INTRODUCTION

Forest management is a branch of forestry concerned with overall

administrative, legal, economic, and social aspects, as well as scientific and
technical aspects, such as silviculture, protection, and forest regulation. This
includes management for timber, aesthetics, recreation, urban values, water,
wildlife, inland and nearshore fisheries, wood products, plant genetic resources,
and other forest resource values.Management objectives can be for
conservation, utilisation, or a mixture of the two. Techniques include timber
extraction, planting and replanting of different species, building and
maintenance of roads and pathways through forests, and preventing fire.

The forest is a natural system that can supply different products and services.
Forests supply water, mitigate climate change, provide habitats for wildlife
including many pollinators which are essential for sustainable food production,
provide timber and fuelwood, serve as a source of non-wood forest products
including food and medicine, and contribute to rural livelihoods.

The working of this system is influenced by the natural environment: climate,

topography, soil, etc., and also by human activity. The actions of humans in
forests constitute forest management.In developed societies, this management
tends to be elaborated and planned in order to achieve the objectives that are
considered desirable.

Some forests have been and are managed to obtain traditional forest products
such as firewood, fiber for paper, and timber, with little thinking for other
products and services. Nevertheless, as a result of the progression of
environmental awareness, management of forests for multiple use is becoming
more common.

IMPORTANCE
We depend on forests for our survival, from the air we breathe to the wood we
use. Besides providing habitats for animals and livelihoods for humans, forests
also offer watershed protection, prevent soil erosion and mitigate climate
change. Yet, despite our dependence on forests, we are still allowing them to
disappear.

Importance of Forests Management:

Let us take a look at why forests management are so very important to us and
our environment. We are basically dependent on forests for our survival. And
so their conservation is of essential importance.

The most important function of forests is that it produces mass amounts of

oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis. Oxygen is the main respiratory gas
for all animals, it ensures our survival.

And while photosynthesis, trees also absorb carbon dioxide from the air. This is
one of the main pollutants of air pollution. Hence forests also reduce air
pollution.

Forests also prevent soil erosion and keep soil pollution in check. Deforestation,
in fact, leads to soil erosion on a large scale since the topsoil comes loose.

Forests also play an important part in the water cycle and control moisture
levels of our ecosystem.

And finally, forests are the natural home and habitat for millions of species of
animals, birds, and insects.

OBJECTIVES
The forest can be managed for various objectives. The main objective of
managing community forest is often to sustainably provide for the needs of
firewood, fodder, timber, etc. in the community. Management of private forest
may, for example, be for the maximum output of good quality timber.There may
be many other objectives in forest management.Just as the objectives are
different, the management work in the forest will also be different.

>To fulfil the basic needs for forestry products such as fuelwood,fodder and
timber.

>To control soil erosion

>To conserve the natural water spring.

>To conserve forests for future generations.

>To maintain greenery and ecological balance and thereby increases the
villages beauty.

PROJECT WORK
METHODOLOGY
1)PLANTATION:Bare ground, clear glades in the forest, and even terrace edges
in fields can all be planted with useful trees. Appropriate non-timber and
medicinal plants which are needed by the household and community can be
chosen and planted, as well as trees grown for timber. These can be grown in a
nursery, or wild plants can be collected from the forest and planted. To learn
about species selection, planting distance, propagation and planting methods,
you should seek technical advice from the relevant places, such as the local
district forest office or appropriate NGO, and request extra training.

2)Weeding and Fire Control:Clear weeds from around newly planted or

regenerated seedlings to help them grow, and protect the area from the harmful
effects of fire and free-range livestock. Some trees may suffer more from fire,
while slow growing plants suffer more from weed competition. This work
protects trees from pests and diseases, and helps the seedlings to grow faster.
3)Thinning:Thinning practice is different depending on the different objectives
of the forest management plan. For example, if the objective is only firewood
production, trees can be grown closer together. But for good quality timber, the
lower branches of selected trees may need pruning. Some types of fodder tree
are best cut in different ways at different times of the year. To make space for
more valuable species, less useful trees and shrubs can be gradually cleared.
For example, if there is too much pine, this can be thinned out and other more
useful or desired species planted in the gaps. If many branches regrow from the
stumps of cut trees (coppicing), a good tree can be grown by selecting the best
one or two stems and cutting the remainder.

OBSERVATIONS
Forests not only provide wood but they directly control floods, drought, soil
erosion etc. Forests Management is of vital importance. Environmental
scientists have calculated what a mature tree of gives to the environment:

1 Releases Oxygen.

2 Checks air pollution.

3 Control moisture and prevents water pollution.

4 Prevents soil erosion and increases soil fertility.

5 Provides shelter to birds and nests.

ANALYSIS OF DATA
Good data analysis is the basis of sustainable forest management. However, the
types of data collected should be compatible to enable comparisons within
certain spans of time to know the status of, and identify changes in, forest
resources. So far as forestry data (statistics and information) is concerned it is
compiled in two aspect. The projection figure comes from statistics where as
factual figure is derived through revenue collection. The detail statement of
revenue collection clarifies the amount of forest products collected and revenue
generated from particular species. It may be timber, fuelwood or any
non-timber forest products.

No studies have been made trees outside forest. However, non-timber forest
products have been part and parcel of forest management in community forest
or Government managed forest. Precise information on trade flows is difficult.
Certain trade flows from community forestry users group has already been
supplying to their own users group, adjoining users, within district and outside
district with government permission. However, there are legal complexities.
Similarly from government managed forest there is a tradition of collecting one
headload of dry fuelwood without paying revenue. Hence information will not
be available in such cases.

Again, there is no authority to supply fuelwood for the industries. Hence there
is more scope to work on such issues. In government managed forest most of
the forests are over matured mostly in the Terai region. Forest in inaccessible
areas are under utilized hence there is a scope of introduction of fuelwood
development programs, cable way logging system and promotion of briquette
and charcoal-making for utilization of the wood fuel.

Information is collected from district by a financial statement, which also

quantifies and specifies the types of forest products and revenue collected. This
statement can be named as supply status of forest products. Dissemination of
information is done through the annual report of forestry sector coordination
committee, which meets once a year and all relevant ministry departments,
agencies, organizations, NGOs, INGo, and national institutions are invited.

RESULTS AND
CONCLUSIONS
It can be concluded that the population is at a consistent increment as the
death-rate has decreased due to the advancement in the field of medical
science. However, the birth-rate has further increased. Therefore, at the present
time, we must make sure that forest management is provided maximum
attention and effort so as to keep this planet of ours viable and nourishing for
the future generation too. Losing forests at the same rate will keep on making a
number of species- which are common today- extinct in the near future. Not
only this, but the resources like wood, oxygen, and more will deplete at a faster
rate. So, "save forests" must be the most common ideology and promotional
notion at present.

Conclusion is analysis with the statement that forestry itself will do little to
influence the rate of deforestation, as the main reasons for deforestation lie
outside the forestry sector. In spite of this rather pessimistic assessment, there
is little doubt that discussion and debate about forestry will continue.