Navigational Chart

- are made up of topographic, general reference, and theme maps. For use as a navigational aid for ships,
ground vehicles, airplanes, and spacecraft, navigational charts are created.

Nautical Chart
- Generally speaking, nautical charts resemble ordinary maps with one significant exception: they display
the characteristics of the coastline, the depth of the water at ports and out at sea, and the overall relief of
the seabed. Anyone who embarks on a voyage aboard a sailing vessel must be aware of these three key
chart markers.

Nautical Chart Projection

- Nautical Projection is an approach or method that is used to transfer the details from a sphere onto a
plane, such as a cone or cylinder, which can be unrolled to form a flat surface, and is considered to be
developable.
There are 2 types of projections used by mariners or seafarers to navigate their way:
Mercator Projection - most commonly used for ocean and coastal navigation, and;
- The Mercator projection is a cylindrical map projection presented by Flemish geographer and cartographer
Gerardus Mercator in 1569. It became the standard map projection for navigation because it is unique in
representing north as up and south as down everywhere while preserving local directions and shapes.

Polyconic Projection - is utilized on the Great Lakes and Inland Rivers.

- The polyconic projection is also known as American polyconic or ordinary polyconic projection. The
name translates into "many cones," and it is created by lining up an infinite number of cones along the
central meridian. This affects the shape of the meridians.

- The American polyconic map projection is a map projection used for maps of the United States and
regions of the United States beginning early in the 19th century.

Ellipsoid
- An ellipsoid is a surface that may be obtained from a sphere by deforming it by means of directional
scaling, or more generally, of an affine transformation. An ellipsoid is a quadric surface; that is, a
surface that may be defined as the zero set of a polynomial of degree two in three variables.
- Volume: 4/3 × π × a × b × c

- Common objects with this shape: Watermelon, Bean, Skittles, M&M'S, Ball

- An ellipsoid is symmetrical about three mutually perpendicular axes that intersect at the center. If a, b,
and c are the principal semiaxes, the general equation of such an ellipsoid is x^2/a^2 + y^2/b^2 +
z^2/c^2 = 1.

Geoid
- The geoid (/ˈdʒiː. ɔɪd/) is the shape that the ocean surface would take under the influence of the gravity
of Earth, including gravitational attraction and Earth's rotation, if other influences such as winds and
tides were absent.

- The geoid is the shape that the ocean surface would take under the influence of the gravity of Earth,
including gravitational attraction and Earth's rotation, if other influences such as winds and tides were
absent. This surface is extended through the continents.