BAB 10

Methods of Construction

What Are the Implications of Construction Methods on Architectural

Design?

The design process relles on making to generate deas and discover new possibilities for a project. This
act of making can be in the craft of a drawing or a model.

 The architect must have enough knowledge of construction tounderstand the materials and
techniques that will most benefit the design
 The architect is also responsible for designing the details and connections between elements

Foundations
Foundations use a combination of bearing walls, columns, and piers to transmit building loads directly to
the earth. These structural elements can form various types of substructures:

 Basements wholly
 Crawl spaces
 Concrete slabs on-grade
 plers or poles

Excavation Support Systems

When the building site is sufficiently large that the sides of an excavation can be bench terraced or
sloped at an angle less than the angle of repose for the soil, no supporting structure is necessary. When
the sides of a deep excavation exceeds the angle of repose for the soil, however, the earth must be
temporarily braced or shored until the permanent construction is in place.

 Tiebacks
 A slurry wall
 Dewatering refers
Shallow Foundations.

Spread Footings

Foundation Walls
foundation walls must be designed and constructed to
resist active earth pressure and anchor the
superstructure against wind and seismic forces.
Floors
Concrete Floor Slabs

Concrete slabs are plate structures that are reinforced to span either one or both directions of a
structural bay Consult a structural engineer and the building code for the required size, spacing, and
placement of all reinforcement.

 One-Way Slab
 One-Way Joist Slab
 Two-Way Slab and Beam
 Two-Way Flat Plate
 Two-Way Flat Slab
 Two-Way Waffle Slab

Walls
Concrete Walls

Anchor reinforced concrete walls to floor slabs, columns, and intersecting walls with bars every 12 in.
(305) for each layer of wall inforcemen.

Roofs
Concrete Roof Slabs Reinforced concrete roof slabs are formed and sitecast in the same

manner as concrete floor systems. Roof slabs are normally covered with a type of membrane roofing