ENGLISH PAPER

“INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC SPEAKING”

Subject : Bahasa Inggris

Supporting Lecturer : Windasari, S.Pd, M.Pd. & Dr. ImaWidiyanah, SP.d. M.Pd.

ARRANGED BY GROUP 2:

1. Syifa Firstiani 21010714015

2. Tiara Agil S 21010714018
3. Sofi Yulis 21010714026
4. Dea Meriana Cristi 21010714034

S1 MANAJEMEN PENDIDIKAN
FAKULTAS ILMU PENDIDIKAN
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SURABAYA
2021/2022
 FOREWORD

In the name of Allah, the most gracious, the most merciful, we pray and praise
him for his presence, who has bestowed his grace and guidance on us. So that we can
complate a professional english paper with the title “Introduction to Public Speaking
which is assisted from various parties, so as to facilitate the making of this paper. We
would like to thank Mrs. Windasari, S.Pd., M.Pd. as alecturer in Professional English
courses. And also we donot forget to express many thanks to whose who have helped us
in the preparation of this paper. However, apart from all of that, we are fully aware that
there are shortcomings, both interms of the compilers of the language and other aspect.
Therefor, with open arms and open arms, we open wide for wider for readers who wanr
to give us suggestions and criticisms so that we can improve this paper.

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 TABLE OF CONTENST

Tittle Page
Foreword
Table of Contens
Chapter I Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Objectives
Chapter II Discusion
2.1 Introduction of Public Speaking
2.2 Benefit of Public Speaking
2.3 Model of Communication
2.4 Element of Communication
2.5 Type Speechs
2.6 Speaking Competencies
Chapter III Closing
3.1 Conclusion

Bibliograph

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 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Latar Belakang

Definition and understanding of public speaking is a communication process carried out in

front of a large audience or group of people. In general, public speaking aims to provide
information, influence, or entertain people. Based on this definition, public speaking is a procedure
for speaking in public, so it must be done in a coherent and planned manner. Therefore, in public
speaking, it does not only require the ability to speak, but rather the ability to speak which is
structured and easily understood by many people in a short time. Purpose of Public Speaking Even
though they both speak in public, public speaking has different purposes. Goals are like: Submit
information, Giving motivation, Convince the Audience, Entertaining Audiences, Controlling the
Atmosphere. Benefits of Having Public Speaking Ability Increase Confidence. By having good
public speaking skills, it is almost certain that we will not be nervous anymore when confronted by
the audience. Because, we already know what we're going to talk aboutEasy to get along. Not only
in the professional field, public speaking is also useful for our daily social life. Usually, a good
public speaker is able to open a conversation to the other person even though he didn't know him
before. Building Relationships. With good public speaking, we can easily get to know other people
wherever we are because the way of communicating is able to make other people feel comfortable.
Easy Business. As explained, one of the purposes of public speaking is to convince the audience.
This means that if it is easy for us to convince the audience, it will also be easier to do business.

1.2 Rumusan Masalah

By the end of this section, you are expected to be able to :
1. Explain benefit of public speaking
2. Explain model of communication
3. Explain element of communication
4. Explain type speechs
5. Explain speaking competensien

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 CHAPTER II
DISCUSION

2.1 Introduction of Public Speaking

The Indonesian phrases most often used to mean public speaking are "speaking in public",
"speaking in public", or "public speaking". frequently speaking in public is known as "speech" or
"speaking in public". The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines public speaking as "the act or skill
of speaking to a usually large group of people". Public speaking is the act or skill of speaking to a
large group of people. In fact, some public surveys show fear of public speaking as higher than fear
of death. It boggles my mind that people are more afraid of ten minutes in front of a group of
people than they are of the great unknown! But, then I’m a little weird in that I actually enjoy
public speaking and being in front of an audience. It probably has to do with my love of theater and
performance that makes me not afraid of being in front of an audience. Despite my lack of fear
about public speaking situations, I have never been able to conquer the nerves and anxiety that
come with almost any speech situation that I’ve been faced with. Communication instructors aren’t
here to make you excellent public speakers. Instructors try to take you from where you are and give
you some skills to become a better public speaker – and hopefully eliminate some of the anxiety
you may have about public speaking. It is my personal philosophy that anybody can give a speech
if they know some basic techniques so let’s get started on the components of a speech which will
make you a successful public speaker.

2.2 Benefits of Public Speaking

According to the Association of American Colleges and Universities, there are a core set of
skills that are necessary “both for a globally engaged democracy and for a dynamicinnovation
fueled economy”. In the category of “Intellectual and practical skills” public speaking is listed as
one of these core skills. This is not particularly surprising given that communication skills are
critical for intellectual development, career trajectory, and civic engagement. Public speaking is
universally applicable to all types of majors and occupations and is seen by U.S. employers as a
critical employability skill for job seekers. No matter what your ambitions and interests are,
developing speaking skills will benefit your personal, professional, and public life.
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1. Personal

People don’t just give presentations on the job and in classes. At times we are called upon to
give speeches in our personal lives. It may be for a special event, such as a toast at a
wedding. We may be asked to give a eulogy at a funeral for a friend or loved one. As a part
of volunteer work, one may have to introduce a guest speaker at an event or present or accept
an award for service. Developing the skill to give these types of speeches can help us to
fulfill essential roles in our family and community. Another great personal benefit of public
speaking is that it builds selfconfidence. It’s no surprise that speaking in public is scary, but
by engaging in the activity you will build self-confidence through the experience.

2. Proffesional

TV announcers, teachers, lawyers, and entertainers must be able to speak well, but most other
professions require or at the very least can benefit from the skills found in public speaking. It
is believed 70% of jobs today involve some form of public speaking. With the recent
economic shift from manufacturing to service careers, the ability to communicate with others
has become crucial. Top CEOs advise that great leaders must be able to communicate ideas
effectively, they must be able to persuade, build support, negotiate and speak effectively in
public. The chapters on “Informative Speaking” and “Persuasive Speaking” can help readers
understand how to write presentations that enhance their leadership skills. But before you
even start a career, you have to get a job. Effective speaking skills make you more attractive
to employers, enhancing your chances of securing employment and later advancing within
your career. Employers, career counselors, and the National Association of Colleges and
Employers (NACE) all list good communication skills at the top of the list of qualities sought
in potential employees. According to NACE’s executive director, Marilyn Mackes, the Job
Outlook 2013 Report found that employers are looking for people who can communicate
effectively (Koncz & Allen, 2012). Monster.com advises, “articulating thoughts clearly and
concisely will make a difference in both a job interview and subsequent job performance”
(McKay, 2005).

3. Public

Learning about public speaking will allow you to participate in democracy at its most basic
level. Public speaking is important in creating and sustaining a society, which includes

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 informed, active participants. Even if you do not plan to run for office, learning about public

speaking helps you to listen more carefully to and critically evaluate other’s speeches. In fact
the “Listening Effectively” and “Critical Thinking and Reasoning” chapters in this book by
Goddu and Russ will help you to develop those skills. Listening and critical thinking allow
you to understand public dilemmas, form an opinion about them, and participate in resolving
them. The progress of the past century involving segregation, women’s rights and
environmental protection are the result of people advancing new ideas and speaking out to
others to persuade them to adopt changes.

2.3 Model of Communication

Dominantly, there are two main models that is referred in using communication technologies
namely, interactive and transactional communication. Linear model of communication as in Figure
2, does not count in as it is considered as a one way communication process in which sender is the
only one who sends message and receiver doesn’t give feedback or response at all. Its major
downside is that it assumes that there is a clear cut beginning and end to the communication
process. It also displays no feedback from the receiver as television, radio or newspapers. It is any
method in which there is no possible way for feedback even non-verbal way. The following is an
explanation of the two communication models:

1. Interactive Model of Communication

In this communication model, both the sender and the receiver take turns to speak and listen
to each other. As a result, the feedback its feedback is given (encode or decode) either
verbally or nonverbally, or in both ways. This model also illustrates that the sender and
receiver communicate better if they have common fields of experience which includes their
cultural background or general personal experiences that overlaps in their interaction.
However, the drawback in the interactive communication model is that it does not indicate
that communicators can both send and receive messages simultaneously. This model also
fails to show that communication is a dynamic process which changes over time. According
to Bajracharya (2018), this communication process can take place between humans or
machines as example instant messaging system or electronic mail (e-mail). Internet can be
taken as the best way of interactive communication example as receiver that can give
feedback even in newspapers and books. This is where online written interaction submerges

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 in the category of Interactive Communication Model. Especially, the use of Internet in the

interaction has increased the opportunity of interactive communication between learners and
it is evolving. In particular, this communication model perceives humancomputer interaction
is also now considered as interactive communication as the model is circular where the
senders interchange every time. Social media, interactive marketing and user generated
contents, auto-teller machines (ATM), online shopping, and chat rooms, are other examples
of interactive communication model as well. However in academic setting, this model also
deals with noise and barriers to communications like language or network problems which
affects the communication process. There is an open distorted line of communication in this
interactive communication model of online written interaction. Furthermore, in this
communication model, it has no engagement of sender and receiver in communication which
in academic setting it is important to develop such soft skills to gain intellectual connection.
Also, the communication between learners can be linear if the receiver (regardless human or
computer) does not respond. Even it is a relatively new model of communication for new
technologies; yet, being instant or synchronous interactive is taken to be a very important
aspect in building effective communication in academic setting.

2. Transactional Model of Communication

It is basically a shared understanding of the information expressed and exchanged in reaching

mutual meaning regardless among human-human or human-computer interaction. It is a
continuous process which the roles of sender, receiver and the message in the interaction
unfold. This model describes ‘transaction’ as the ongoing and continuously changing process
of communication that is on sending and receiving messages is reciprocal. The
communicators (the sender and receiver) are responsible of the effect and effectiveness of the
communication that they need to build a shared meaning of the message as each
communicator act as both sender and receiver simultaneously. Besides that, in this model
namely; both of verbal and non-verbal behavioral cues, communication environment and
noise are parts of the message. Each communicator reacts depending on the factors of their
background, prior experiences, attitudes, cultural beliefs and self-esteem. This model denotes
people communicate to create relationship, form intercultural alliances, shape their
selfconcepts and engage with others in dialogue to create communities. In short, this model
considers on how social, relational and cultural contexts frame or influence the
communication process as well. To say that communication is transactional means that the
process is cooperative; the sender and the receiver are mutually responsible for the effect and
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 the effectiveness of communication. In the linear model of communication, meaning is sent
from one person to another. In the interactional model, meaning is achieved through the
feedback of a sender and a receiver. In the transactional model people build shared meaning.
The transactional model also takes into account how greatly an interaction is influenced by
past experience. For example, in the transactional model, an interaction between an older
student and a younger student is directly influenced and shaped by each other’s past
experiences, culture, and heredity.

2.4 Element of Communication

1. Encoding and decoding

Stuart Hall's encoding and decoding theory views that every message or meaning
conveyed is a series of raw social events in which there is an ideology in it. According to
Hall, this process goes through three different moments, namely encoding, decoding, as
well as interpretation and understanding of the core of audience reaction analysis. This
theoretical model is a method that highlights both the message and the audience's
interpretation of the message. According to Hall, encoding can be defined as the process
of analyzing the sociopolitical context (occurs when content is produced), while
decoding is the process of consuming media content. Hall considers that sometimes
individuals have their own paradoxes in capturing messages.

2. Communicator

The communicator is the person who conveys the message to the communicant. In the
definition of communication, it is stated that the communicator is a person who conveys
stimuli. Harrold Lasswell said the communicator or often called the source, sender,
encoder, speaker, or originator. Communicators are parties who take the initiative or
have a need to communicate. The source may be an individual, group, organization,
company or even a country. Although the function is the same, namely as a sender of
messages, in fact each term has its own characteristics, especially regarding the source.
A source can be a communicator or speaker. On the other hand, a communicator or
source is not always a source. He could be the executor (executor) of a source to convey
messages to the general public or individuals.
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3. Message

Message is something that is conveyed bt the communicator to communicant throught

the communication process (Tasmara, 1987:7). While the message in an introductory
book on communication science written by Hafied (2004: 14), that a message is a series
of signs or symbols created by someone for a particular purpose with the expectation that
delivery the sign or symbol will in causing something. Messages are divided into two
forms, namely verbal which is a spoken or written symbol and non-verbal which is
conveyed or spoken accompanied by signs, paintings and colors. In addition, according
to A.W. Widjaja and M. Arisyk Wahab there are also forms of pesa, including:

 Informative

Messages that provide information on facts and data then communicate to draw their
own conclusions and decisions

 Persuasive

Contains persuasion, which raises understanding and awareness that what is

conveyed will change attitudes of their own volition.

 Coercive

Deliver messages that are coercive by using certain sanctions and will cause
emphasis and fear. Coercion takes the form of orders and instructions to achieve a
target. Things to note in the message are: The message must be clear enough,
Contains the truth, Concise, Complete, Convincing.

4. Channel

Channel or channel is a way how to deliver products or services to customers. Channels

can also be considered as intermediaries where customers know, try and evaluate the
value proposition of a service or product. In communication channels, distribution and
sales networks are quite important. The function of the channel is to: Product or service
awareness, Evaluation of products or services, Buying a product or service, Delivering
products or services, After-sales service.

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 5. Context

Context is a description that can support and add clarity to the meaning of a situation that
has to do with an event. Context has been understood in various ways, for exemple to
include ‘relevant’ aspects of the phsyical or social setting of an utterance. I shall consider
context to be any bacground knowlage assumed to be shared by s and h and wich
contributes to h’s interpretation of what s means by a given utterance. (leech 1983 : 13).

2.5 Type Speechs

1. Extemporaneous speeches are speeches that are carefully prepared and practiced by the
speaker before the actual speaking time. A speaker will utilize notes or an outline as a
guide while they are delivering the speech. The notes or outline will usually include any
quotes and sources the speaker wants to cite in the presentation, as well as the order the
information in the speech should be delivered in. The speech is delivered as if the
speaker is having a conversation with the audience. Since the speaker is not reading the
entire speech, the extemporaneous speaker uses the notes as a guide only – a sort of
memory trigger – and the speaker will also be able to respond to the audience since her
head isn’t trapped by reading every word on a paper. This is the type of public speaking
you should strive to use in Fundamentals of Oral Communication for your informative
and persuasive speeches as this is most practical type of public speaking – the type you
are most likely use in a real life situation when you might be asked to give a formal
presentation. I recommend that students use what they are comfortable with to speak off
of. So, for this course, use either note cards or a single sheet of computer paper for your
presentations.

2. Impromptu speeches are speeches that are delivered without notes or a plan, and without
any formal preparation – they are very spontaneously delivered. This is one of the most
nerve wracking situations for most students to find themselves in because there isn’t a
plan or agenda to follow – they just have to get up and speak without any “thinking”
time. They are afraid of not knowing what to say when they get up in front of the
audience so they might make a fool of themselves. If this type of speaking situation
makes you nervous, you are not alone! The reality is that this is the type of public

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 speaking you are the MOST prepared for. Your daily life is filled with impromptu

experiences and conversations. Every phone conversation, exchange between you and a
loved one, and discussion amongst friends is impromptu by its very nature – even if we
“practice” our conversations, they are still impromptu in their delivery. So, while most
students are nervous about impromptu speeches, they are the type they are the most
prepared for from their daily experience.

3. Manuscript speeches are speeches that are delivered with a script of the exact words to
be used. If they have to give a speech, most students prefer to have every single word in
front of them so they can basically “read” the speech to the audience. While this is very
reassuring for a speaker and they feel like they won’t “forget” anything if they have
every word in front of them, manuscript speaking is one of the worst traps to fall into for
a speaker. The speaker who utilizes a complete manuscript will often spend more time
looking at the script than at the audience. By doing this, the speaker is unable to react to
the audience or respond to the audience members questions. Therefore, the manuscript
becomes a trap for the speaker.

4. Memorized speeches are speeches that are committed to memory. The speaker
completely memorizes the text of a speech and then delivers the speech from memory
without reliance on notes or an outline. This is a very fearful speaking situation for most
people because they fear they will forget what they had planned on saying when they get
in front of the group – and, they might make a fool of themselves in front of the audience
if they forget what to say. This type of speaking is not very common to daily living
unless you are in a profession like acting. Most of us memorize very little in our daily
lives – we don’t even have to remember telephone numbers since we have cellular
phones! I don’t require memorized speeches for Fundamentals of Oral Communication
because I think they lead to bad experiences for some students and they are not
something most people have to do in the course of their daily living. Unfortunately,
public speaking tends to get a bad rap because some junior high and high school teachers
require students to memorize speeches which can lead to some bad experiences in front
of an audience for a student.

2.6 Speaking Competencies

As Ayn Rand alludes to in her quote, a desire to succeed is the first step in achieving this
objective. Nevertheless, you cannot hit a target unless you know what it is. Thus, the final portion
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of this chapter is devoted to an overview of eleven speaking competencies which we consider to be
the standards for evaluating a variety of presentations at every level of mastery.

1. Useful Topic

The first speaking competency is to select a topic that is appropriate to the audience and the
occasion. An advanced speaker selects a worthwhile topic that engages the audience. His
topic also presents the audience with new information that they did not know before the
speech. A beginning speaker selects a topic that lacks originality or is out of date. His topic
provides no new information to the audience. An ineffective speaker may give a speech in
which a single topic cannot be deduced by the audience.

2. Suitable Vocal Expression

Competency number two is to effectively use vocal expression and paralanguage to engage
the audience. Excellent use of vocal variation, intensity and pacing are characteristics of the
advanced speaker. His vocal expression is also natural and enthusiastic, and he avoids fillers.
Some vocal variation is evident in the beginning speaker’s speech. He also enunciates
clearly, speaks audibly, and generally avoids fillers (e.g., “um,” “uh,” “like,” etc.). An
ineffective speaker is inaudible, enunciates poorly, and speaks in a monotone voice. His
speech also has poor pacing, and he distracts listeners with fillers.

3. Adapted to the Audiens

The third speaking competency is to successfully adapt the presentation to the audience. The
advanced speaker shows how information is important to audience members, and his speech
is tailored to their beliefs, values and attitudes. He may also make allusions to culturally
shared experiences. A beginning speaker assumes but does not articulate the importance of
the topic. His presentation is minimally adapted to the audience, and some of the ideas
presented in the speech are removed from the audience’s frame of reference or experiences.
An ineffective speaker’s speech is contrary to the audience’s beliefs, values and attitudes. His
message may be generic or canned and no attempt is made to establish common ground.

4. Closure In Conclusion

The fifth speaking competency is to develop a conclusion that reinforces the thesis and
provides psychological closure. The advanced speaker provides a clear and memorable
summary of his points, and he refers back to the thesis or big picture. His speech also ends

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with a strong clincher or call to action. A beginning speaker provides some summary of his
points, but there is no clear reference back to his thesis. The closing technique of his speech
can also be strengthened. In an ineffective speaker’s speech, there is no conclusion. His
speech ends abruptly and without closure.

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 CHAPTER
III CLOSING

3.1. Kesimpulan

Public speaking is the act or skill of speaking to a large group of people. Public speaking is
useful for personal, professional such as teachers, lawyers or presenters. And also useful for the
public. Dominantly, there are two main models that is referred in using communication
technologies namely, interactive communicatin, In this communication model, both the sender and
the receiver take turns to speak and listen to each other. However, the drawback in the interactive
communication model is that it does not indicate that communicators can both send and receive
messages simultaneously. The second model is the transactional model. For example, in the
transactional model, an interaction between an older student and a younger student is directly
influenced and shaped by each other’s past experiences, culture, and heredity. In public speaking
there are several types of speech, namely extemporaneous speeches, impromptu speeches,
manuscript speeches and memorized speeches. Speaking in public, of cours, must have competene
including, useful topic, suitable vocal expression, adapted to the audients and closure in conclution.

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 DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Bohn, E. & Jabusch, D. (1982). The effect of four methods of instruction on the use of visual aids
in speeches. The Western Journal of Speech Communication, 46, 253-265.

Beebe, S.A. & Masterson, J.T. (2009). Communicating in small groups: Principles and practices
(9th edition). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Sulaiman, S., Hussin, S., & Amir, Z. (2019). A conceptual model of communication process
employed in academic online written interaction. Journal of Education and Social Sciences,
13(1), 77–85.

Boyenga, J. (2021). Fundamental of Oral Communication. Indian Hills Community College, 1–13.

Public Speaking. (2014). Komunikasi Praktis.

N. S. Munifah, “Pesan sabar dalam film" Hijrah Cinta"(analisis semiotik),” J. Chem. Inf. Model.,
vol. 53, no. 9, pp. 1689–1699, 2016.

E. Illes, “The Definition of Context and its Implications for Language Teaching,” no. August, p.
254, 2001, [Online]. Available: http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10018870/7/Illes%2C
Eva_Redacted.pdf.

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