood is a natural material that’s easy to work upon, widely available in huge quantities, and
has several varieties. Each type of wood can be used for specific purposes.
2) It is lightweight and sturdy, Further, it is available in a variety of patterns and looks natural.
3) The material has been used since ancient times. Therefore, skilled workers who have adequate
knowledge about the different types of wood are easily available globally.
4) Wood retains its thermal properties. Thus, it is highly resistant to high temperatures.
5) The heat conductivity of wood is relatively low in comparison to materials such as aluminum,
marble, steel, or glass.
6) It can absorb sound and echo, making it a favorite material for the construction of offices and
residential structures.
7) Wood is a bad conductor of electric waves. Hence, it’s perfect to provide insulation to a living
or working area.

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8) Wooden houses are inexpensive to build and extend and enjoy low running and maintenance
costs over a long period of time. However, this also depends on the availability of wood in
the local area.
9) Wood paneling is particularly popular for ceilings, covering irregularities, minimizing
maintenance, and simplifying the fitting of lighting and the ventilation system.

Different Types of Wood and their Uses

Wood can be broadly classified as Softwood and Hardwood. Density is a major determinant of
the strength of wood. Hardwoods, being denser than the softwoods, are stronger and more
durable.
According to ‘Madan Mehta, Walter Scarborough & Diane Armpriest’ (Author of Building
Construction), the difference between hardwood and softwood is not only based on the density
of the wood. This is because several hardwoods are lighter than softwoods. Generally, the
distinction between these two types of woods is based on their botanical characteristics.

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 Types of Softwood Description and uses

Pinewood Pinewood is a soft, white or light-

yellow wood which is light in weight
and straight-grained. It resists
shrinkage, swelling, and warping. Pine
is very easy to shape and stain. Pine
decays easily when it comes in contact
with soil. It grows in most parts of the
Northern Hemisphere

Cedar Wood Cedarwood is a knotty softwood that has

a red-brown color with light lines. Cedar
is soft as compared to other softwoods.
The wood texture is uniform and highly
resistant to decay and insects. They are
aromatic in nature. In India, it is found
in Kashmir and Assam.

Firwood Firwood is also referred to as Douglas

Fir. Fir is straight grain and has a
reddish-brown color. It is uniform in
texture and non-resinous and has poor
resistance to decay. Fir is hard in
comparison to other softwoods. It
cannot be stained easily; hence, it’s
generally used in the raw form or as
a painted surface.

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Spruce Wood Spruce wood is strong and hard. It
finishes well and has a low resistance to
decay. It has moderate shrinkage and is
light in weight. Spruce is found in
America, Europe, Asia, Alaska, and
Canada. It is commonly used for masts
and spars of ships, aircraft, crates,
boxes, paneling, cladding, general
millwork, and ladders.

Hemlock Wood Hemlock wood is light-weight and has

moderate strength. It has a low
resistance to decay and is non-resinous.
It is used in the construction of lumber,
planks, doors, boards, joinery,
subflooring and crates.

Types of Hardwood Description and uses

Teakwood Teakwood is one of the most

popular types of hardwood. It is
yellow to dark brown in color and
is extremely heavy, strong,
durable, weather-resistant, warp-
resistant, and does not decay.
Often strongly figured, teak may
show straight grain pattern. The
natural oils in teak make them

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 termite and pest-resistant. Teak
does not burn easily. It is quite
expensive when compared to
other wood types.
It is commonly used as a structural
wood for wooden framed houses,
doors, windows, and partitions. It
is an excellent choice for outdoor
furniture like garden benches and
lounge chairs. Most homeowners
prefer teak for their indoor
furniture like beds and wardrobes.
It is also used in veneer
production.
Rosewood It is commonly used as a structural
wood for wooden framed houses,
doors, windows, and partitions. It
is an excellent choice for outdoor
furniture like garden benches and
lounge chairs. Most homeowners
prefer teak for their indoor
furniture like beds and wardrobes.
It is also used in veneer
production. Rosewood is used in
musical instruments, piano cases,
tool handles, art projects,
decorative veneers, and furniture.
The extracts from Indian
rosewood or Sheesham are used
to cure blood disorders, eye

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 disorders, and leprosy among
other ailments.

Oakwood Oakwood is one of the most

widely used types of hardwood.
Oak can be distinguished into two
basic varieties: white and red. The
red variety is also known as black
oak (a reference to its bark). It has
a very distinct grain and finish.
Oak is a heavy, strong, light-
colored hardwood. It is very easy
to work on. It has good resistance
to moisture, fungus, and yeast. It
is an excellent choice for
household and office furniture
like bookshelves and cabinets. It
is also widely preferred for
outdoor furniture. Due to its
moisture-resistant property, it is
also used in ships and boats. In
modern times, interior decor
experts are employing oak for
flooring, timber-framed
structures, and veneer production.
Maple Wood Maple wood has a fine texture
with great strength. It is so hard
and resistant to shocks that it is
often used for constructing
pathways. Maple is resistant to
splitting and is highly durable and
easy to clean. It is extensively
used in making household
furniture like console tables, wall

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 shelves, and bedside tables.
Maple has a curly grain and is also
used for the violin back.

Ashwood Ashwood is a hard, heavy, ring

porous wood. Ash is well-known
for its elasticity and strength. It
has a prominent grain that looks
like oakwood and is white to light
brown in color. It is easy to work
on with using screws, nails, and
glue. It gives an attractive finish.
Ash is generally less in demand as
compared to other hardwoods;
therefore, it’s less expensive
compared to other wood types.

II. Glass

There are various types of glass used in construction for different purposes. This article discusses
the engineering properties and uses of these glasses.

Glass is a hard substance which may be transparent or translucent and brittle. The fusion process
used to manufacture glasses. In this process, sand is fused with lime, soda, and some other
admixtures and then cooled rapidly. Glasses used in construction purposes and architectural
purposes in engineering.

Engineering Properties of Glass

1. Transparency
2. Strength

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 3. Workability
4. Transmittance
5. U Value
6. Recycling Property

1. Transparency is the main property of glass which allows the vision of the outside world
through it. The transparency of glass can be from both sides or from one side only. In one
side transparency, glass behaves like a mirror from the other side.
2. The strength of glass depends on the modulus of rupture value of glass. In general glass is a
brittle material but by adding admixtures and laminates we can make it as stronger.
3. A glass can be molded into any shape, or it can be blown during melting. So, workability of
glass is a superior property.
4. The visible fraction of light that passing through glass is the property of visible
transmittance.
5. U value represents the amount of heat transferred through glass. If a glass is said to be
insulated unit, then it should have lower u value.
6. Any glass can be 100% recyclable. It can also be used as raw material in construction
industry.

Types of Glass Description and their uses

Float Glass Float glass manufactured from sodium

silicate and calcium silicate so, it is also
called as soda-lime glass. It is clear and
flat, so it causes glare. Thickness of the
float glass is available from 2mm to
20mm, and its weight range from 6 to 36
kg/m2. The application of float glass
includes shop fronts, public places, etc.

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Shatterproof Glass Shatterproof glass is used for windows,
skylights, floors, etc. Some type of plastic
polyvinyl butyral is added in its making
process. So, it cannot form sharp-edged
pieces when it breaks.

Laminated Glass Laminated glass is the combination of

layers of ordinary glass. So, it has more
weight than a normal glass. It has more
thickness and is UV proof and
soundproof. These are used for
aquariums, bridges, etc.

Extra Clean Glass Extra clean glass has two unique

properties, photocatalytic and
hydrophilic. Because of these properties,
it acts as stain proof and gives a beautiful
appearance. Maintenance is also easy.

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Tinted Glass Tinted glass is nothing but colored glass.
A color producing ingredients is mixed to
the normal glass mix to produce colored
glass which does not affect other
properties of glass.

Toughened Glass Toughened glass is a durable glass that

has low visibility. It is available in all
thicknesses, and when it is broken it forms
small granular chunks that are dangerous.
This is also called as tempered glass. This
type of glass is used for fire-resistant
doors, mobile screen protectors, etc.

Glass Blocks Glass block or glass bricks are

manufactured from two different halves
and they are pressed and annealed
together while melting process of glass.
These are used as architectural purpose in
the construction of walls, skylights etc.
They provide aesthetic appearance when
light is passed through it.

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III. Paint

Paint has been around for many years. Quality and texture of paint are continuously evolving as
years passing by. Buildings, facilities and even at home are where paint usually applied. For
buildings, the major reason why it has to be painted is to protect its exteriors and interiors.
Elements like UV rays, molds, wind, stains and water penetration often affect the buildings, and
basically, paint is used as outside protection.

There is a distinction between a low-quality paint and an excellent quality of paint. Painting
professionals are very specific when it comes to this matter. The need to use excellent quality
paints are very crucial to the surface performance of buildings. These painting experts are also
particular in using construction management software. Achieving comprehensive team
collaboration and solid teamwork is easy using this software tool. In fact, the overall team
productivity is increased. The different features this tool has provided are perfectly suited to the
needs of contractors and subcontractors.

Paints that are lower in quality let the water absorb so quickly towards the porous paint resulting
in peeling and bubbling in no time at all. An increasing percentage of binders and pigments in
the paint can cause the price to accelerate. However, the paint’s long-lasting effect ultimately
outweighs the cost of getting more repainting. Higher- quality paint definitely is worth investing
because repainting will not be done every single time but only when it is very necessary and
urgent.

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 Types of Paint Description and uses

Enamel Paint This particular type of paint is

commonly produced by adding zinc or
lead straight to varnish. In order to
achieve a vast array of colors, pigments
are going to be added onto it. Enamel
paints are proven to form hard and
glossier coatings that are absolutely
easy to clean. Additionally, the paint is
characterized by being chemically
resistant and waterproof, offering
excellent color retention and good
coverage.
Oil Paint Oil paints usually use white lead as its
base and are usually applied in 3
coatings – primer, undercoat, and lastly
finish coat. This type of paint can
greatly achieve glossy and mat finishes
and at the same time while being
durable and affordable. The painted
surfaces after using oil paint are very
easy to clean and it is also characterized
by ease of application. Oil paint is
typically used indoors, metal structures,
walls and windows.

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Emulsion Paint Emulsion paints often use polystyrene
and polyvinyl acetate as its binding
materials, and at the same time, it
contains driers such as manganese and
cobalt. Furthermore, this paint can
either be oil-based or water and its
pigments are often used in order to
achieve all desired colors. Emulsion
paints are typically characterized by its
hardening and fast-drying capabilities.
For the surfaces, it can be easily cleaned
using water. After the application, the
paint itself definitely offers good color
retention, durability and lastly alkali
resistance.

Bituminous Paint This specific type of paint is usually

made from tar or dissolved asphalt that
ultimately gives it a common
characterized black color. It is also
waterproof and at the same time alkali-
resistant. However, it is not suitable for
any applications wherein it will be fully
exposed to the sun because it gradually
deteriorates. Bituminous paint is
typically used for concrete foundations,
underwater ironworks, iron pipes, and
wooden surfaces. For metal application,
it helps in providing rust resistance.

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 Reference

https://gharpedia.com/blog/types-of-wood-used-for-construction/

https://theconstructor.org/building/types-glass-properties-applications-
construction/14755/

https://www.procrewschedule.com/different-types-of-paint-used-in-construction-and-its-
applications/

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