THE PLIGHT OF POLICE OFFICER ON THE TECHNOLOGY

ADVANCEMENT PROGRAM OF THE PNP

A Research Proposal
Presented to

The Faculty of the College of Criminology

JOSE RIZAL MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
The Premier University in Zamboanga Del Norte
College of Criminal Justice Education (CCJE)
Dapitan City, Main Campus

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

FOR CRIM – 6 CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH 1
(RESEARCH METHODS WITH APPLIED STATISTICS)

By

APRIL BOY MENDOZA

MARVY JAMORA CAMASURA
ALJUN ENOJARIO

JULY 2022
 Republic of the Philippines
JOSE RIZAL MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
The Premier University in Zamboanga del Norte
Dapitan City, Main Campus

APPROVAL SHEET

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT of the requirements in CRIM 32 course for the degree of

Bachelor of Science in Criminology. This undergraduate thesis entitled “THE PLIGHT
OF POLICE OFFICER ON THE TECHNOLOGY ADVANCEMENT PROGRAM
OF THE PNP”, has been examined and is recommended for pre-oral defense.

______________________
Adviser

This undergraduate thesis entitled “THE PLIGHT OF POLICE OFFICER ON

THE TECHNOLOGY ADVANCEMENT PROGRAM OF THE PNP”, prepared and
submitted by April Boy Mendoza, Marvy Jamora Camasura, and Aljun Enojario has
been reviewed approved by the thesis committee for pre-oral.

_____________________
Chairman

________________________ ___________________
Member Member

ii
 _______________ by the panel of examiners on oral defense on
___________ with the rating of _______________.

_____________________
Chairman
Date Signed: _______________

_________________ ____________________
Member Member
Date Signed: ________ Date Signed: ________

________________________
Member
Date Signed: _______________

________ by the Associate Dean of the College of Education for the degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY.

__________________________________
Associate System Dean
College of Criminal Justice Education
Date Signed: ____________

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Title Page i
Approval Sheet ii
Table of Contents iv
List of Figures vi

Chapter
Page
1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction 1
Theoretical/Conceptual Framework 4
Schematic Diagram 7
Statement of the Problem 8
Hypotheses 9
Scope and Delimitations of the Study 9
Significance of the Study 10
Operational Definition of Terms 11

2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Literature
14
Studies 17

3 METHODOLOGY

Method Used 18
Respondents of the Study 19
Research Environment 19

iv
 Research Instruments 21
Scoring Procedure 22
Data Gathering Procedure 23
Statistical Treatment of Data 23
REFERENCES 26

APPENDICES

Appendix A -Letter of Request 29

Appendix B-Survey Questionnaire 30

CURRICULUM VITAE 35

v
 List of Figures

Figure No. Title Page

1 Schema of the Study 7

2 Map of Dapitan City 20

vi
 1

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Throughout centuries ago, technology has been seen as a key motivator of legal

strategies and tactics. In the 20th century, the arrival of the telephone, the vehicle, and two-

way radios prompted police agencies to adopt a policy of fast response to requests for

police aid from civilians (Champman, 2016).

Now, in the 21st century, technical innovations such as closed-circuit

television, automated license plate readers (LPRs), in-car cameras, body-worn cameras

(BWCs), predictive police software, and social media communication and surveillance

tools have arisen. During the last several decades, the spread of computer technology,

communication technology, and other significant technical breakthroughs have made

several technologies available to law enforcement agents that were nearly unheard of in

their ancestors' time. Numerous agencies are employing these and other technologies to

boost efficiency and improve outcomes, particularly in an era of dwindling resources and

increased public scrutiny of law enforcement tactics and results (Stickle & Felson, 2020).

According to Dewinter et al. (2020), despite of the theoretical linkages between

technology and policing methods and achievements, it is not well known how police

agencies choose technical equipment or how agency features form their technological

portfolios. Moreover, police agencies vary in their philosophies, cultures, management

strategies, and agency objectives (Brayne, 2017) consequently, technological priorities and

modes of use may vary based on these factors. Existing theoretical perspectives on how

technology is adopted in organizations appear to be out of touch with the reality of

 2

technology acquisition in law enforcement agencies (LEAs), and they fail to account for

the idiosyncratic differences among LEAs with regard to decision-making processes and

perceptions of impact (Ferguson, 2017). Similarly, there is insufficient knowledge on the

process by which technology is adopted, as well as the particular obstacles faced by Law

Enforcement Administration’s (LEA’s). Consequently, there are fewer resources

accessible to assist Law Enforcement Administration (LEA) choices to buy and install a

technology.

In the Philippines, the Constabulary Data Processing Unit (PCDPU) was

established on October 18, 1965. It was renamed the Crime Information and Data

Processing Center (CRIDPC) three years later, with a major focus on gathering crime-

related data from the field. On March 1, 1972, the Constabulary Computer Center was

founded with the primary purpose of maintaining a national crime data bank for use in

crime research that is immediately accessible to law enforcement groups. On January 13,

1988, the Constabulary Computer Center (CCC) was renamed the PC/INP Computer

Center. The PNP Computer Service was originally created in January 1991 under the

authorization of RA 6975. Under NAPOLCOM Resolution 2008-532, issued 11 November

2008, Computer Service was renamed Information Technology Management Service

(Goodison et al.,2016).

Furthermore, in today's police are all about intelligent policing, as all criminal

actions are technology-driven. In order to successfully address the changing crime rate

through the use of technology, it is essential to design crime prevention policy

interventions. During the launching of the IT program of the PNP by the Directorate for

Investigation Detective Management (DIDM) of the Philippine National Police (PNP),

 3

former Chief DIDM Director Magalong stated that the main effect of having these IT

program of the PNP will be higher crime solution efficiency, higher clearance efficiency,

and fewer personnel will run the system so that policemen are on the streets, as opposed to

the traditional method (National Headquarters Philippine National Police, 2016). Visual

technology, audio, computerized record storage, sophisticated analytics, and similar

innovations appear to be progressing at a rapid rate. Although e-policing may be effective

for certain individuals, it is ineffective for those who lack ICT training, ICT exposure, ICT

knowledge, internet connectivity, or online access (Pavone et al., 2016).

This essential circumstance must be reflected by the whole policing

community. Consequently, this PNP e-Policing platform, specifically the Advance IT

program of the PNP, offers to upgrade the PNP's investigative equipment, install a case

tracking system, institutionalize the crime reporting from all PNP units reflecting the true

crime situation in real-time, and implement an improved crime reporting system in the

country, among other things.

Law enforcement already uses these technological advances (Escalona, 2020).

This circumstance drives the researchers to identify the plight of police officers in terms of

their awareness of advanced technology-related policing and their perceived plight related

to use of advanced technology, notably e-policing platforms by the Philippine National

Police in Dapitan City. As technology growth quickens, police personnel must evaluate

and deploy electronic and smart gadgets. How police officers assess the difficulty or misery

of the utilized technology will result in a strategy plan to lessen complexity in employing

sophisticated technologies in the police profession.

 4

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework of the Study

This investigation is based in Bakarada et al. (2013) Technology deployment

process theory. This is the process of integrating and adopting innovative or enhanced

technologies that are regularly employed in existing Law enforcement administration

(LEA) or police systems to improve organizational performance. Reduce the expense of

time or mitigate the risk of system obsolescence in order to maintain maximum through-

life capacity effectiveness. Although a variety of technology types that require greater

awareness usage, familiarity, and training have contributed to the success of using

advanced Information Technology (IT), deployment issues and difficulty have surfaced

due to a lack of awareness, lack of familiarity, and training on the proper usage of

information and communication systems and resources to further improve internal systems

to enhance organizational performance.

Despite the fact that these restrictions may be acceptable or even serve as

crucial precautions, practitioners may feel that they lack the backing of their superiors or

the general authorization to apply new technology (Kabel and McQueen, 2020). The vast

majority of research and practical assessments that incorporate user focus and usability

difficulties fail to identify real user requirements and institutional constraints (Brell et al.,

2018).

Thus, the inability to increase the usability of new technologies due to a lack

of awareness of practitioners' views might impair the work of security experts (Rogers and

Scally, 2018). This is supported by Hirschmann and Christe-Zeyse (2016), who assert that

technology elements, in addition to human and organizational factors, can have a

significant impact on professional performance. These topics are rarely explored in the
 5

context of security or law enforcement, especially in relation to the deployment and

utilization of new technology. This is troublesome due to two primary factors. First, police

work may frequently serve as a model for organizations with complex organizational and

social dynamics (Hirschmann and Christe-Zeyse, 2016; Ingram et al., 2018). Second, it is

an area in which day-to-day operations may be drastically altered by the use of new

technology (Elliott-Davies et al., 2016). Exploring the perspectives of plight among

police personnel towards the use of new advance technology is a crucial issue that should

have a more significant position on the policing research agenda.

In addition, in posing a threat to public safety and crime prevention if there are

too many incidents for operators to respond to, working conditions as described by some

practitioners are problematic in terms of the occupational health of the operators (Laufs

and Borrion, 2021). This is a well-known issue that has been identified in the past. This,

along with the frequency with which budgetary and resource constraints mentioned,

highlights the need for new technologies to manage increasing workloads and a greater

variety of tasks in times of austerity and dwindling resources (Barocas and Selbst, 2016)

Especially in light of the COVID-19 pandemic's impact on budgetary constraints, public

agencies will need to embrace innovation to manage resource shortages and maintain

efficiency (Azoulay and Jones, 2020). However, practitioners also saw potential in utilizing

new technologies to address resource shortages and staffing issues. This is consistent with

the findings of Wilson and Weiss (2017), who investigated the impact of individual staffing

and work load on policing operations.

 6

The theory of Technology deployment process will be use as a baseline concept

of this study to the police officers perceive plight on technology advancement usage in

assessing their level of awareness, and level of difficulty in the use of Nationwide PNP e-

platforms as an advance technology solution under Philippine National Police (PNP) next

generation investigation which composed of: CIRAS- Enhanced e-Blotter or Crime

Information reporting and Analysis System, Case Information Database Management

System (CIDMS), E-Subpoena System, and E-Warrant System.

Figure 1 shows the research paradigm of the study which involves the INPUT:

The Independent variable—Advance Technology program of the PNP (Philippine

National Police (PNP) e-platforms for investigation used nationwide: CIRAS- Enhanced

e-Blotter or Crime Information reporting and Analysis System, Case Information Database

Management System (CIDMS), E-Subpoena System, and E-Warrant System; the

Dependent Variable containing the measuring aspect pertaining to the level of awareness,

and level of difficulty usage on the advance technology program of the PNP. Lastly, the

intervening variable which may intercede to the result of the study and that is the

respondent’s profile as to age, sex, number of ICT trainings attended, length of service and

rank.
 7

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Level of Awareness
Plight on Advance
Technology Program of
the PNP

• CIRAS
• CIDMS
• E-Subpoena System
• E-Warrant System

Level of Difficulty Usage

Respondents Profile

• Age
• Sex
• Number of ICT trainings attended
• Length of Service
• Rank
• Area of Assignment

INTERVENING VARIABLE

Figure 1. Schema of the Study

 8

Statement of the Problem

The study aims to determine the plight of police officer on the technology

advancement program of the PNP such as CIRAS, CIDMS, E-Subpoena System, and E-

Warrant System in Dapitan City in the academic year, 2022-2023. Specifically, this study

endeavors to answer the research problems stated as follows:

1. What is the profile of the police- respondent in terms of:

1.1 age;

1.2 sex;

1.3 number of ICT trainings attended;

1.4 length of service;

1.5 rank; and

1.6 area of assignment?

2. What is the extent level of awareness of the police respondents using PNP advance

technology program of the PNP as to:

2.1 CIRAS;

2.2 CIDMS;

2.3 E-Subpoena System; and

2.4 E-Warrant System?

3. What is the difficulty usage level of the PNP advance technology program of the PNP

as perceived by the police respondent?

 9

4. Is there a significant difference in the extent level of awareness of the police respondents

using PNP advance technology program of the PNP when grouped according to their

profile?

5. Is there a significant difference in the perceived difficulty usage level of the PNP advance

technology program of the PNP when grouped according to their profile?

6. Is there a significant relationship between level of awareness and perceived difficulty

usage level of the PNP advance technology program of the PNP?

Null Hypotheses

The hypotheses specified are therefore considered and will be tested at a 5% level

of significance based on the research problems.

Ho1: There is no significant difference in the extent level of awareness of the police

respondents using PNP advance technology program of the PNP when grouped according

to their profile.

Ho2: There is no significant difference in the perceived difficulty usage level of the PNP

advance technology program of the PNP when grouped according to their profile.

Ho3: There is no significant relationship between level of awareness and perceived

difficulty usage level of the PNP advance technology program of the PNP.

Scope and Delimitations of the Study

The study aims to determine how police officers feel about using technological

innovation program of the PNP specifically, the plight in using CIRAS, CIDMS, E-

Subpoena System, and E-Warrant System in Dapitan City. This study will be conducted

in the academic year 2022-2023.

 10

The research subjects will be police officers from Dapitan City's police stations.

This research will not bother to evaluate the performance of PNP e-platforms or advanced

technological program of the PNP. Furthermore, this study will look only into the

significant relationship between level of awareness and perceived difficulty in using PNP

advanced technology program of the PNP, as well as its significant difference when

grouped per demographic characteristics.

Significance of the Study

The results of this analysis are useful in the following ways:

BS Criminology Students. This study will enlighten them and provide them with

additional details about their course. The critical insights gained from this study will enable

them to be more active and tactical in using ICT tools in policing profession during such

events, enabling them to contribute in their own specific and successful ways to the

community.

Police Officers. The study's findings will help police officers cope with the plight

they experience in using advanced technology tools in law enforcement administrations by

understanding the importance of awareness and perceived difficulty in using advanced

technology platforms in policing. This will help them improve their community relations

in light of the trend of reducing communication and disseminating public information via

advanced ICT program of the PNP.

Law Enforcement Agencies. Numerous organizations used the study's conclusions

to build and execute effective ICT training and awareness for police personnel. This study

will help them determine the ICT skills they need to use police technology effectively.
 11

Future Researchers. The outcomes of this study served as a baseline for future

research on the critical and significant nature or role of advance technology tools in law

enforcement administration’s and the factors that causes plight to the police officers in

using advance technology tools.

Operational Definition of Terms

To ensure everyone understands the study, the following terms are operationally

defined according to the context in which they are used.

Advance Technology program of the PNP. This term refers to the advanced

technology platforms generated in the computer and network facilities that serve as the

information systems and services design to enhance PNP processes and services that are

effective in saving time, being reliable, and protecting information resources in order to

further enhance police frontline services, police response, and monitoring, such as CIRAS;

CIDMS; E-Subpoena System; and E-Warrant System.

Awareness. This refers to basic understanding and knowledge pertaining to what and

how the advance technology program of the PNP or e-platforms will be used and utilized

its benefit in the Law enforcement administration, or the policing response.

CIDMS. This term refers to the Case Information Database Management System,

which is a visually information security system that can maximize the value of large

volumes of data by enabling analysts to rapidly collect, analyze, and display complicated
 12

data from many sources. Developed by ITMS and originally utilized by the CIDG, it is the

digital notebook of the investigator and a database system used to manage cases.

CIRAS. This term refers to the Crime Information reporting and Analysis System

with the Geographic Information System (GIS) to grow into a Qualitative Crime Analysis

Management Tool as a scientific management tool for the efficient and effective

prescription of police action. It acts especially as a crime database; identifies crime hotspots

as well as other trends and patterns; utilizes spatial (space) and time series analysis.

E-Subpoena System. This refers to the delivery of subpoenas and other court

documents to PNP units in a cost-effective method. Since everything is completed online,

paper and courier costs are no longer a burden, there are no more delays, and records are

immediately accessible.

E-Warrant System. This refers to the electronically documented and accessible

through computer. The e-warrant, developed by ITMS and DIDM, avoids the

inconvenience of mailing a warrant to a police station. The technology helps police

apprehend criminals by allowing them to email, print, and serve warrants. The warrant,

albeit not the original, will aid the capture of a criminal because the arresting officer knows

a warrant is outstanding for the latter's arrest.

ICT. Information and Communications Technology. This refers to the entirety of

electronic methods used to systematically gather, process, store, present, and distribute
 13

information in support of end-user’s activities. It is comprised of computer systems, office

systems, consumer electronics, and telecommunications technologies, as well as a

networked information infrastructure whose components include the telephone system, the

Internet, fax machines, computers, and their corresponding methodologies, processes,

rules, and conventions. In addition, it is a convergence of computer technology,

microelectronics applications, and information communication techniques and procedures.

It covers the use of computers, data communications, office system technologies, and any

other technology pertaining to the current use of computing and/or communication. It is

also the combination of information technology and data communication.

Plight. This word refers to the challenges faced or experienced by police personnel

while utilizing advanced digital technologies that have the ability to significantly improve

productivity, policing response, frontline information services, and monitoring for

efficient, reliable services.

 14

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter examines the relevant literature, including papers and research

that support and reviews on the police officers’ plight on the usage of technology

advancement program of the PNP.

Literature

Public organizations are compelled to innovate at an ever-increasing rate in

order to stay up with current technological advancements, which have permeated the

majority of societal sectors. However, technology has been an integral aspect of police

work, and technical innovation has accompanied the growth of police procedures

(Benjamin, 2019).

Improving efficacy and efficiency to meet rising demand while adhering to

stringent financial limits is the driving force behind this symbiotic partnership. Many police

departments are now more tech-savvy than ever before. With the industry prepared to

supply this need with crime analysis software, drones, and body-worn cameras, among

others, the usage of technology items has expanded (Higgins, 2016).

It is simple to understand how crime statistics and policing have evolved with

technology in what has been called an arms race. As a consequence, it is an important

 15

issue for the direction of law enforcement and crime prevention. These, however,

frequently place more emphasis on the theoretical and philosophical aspects of the subject's

technological growth. There is a dearth of research analyzing the topic from the perspective

of practitioners and studying the implications on law enforcement organizations that

actually use these cutting-edge technologies, with the emphasis predominately on the

consequences for society as a whole (National Police Chiefs Council, 2016).

According to the Compendium of PNP ICT Policies (2016), smart policing is

the new system on the guidelines and procedures of Memorandum Circular No. 2010-016,

to integrate and standardize all the major PNP information and communication systems

and resources to further improve internal systems to include the interoperability,

integration, standardization, acquisition, utilization, development, and maintenance of all

ICT assets with DICTM serving as the authority on ICT matters. In addition, Information

and Communication Technology (ICT) has been at the forefront of worldwide and 21st

century advancements. It has significantly contributed to the expansion and productivity of

organizations and societies around the globe.

In the Philippine National Police (2016), ICT is regarded as an important

driver of innovation and transformation, as the organization aims for a strategic change via

the institutionalization of the Integrated Transformation Program-Performance

Governance System (ITP-PGS) or the PNP Peace and Order Agenda for Transformation

and Upholding the Rule of Law (P.A.T.R.O.L.) Plan 2030, which envisions a more

professional, effective, and credible police service.

Gogov (2017) reported that because information technology has practically

unlimited potential, its use in monitoring private and public life is sensitive. Public video
 16

surveillance is growing. In Western cities, it's hard to move without being watched. The

expansion of technology, the centralization of surveillance, and the erroneous belief that

surveillance (particularly video cameras) promotes security are likely to expand this type

of monitoring and surveillance. CCTV or video surveillance is a growing sector that easily

links to the internet, facial recognition software, fingerprint databases, and other public

databases. The video camera's night vision, motion sensor, etc., have been improved. GPS,

access control systems, record of presence software and systems, and mass mobility

software and systems are being developed (Brayne et al., 2018).

According to Laufs et al. (2020), the police make extensive use of information

technology. However, there are problems and difficulties in the areas of familiarity,

knowledge, and convenience of use of ICT tools in the new policing system, most of which

are associated with the privacy of individuals. Possible benefits and advantages of the

implementation of video surveillance and global positioning system (GPS) in policing

would not provide better outcomes if the police maintain a distance from residents and their

security-related everyday concerns. To strike a balance between increased security and the

preservation of human rights and liberties, however, continual reevaluation and

modifications of the legislative framework governing the application of information

technology are essential.

Kowalczyk (2015) concluded ambient intelligence is extraordinarily complex,

but its complexity is concealed, without monitors and keyboards, which is why the

environment itself becomes the interface. Police personnel’s capabilities to perform

surveillance, monitoring, and case reporting in real time is indeed very crucial. Due to the

fact that the environment will always be one step ahead of us, the notion of intelligent
 17

environments offers several concerns and the greatest hurdles to date in terms of privacy

as a fundamental human right, which is essential for the maintenance of democracy and the

rule of law.

Studies

On one side of the studies discussion from different researchers which believe

such limitations are oppressive or unreasonable, while on the other are others who believe

that more surveillance is necessary for the sake of national security and efficiency.

Technology-oriented security regulations and more invasive police ICT program of the

PNP have encouraged these answers (Crow and Smykla, 2019). User and accessibility

assessments focus on identifying institutional constraints and actual user needs (Brell et

al., 2018). Police practitioners' viewpoints are sometimes overlooked when it comes to new

technology's usability, making it more difficult for security professionals to carry out their

duties (Elliott-Davies et al., 2016).

In addition, a biggest impediment faced by law enforcement officers who make

use of advanced technologies is a shortage of training and experience (Joh, 2019). Because

urban, social, and demographic shifts are always occurring, the police force requires

enough training to become more proficient in the application of cutting-edge technologies

in the police service (Bromberg et al., 2019).

In conclusion, it is possible that limits on finances and legislation, in particular,

might have a negative influence on the way law enforcement professionals see the

implementation and utilization of new security technology (Rogers and Scally, 2018). The

professionals who work in law enforcement may believe that they do not have the support
 18

of their superiors or a larger rationale to employ new technology, despite the fact that these

constraints may, in some instances, be acceptable or even serve as substantial precautions

(Wilson, 2019).

Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter analyzes and explains the analytical methodologies, testing

environment, materials, measurement procedures, calculating tool, its evaluation, data

gathering, and statistical instruments employed. This lengthy experience illustrates the

protocols discussed in this article. In addition, it combines descriptive data into the

validation and methodology of measuring procedures, as well as quantitative data

processing by the use of suitable instruments.

Method Used

The descriptive-survey method was used in this analysis. Descriptive research

involved the collection of data in testing theories or answering the questions to determine

the police officers’ plight on the usage of technology advancement program of the PNP

such as CIRAS, CIDMS, E-Subpoena System, and E-Warrant System.

Furthermore, the research is survey in quantitative method which the

researchers administered a researcher-designed survey questionnaire to determine the

police officers’ plight on the usage of technology advancement program of the PNP as to

their level of awareness, and level of difficulty usage towards the following e-platforms

under the Directorate for Information and Communications Technology Management with
 19

official (DICTM) is activated to integrate and standardize all the major PNP information

systems and resources to further improve frontline services nationwide as per General

Orders Number DPL 09-08.

Respondents of the Study

Respondents in this survey are the police personnel in Dapitan City Police

Stations to determine the police officers’ plight on the usage of technology advancement

program of the PNP such as CIRAS, CIDMS, E-Subpoena System, and E-Warrant System.

The researchers will get sample responses population size.

The researchers will be utilized hard copy of the questionnaire, and a backup data

gathering procedure with the use of Google form, and sent it to their messenger, depending

on their convenience, to gain their authorization to participate, and then send them the link

or attached file of the survey questionnaire.

Research Environment

The officers working at the several police stations in Dapitan City will be asked to

participate in this research. As a result, the City of Dapitan is considered an official first-

class city and serves as the capital of the province of Zamboanga del Norte, which is located

on the southern island of Mindanao in the Philippines (see figure 2 below). To the city's

southeast are undulating hills, while to its north lies the Sulu Sea.
 20

Geographically, the city is bordered on all sides by water. It's possible that the use

of advanced technologies in the policing industry will need a scenario like this one. As a

result, concerns regarding the application of advanced technology to improve law

enforcement services in Dapitan City are addressed.

 21

Figure 2

Map of Dapitan City

Research Instrument

The survey instrument for this research is a researcher-designed questionnaire to

determine the police officers’ plight on the technology advancement program of the PNP

based on their level of awareness, and difficulty usage level. Thus, the questionnaire

designed by the researchers, based on its purpose and insights gleaned from the research

adviser and reliable references related to this study. Thus, the researchers will pilot test the

structured questionnaire to test the reliability of the data gathering instrument using

Cronbach’s alpha internal consistency.

Thus, the instrument's first draft will be submitted to the researchers' advisor for

revisions and comments. Following that, the instrument will be changed including the

feedback received. After reorganizing and revising several sections of the instrument.

Furthermore, the survey questionnaire of this study has three (3) parts:

Part I will focus on the respondents' profile, to determine the demographic

characteristics of the police respondents in terms of age, sex, length of service, number of

ICT trainings attended, rank and place of assignment.

 22

Part II will focus on the extent level of awareness of the police respondents using

PNP advance technology program of the PNP as to: CIRAS; CIDMS; E-Subpoena System;

and E-Warrant System

Part III will focus on the difficulty usage level of the PNP advance technology as

perceived by the police respondent.

Scoring Procedure

Prieto et al. (2017) used 5-point Likert - type scale at a quantitative definition of

mean indices and interpretation of this analysis in measuring extent level of awareness of

the police respondents using PNP advance technology program of the PNP, and the

difficulty usage level in the Part II and III of the survey questionnaires.

Adjectival Equivalent of 5-Point Likert Scale and Interpretation of the Mean

Indices used extent level of awareness and difficulty usage.

Scale Mean Value Interpretation

1 1.00 – 1.80 Very Low

2 1.81 – 2.60 Low

3 2.61 – 3.40 Moderately High

4 3.41 – 4.20 High

5 4.21 – 5.00 Very High

The guide for interpreting the spearman rank-correlation coefficient ρ as suggested

by Cohen, West, and Aiken (2014) are as follows:

 23

Value Size Interpretation

±0.50 to ±1.00 Large High positive/negative correlation

±0.30 to ±0.49 Medium Moderate positive/negative correlation

±0.10 to ±0.29 Small Low positive/negative correlation

±0.01 to ±0.09 Negligible Slight positive/negative correlation

±0.00 None No correlation

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers will seek first the approval of the Research Ethics Committee

through pre-oral presentation, then after the research proposal will be approved, the

researchers will draft a letter of transmittal to be signed by the Dean of the College of

Criminology, and the research advisor.

Prior to the dissemination of the survey questionnaire, the researchers will be revised

and finalized all the corrections given by the panel of the Research Ethics Committee.

Hence, the researchers will prepare two (2) modality of data gathering approach: one (1) is

the printed survey questionnaire; and two (2) is the online access survey questionnaire

through Google Form.

The researchers must ensure the ethical considerations in conducting research, the

participants must voluntarily submit to the request of the researchers, and by no means of

any coercion. Also, data privacy or non-disclosure of the responses must strictly follow, as

well as the health and safety protocols.

 24

Statistical Treatment of Data

The data will be precisely tabulated, categorized, analyzed, and interpreted using

suitable statistical software. In this analysis, appropriate descriptive and inferential

statistics used, including:

Frequency and Percentage Counting will be used to measure and address problem 1.

Weighted mean will be used to answer problem no. 2 and 3

Formula:

Where:

Weighted mean = Σwx/Σw

Σ = the sum of

w = the weights.

x = the value.

As to inferential problem no. 4 and 5 Chi-square test in testing the significant

difference in the level of awareness and the difficulty usage level when group according

age, sex, length of service, number of ICT trainings attended, rank and area of assignment.

The formula is:

Where:

x2 = Chi-square test

O= observed frequency
 25

E=expected frequency

∑= summation

Lastly, as to inferential problem no. 6 Spearman’s correlation coefficient in

testing the whether there is a significant relationship between the level of awareness and

perceived difficulty usage level of the PNP advance technology program of the PNP.

Thus, the study and evaluation of data will be tabulated and computed using the

MS Excel and MiniTab19.

 26

REFERENCES

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553-553. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc5792

Barocas, S., and A. D. Selbst. 2016. Big data’s disparate impact. California Law Review,

10(3),671–732.

Baškarada, S., McKay, T., & McKenna, T. (2013). Technology deployment process

model. Operations Management Research, 6(3-4), 105-118.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12063-013-0082-5

Benjamin, R. (2019). Race after technology. Cambridge Polity Press.

Brayne, S. (2017). Big data surveillance: The case of policing. American Sociological,

Review 82(5), 977–1008.

Brayne, S., K. E. C. Levy, and B. C. Newell. (2018). Visual data and the law. Law and

Social Inquiry, 43(4),1149–1163.

Brell T, Philipsen R and Ziefle M (2018) Pictures of you, pictures and user acceptance of

camera-technology in intelligent transport systems. Setúbal Science and

Technology Publications, 371–378.

Crow MS and Smykla JO (2019). Police body-worn cameras. Research Developments on

an Emerging Technology, 44(3): 257–262. https://bit.ly/3OGc32J

 27

Elliott-Davies M, Donnelly J, Boag-Munroe F et al. (2016). Getting a battering the

perceived impact of demand and capacity imbalance within the police service of

England and Wales: A qualitative review. The Police Journal, 89(2), 93–116.

Escalona, J. L. (2020). E-policing in the PNP Laoag City police station: Case study.

International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 5(12), 421-

431. https://bit.ly/3yahDmV

Goodison, S., Davis, R. C., & Jackson, B. A. (2015). Digital evidence and the U.S. criminal

justice system: Identifying technology and other needs to more effectively acquire

and utilize digital evidence. Santa Monica, CA: RAND

Google Map. (2022). Dapitan City Police Station, and Dapitan City Community police

assistance center, Dapitan City, Zamboanga del Norte. Google Map Image.

https://bit.ly/3bXO00u

Ingram JR, Terrill W and Paoline EAIII. (2018). Police culture and officer behavior:

Application of a multilevel framework. Criminology. An Interdisciplinary Journal,

56(4), 780–811.

Joh, EE. (2019). Increasing automation in policing. Communications of the ACM ,63(1),

20–22.

Mackey, W. J., & Courtney, B. J. (2016). Advances in technology and policing: 21st

century America. Law Enforcement and Technology, 27-45.

https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-57915-7_3
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Pavone V, Santiago Gomez E and Jaquet-Chifelle D.O. (2016). A systemic approach to

security: Beyond the tradeoff between security and pliberty. Democracy and

Security 12(4), 225–246.

Philippine National Police. (2016). PNP next generation investigation. Philippine National

Police. https://bit.ly/3OYmLRJ

Rogers C and Scally EJ. (2018). Police use of technology: Insights from the literature.

International Journal of Emergency Services, 7(2): 100–110.

 29

APPENDIX A

LETTER OF REQUEST

________________________
Chief, Dapitan City Station

Greetings of Peace!

Sir/Madam:

We are third year criminology students from Jose Rizal Memorial State University, and we
are currently conducting a research study titled “THE PLIGHT OF POLICE OFFICER
ON THE TECHNOLOGY ADVANCEMENT PROGRAM OF THE PNP” as a partial
fulfillment in the degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology. This study will to
determine the police officers’ plight on the usage of technology advancement program of
the PNP such as CIRAS, CIDMS, E-Subpoena System, and E-Warrant System in Dapitan
City in the academic year, 2022-2023.

In relation to this, may we request for permission from your reputable office to conduct a
survey to all police officers including you, rest assured that all information or data
collected, as well as the respondents’ profile and identity will be handled with utmost
confidentiality.

We are anticipating for your positive response pertaining to this matter. For your
convenience we have two type of data gathering instrument: Google form (via link or QR
code), and printed copy. Attached to this letter is the QR code as well as the link for you to
access the survey form.

Thank you.

Respectfully yours,

APRIL BOY MENDOZA

MARVY JAMORA CAMASURA

ALJUN ENOJARIO

Noted by: _________________

Research Adviser
 30

APPENDIX B

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Direction: Below is a questionnaire checklist relative to the conduct of my study. Please

indicate your answer in the space provided for your answer by using a check mark (/).

PART 1. RESPONDENTS’ PROFILE

A. Name (Optional) _____________________________________________________

B. Age: ____ 21-29 years old

____ 30-39 years old
____ 40-49years old
____ 50 & above years old

C. Sex: ____ Male ____ Female

D. Rank (old) RA 11200 F. Area of Assignment

___Police Lieutenant Colonel ____ Dapitan City Community police

___Police Major assistance Center
___Police Captain
___Lieutenant ____ Dapitan City Police Mobile Group

___Police Executive Master Sergeant

___Police Chief Master Sergeant
___Police Senior Master Sergeant
___Police Master Sergeant
___Police Staff Sergeant
___Police Corporal
___Patrolman/Patrol Woman

E. Number of ICT Trainings Attended G. Length of Service Category

_______1-5 years
___ 0-1 _______ 6-10 years
___ 2-3 _______ 11-15 years
___ 4- 6 _______ 16-20 years
___ 7and above _______ 21-25 years
_______ 26-30 years
_______ 31 years and above
 31

PART II. LEVEL OF AWARENESS

Direction: Please take the time to carefully read all of the issues. The survey has been
designed to be easy to complete. The answer needs you to use the scale as follows to
show your acceptable responses:

5- Very High Awareness

4- High Awareness
3-Moderately High Awareness
2- Low Awareness
1-Very Low Awareness

A. CIRAS /e-Blotter 5 4 3 2 1

I am aware that …
1. It is an electronic database system that
facilitates crime documentation.

2. It is formerly the e-Blotter system that

sets a standard procedure by which all
crime incidents reported to the police
stations are electronically stored in a
database.
3. It also presents a quick, fast and
reliable transmission of crime information
from a police station to the provincial and
regional offices and to the national
headquarters.

4. It is the front desks officer entertains and

receives report from the complainant and
initially records into the police blotter the
short details of the incident using a
template of CIRAS online.

5. It is where the PPO/District/CPOs can

view data encoded by Police Stations
and can generate reports, search/verify &
print IRF.
 32

B. CIDMS (Case Information and Database 5 4 3 2 1

Management System)

I am aware that …

1. It is a visual intelligence analysis

environment that can optimize the value of
massive amounts of information.
2. It is a visual intelligence analysis
environment allowing the analysts to
quickly collate.

3. It is a visual intelligence analysis

environment analyse and visualize complex
data from different sources.

4. It is the investigator’s digital notebook

and a database system used to monitor cases.
5. It is a software system that uses a standard
method of cataloging, and running queries
on data that provides ways for the data to be
modified or extracted by users or other
programs. Some DBMS examples include
MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft Access,
SQL Server, FileMaker, Oracle, RDBMS,
dBASE, Clipper, and FoxPro.
C. e-Subpoena System 5 4 3 2 1

I am aware that …
1. it is a web-based system that will facilitate
the expeditious and timely delivery of
subpoena issued by the courts to concerned
PNP personnel.
2. the subpoenas and notices will be first be
electronically served through e-mail or SMS
3. It aims for a cost-effective delivery of
subpoenas and other court documents to the
PNP units.
4. This is accomplished online, the cost for
paper and courier is no longer a burden
while there will be no more delays and the
records are easily within reach.
 33

5. the e-Subpoena System, which is a web-

based information system that facilitates
issuances, expedites the transmittal of the
subpoena from the court to the concerned
police officers for quicker and easier
monitoring.

D. E-Warrant System 5 4 3 2 1

I am aware that …
1. it is a system where all warrants of arrest
are electronically issued by the courts to
PNP units concerned for implementation.

2. it operate as an online database of

warrants of arrest, providing real-time
updates on the status of warrants and the
specific actions taken by law enforcement
agents.
3. it is for instantaneous transmission to the
police station which has jurisdiction over the
residence of the accused, and to the station
which filed the complaint.
4. Upon receipt, the concerned police
stations have 10 days to provide feedback on
whether the warrant has been served or the
reasons why it has not been given.
5. it provides real-time feedback mechanism
is viewable by all the courts nationwide.
 34

PART III. LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY USAGE

Direction: Please read all the questions carefully. The survey has been designed to
facilitate easy determining difficulty usage level of the advance technology program of the
PNP as perceived by the police respondent. Answer requires a √ to indicate your
appropriate responses using the scale as:

5- Very High Difficulty usage

4- High Difficulty usage
3-Moderately High Difficulty usage
2- Low Difficulty usage
1-Very Low Difficulty usage

5 4 3 2 1

1. Difficult to Log in
2. Data are not secured
3. Low image resolution
4. Does not Provide Navigation instruction
5. Unreliable and slow data transmission
6. Complicated troubleshooting feature
7. Requires bigger and faster mbps/internet data
8. Confusing content
9. Not accurate and Fix Search Engine
10. Unresponsive entry buttons without scalable
back-end servers, database, APIs, and inquiry
submission buttons.
 35

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Aljun P. Enojario

Age: 22

Sex: male

Birth Date: April 14, 2000

Birth Place: Piao, Sindangan, Zamboanga Del Norte

Height:5'7

Weight:56

Religion: PICC

Civil Status: Single

Citizenship: Filipino

PARENT’S NAME

Father’s Name: Moisis Enojario

Mother’s Name: Alona Enojario

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Name of School

Elementary: Sindangan Pilot Demonstration School

Secondary: Sindangan National High School

Tertiary: Jose Rizal Memorial State University

Course: Bachelor of Science in Criminology

 36

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: April Boy J. Mendoza

Age: 22

Sex: Male

Birth: April 18, 2000

Birth place: Brgy. Ventura, Sapang Dalaga, Misamis Occidental

Height: 5'6

Weight: 54

Religion: Roman Catholic

Civil Status: Single

Citizenship: Filipino

PARENT'S NAME:

Father: Demetrio S. Mendoza

Mother: Jessica J. Mendoza

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

Name of School

Elementary: Ventura Elementary School

Secondary: Sapang Dalaga National High School

SHS: Medina Foundation College

Tertiary Jose Rizal Memorial State University

Course: Bachelor of Science in Criminology

 37

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Marvy Jamora Camasura

Age: 22

Sex: Male

Birth Date: April 12, 2000

Birth Place: Disud Sindangan Zamboanga Del Norte

Height:5'7

Weight:54

Religion: Catholic

Civil Status: Single

Citizenship: Filipino

PARENT’S NAME

Father’s Name: Maximino Camasura

Mother’s Name: Felicidad Camasura

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Name of School

Elementary: Sindangan Pilot Demonstration School

Secondary: Sindangan National High School

Tertiary: Jose Rizal Memorial State University

Course: Bachelor of Science in Criminology