• A process by which a community identifies its needs and

objectives, develops confidence to act in respect to them

and in doing so, extends and develops cooperative and
collaborative attitudes and practices in the community (Ross
1967).

• a collective, participatory, transformative, liberate, sustained

and systematic process of building people's organizations by
mobilizing and enhancing the capabilities and resources of
the people for the resolution of their issues & concerns
Definition towards effecting change in their existing oppressive and
exploitative conditions (National Rural CO Conference 1994 )

• A continuous and sustained process of educating the people

to understand and develop their critical awareness of their
existing condition, working with the people collectively and
efficiently on their immediate and long-term problems, and
mobilizing the people to develop their capability and
readiness to respond and take action on their immediate
needs towards solving their long-term problems (CO: A
manual of experience, PCPD).
 • The sequence of steps whereby
members of a community
come together to critically
Process assess to evaluate community
conditions and work together
to improve those conditions.
 • Refers to a particular group of
community members that
Structure work together for a common
health and health related
goals.
 1. Community working to solve its own
problem.
2. Direction is established internally and
externally.
3. Development and implementation of
Emphasis a specific project that is important
than the development of the capacity
of the community to establish the
project.
4. Consciousness raising involves
perceiving health and medical care
within the total structure of society.
 1. COPAR is an important tool for community
development and people empowerment as this
helps the community workers to generate
community participation in development
activities.
2. COPAR prepares people/clients to eventually
take over the management of a development
programs in the future.
Importance 3. COPAR maximizes community participation and
involvement.
4. Community resources are mobilized for
community services.
5. It offers alternative solutions to health problems
that may not require modern medical
interventions.
 1. People, especially the oppressed,
exploited and deprived sectors are
open to change, have the capacity to
change and are able to bring about
change.
Principles 2. COPAR should be based on the
interests of the poorest sectors of the
society.
3. COPAR should lead to a self-reliant
community and society.
 1. A progressive cycle of Action- Reflection-
Action-Session (ARAS)
2. Consciousness-Raising
COPAR 3. COPAR is Participatory and Mass Based
Process 4. COPAR is Group-Centered and Not Leader-
Oriented
 1. Coordinates with the community and
organizes barangay units for health
clusters.
2. Coordinates with other health staff
Functions of members in planning and implementing
the nurse as projects at the community level.
community 3. Trains community researches and
community leaders regarding the
Organizer conduct of participatory action research
4. Ensures conducts of all identified
activities
5. Evaluates program implementation.
 1. Integration
▪ the health care worker becomes one
with the people in order to:
a. Immerse himself/herself in the
community
b. Understand deeply the culture, economy,
Critical leaders, history, rhythms and lifestyle in
the community.
Methods of integration include
Steps/Activities 1. Participation in direct production
activities of the people
in COPAR 2. Conduct of house-to-house visits
3. Participation in activities like birthdays,
fiestas, wakes, etc.
4. Conversing with the people where they
usually gather such as in stores, water
wells, washing streams, or in churchyards
5. Helping in household chores like cooking,
washing dishes, etc.
 2. Social Investigation
▪ Otherwise known as community study-a
systematic process of collecting, collating,
analyzing data to draw a clear picture of the
community- the health worker must
remember the following during social
investigation:
Critical ▪ Use of survey questionnaires is discouraged
▪ Community leaders can be trained to
Steps/Activities initially assist the community worker in
doing the social investigation
in COPAR ▪ Secondary data should be thoroughly
examined because much of the information
might already be available
▪ Social investigation is facilitated if the
health worker is properly integrated and
has acquired the trust of the people
▪ Confirmation and validation of community
should be done regularly.
 3. Tentative program planning
▪ CO to choose one issue to work on in order to
begin organizing the people
4. Groundwork
Critical ▪ going around and motivating the people on a
Steps/Activities one-on-one basis to do something on the issue
that has been chosen
in COPAR 5. Meeting
▪ people collectively ratify what they have already
decided individually. The meeting gives the
people the collective power and confidence.
Problems and issues are discussed
 6. Role Play
▪ means acting out the meeting that will take place
between the leaders of the people and the
government representatives. It is a way of training
Critical the people to anticipate what will happen and
prepare them for such eventuality
Steps/Activities 7. Mobilization or action
in COPAR ▪ actual experience of the people in confronting the
powerful and actual exercise of the people power
8. Evaluation
▪ the people reviewing the steps 1-7 to determine
whether they were successfully or not in their
objectives.
 9. Reflection
▪ dealing with deeper on going concerns to look at
the positive values CO is trying to build in the
Critical organization. It gives the people time to reflect on
the stark reality of life compared to the ideal
Steps/Activities 10. Organization
in COPAR ▪ the people’s organization is the result of many
successive and similar actions of the people. A final
organizational structure is set up with elected
officers and supporting members.
 COPAR has four phases namely:
1. Pre-Entry Phase,
COPAR
2. Entry Phase,
Phases of
Process 3. Organization-building phase,
4. and sustenance and
strengthening phase.
 • Is the initial phase of the organizing process
where the community/ organizer looks for
communities to serve/help. Activities
include:
1. Preparation of the Institution
Pre-Entry 2. Site Selection
Phase 3. Criteria for Initial Site Selection
4. Identifying Potential Municipalities
5. Identifying Potential Community
6. Choosing Final Community
7. Identifying Host Family
 Sometimes called the social preparation
phase. Is crucial in determining which
strategies for organizing would suit the
chosen community. Success of the
activities depend on how much the
Entry Phase community organizers has integrated
with the community.
▪ Guidelines for Entry
▪ Activities in the Entry Phase
▪ Core Group Formation
 • Entails the formation of more formal
structure and the inclusion of more formal
Organization- procedure of planning, implementing, and
evaluating community-wise activities. It is at
building this phase where the organized leaders or
Phase groups are being given training (formal,
informal, OJT) to develop their style in
managing their own concerns/programs.
 • Activities:
• Community health Organization
Organization-
• Research team committee
building • Planning committee
Phase • Health committee organization
• Formation of by-laws by the CHO
 • Occurs when the community organization
has already been established and the
community members are already actively
Sustenance participating in community-wide
and undertakings. At this point, the different
committee’s setup in the organization-
Strengthening building phase is already expected to be
functioning by way of planning,
Phase implementing, and evaluating their own
programs, with the overall guidance from
the community-wide organization.
 • Activities:
• Training of CHO for monitoring and
Sustenance implementing of community health program
and • Identification of secondary leaders
Strengthening • Linkaging and networking
• Conduct of mobilization on health and
Phase development concerns
• Implementation of livelihood projects
Monitoring and Evaluating Community
Health Programs Implemented
 ➢Monitoring and evaluation are closely related.
➢Monitoring which is done at the implementation phase
Designing and compares the actual progress (of the implementation of the
program) against what was planned.
Implementing ➢The purpose is to identify deviations or problems so that
corrective actions or interventions can be instituted
Evaluation immediately.
Plan ➢This implies reporting to appropriate persons or offices at
regular intervals.
➢Monitoring defines as the continuous or periodic review and
surveillance by management at every level of the hierarchy of
the implementation of an activity to ensure that input
deliveries, work schedules, targeted outputs and other required
actions are proceeding according to plan (UN, 1978).
➢Evaluation on the other hand is analysis of the effectiveness,
quality, scope, and timeliness of services given. It is defined as
the process for determining systematically and objectively the
relevance, efficiency and effectiveness and impact of activities
in the light of their objectives. Or simply, it is the collection and
analysis of information to determine program performance.
 FORMATIVE
• Needs Assessment
• Determines who needs the communication
program/intervention, how great the
Types of • need is, and what can be done to best meet the need.
Involves audience
Evaluation • research and informs audience segmentation and
marketing mix (4 P’s)
• strategies.
•
• Process Evaluation
• Measures effort and the direct outputs of
programs/interventions – what and
• how much was accomplished (i.e., exposure, reach,
knowledge, attitudes, etc.).
• Examines the process of implementing the
communication
• program/intervention and determines whether it is
operating as planned. It can
• be done continuously or as a one-time assessment.
Results are used to
• improve the program/intervention.
 SUMMATIVE
• Outcome Evaluation
• Measures effect and changes that result from the
campaign. Investigates to
Types of • what extent the communication program/intervention
is achieving its outcomes
Evaluation • in the target populations. These outcomes are the
short-term and medium-term
• changes in program participants that result directly
from the program such as
• new knowledge and awareness, attitude change,
beliefs, social norms, and
• behavior change, etc. Also measures policy changes.
• Impact Evaluation
• Measures community-level change or longer-term
results (i.e., changes in
• disease risk status, morbidity, and mortality) that have
occurred because of
• the communication program/intervention. These
impacts are the net effects,
• typically, on the entire school, community,
organization, society, or environment.
 Steps of A. Decide what to evaluate
program B. Design the evaluation Plan
evaluation C. Collect relevant data
D. Analyze data
E. Make decisions
F. Report/Give Feedback
DOCUMENTATION AND
REPORTING
 • All documents information ,
regardless its characteristics, media,
physical form and the manner it is
INTRODUCTION
recorded or stored.
• Records function as evidence of
activities.
• Express or presenting facts, data,
figures or other information in
writing is called records means
written inf. Of information.
▪ Reporting and recording are the major communication
techniques used by health care providers.
▪ DOCUMENTATION serves as a permanent record of client
information and care.
▪ REPORTING takes place when two or more people share
information about client care, either face to face or by
telephone
▪ Documentation is defined as written evidence of:
▪ The interactions between and among health
professionals, clients, their families, and health care
organizations.
▪ The administration of tests, procedures, treatments, and
client education.
▪ The results or client’s response to these diagnostic tests
and interventions
RECORDS
• Health records refers to the forms on
which information about an
individual or family is recorded
REPORTS
• these are account or statement
describing in detail an event,
situation, or like, usually as the result
of observation, inquiry, etc. a formal
or official presentation of facts .
PURPOSE OF
1. Measure service/program directed to the
RECORDS clients
AND 2. Provide basis for future planning
REPORTS 3. Interpret the work to the public and other
agencies, community
4. Aid in studying the conditions of the
community
5. Contributes to client care
 1.) PERIODICAL:
• A.) Permanent records (cumulative)
• B.) Temporary records(casual/daily records)
TYPES OF 2.) UNIT BASED RECORDS:
• a.) individual(individual health cards)
RECORDS • b.) related to family(family folders)
• c.) related to community(community folders)
• d.) National(national health programms records)
3.) SUBJECT BASED:
• a.) economical(financial structure of family, village
• b.) social(records of social structurec.)Politicald.)Medical and
nursing (treatment and medicine recods))
4.) COLLECTION PLACE BASED:
• a.) Collected at institutions(records of hospitals/ ealth centers
• b) Records to be kept with the individual(immunization cards,
disease cards)
 A.) Records to be kept under health centers
➢Family Folders
Records • MCH cards
• Antenatal card/ postnatal cards
related to • Infant card
• Pre-school child card
community • Medicine distribution card include records of iron and
2 categories folic acid distribution cards
• Family welfare records: eligible couple, family planning.
• treatment and referral records
• Vital event records: birth and death records
• General information records; individual records,
family, village, map of community
• Other records:- antenatal records- Medicine records-
Monthly/ yearly records- Consumable stock register
• Stationary stock register
• Daily diary, cumulative records
 Records B.)To be kept with the Patient
• Kept under supervision of community health nurse:
related to • These are:
community • health record of school going children
• infant health card- maternal card
2 categories • tb patient card
• individual health card
• Birth and death record
• Inpatient and outpatient record
• Eligible couple records
• Movement register
• Medicine stock register
 1. Daily diary: daily activities of community health nurse
2. Village record: it consist of
▪ Name of village, distance from health center
IMPORTANT ▪ Total no of families
HEALTH ▪ Total population
RECORDS ▪ Religious beliefs
▪ No. of women under different age group
▪ No of trained dais
▪ No of eligible couples
▪ Community health institutions anganwari etc
▪ Schools, post offices, police stations, place of
worship
▪ Means of transportation and communication
▪ Environment conditions
 • Cumulative means gradual
Cumulative increasing in amount by one adding
records after another
• It is continuing record procedure
• Time saving, economical, review
total history of individual
• Evaluate progress for longer period
(nursing students clinical record)
 • Condition and address of residence
• Name of head of family
Family folder
• Religion and cast
• Name of family member
• Education, occupation, economic
status, diet, eligible couple,
environment.
 • Account or statement describing in detail
an event, situation or like usually as the
result of observation, inquiry etc.
REPORTS • A formal or official presentation of facts
• Reports means fact findings
• Reports can be oral or written.
• Can be daily, monthly, quarterly, half
yearly and annual.
• Analytical aspect of a subject or services
is presented in a report.
 1. Verbal report
2. Written report
• In hospital important reports are;
TYPES OF • 24hrs reports
REPORTS • Night and day report
• Supervision report
• Patient census report
• Accident report

• IN COMMUNITY:
• Anecdotal reports
• Monthly, quaterly, yearly or annually reports
• Evaluatory report
 ▪ Assess health level of community.
IMPORTANCE ▪ Helps in collecting data.
OF RECORDS ▪ Assessment and evaluation of work.
AND ▪ Basis for formulating plans Tool or medium for
health education.
REPORTS ▪ Determine needs of resources.
▪ Legal documentation
▪ Means of communication
▪ Provide information of good nursing
▪ Conduct training and research work
▪ Assess health problems.
 • Filling of records: Alphabetically, numerically and
geographically.
MAINTANENCE
OF RECORDS
AND REPORTS GUIDELINES:
• Clear, appropriate and readable.
• Real or based on facts.
• Abbreviations and short forms should be of
standard.
• Sentences should be short and clear.
• Signature of person filled records.
 1. Kept carefully.
PRECAUTIONS 2. Protected against termites and
insects.
3. Good filling system
4. Easily available on time.
5. Kept at definite place.
6. Confidential
 • Community (or stakeholder) profiles are a useful way of
developing an understanding of the people in a
geographical area or a specific community of interest.
• This understanding can assist in the development of a
Community community engagement plan and influence who the key
stakeholder groups are and how a project develops.
Profile • Profiles can illustrate the makeup of a community and
could include information about the diversity within the
community, their history, social and economic
characteristics, how active people are (i.e. the groups and
networks used) and what social and infrastructure
services are provided.
• A community profile can also provide information on the
level of interest community members may have in being
actively involved in a project and their preferred method
of engagement.