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OUTLINE
• Greek Civilization & Architecture
•Aegean: Minoan & Mycenean
•Classical
• Roman Civilization & Architecture

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 B Ar. Lyndon Cabahug, UAP, RMP

JPT - DAVAO

GREEK ARCHITECTURE GREEK ARCHITECTURE

AEGEAN CIVILIZATION AEGEAN CIVILIZATION
- refers to Bronze
age civilizations of
Greece around the
Aegean Sea

- Mainland Greece,
Cyclades, & Crete

GREEK ARCHITECTURE GREEK ARCHITECTURE

AEGEAN: MINOAN PERIOD AEGEAN: MINOAN PERIOD
- centered in Crete

- famous for the

Palace Complex at
Knossos

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GREEK ARCHITECTURE GREEK ARCHITECTURE

AEGEAN: MINOAN PERIOD AEGEAN: MINOAN PERIOD
Palace Complex at Palace Complex at
Knossos: Knossos:
- the largest, covering - a palace having
three acres civic, religious, and
- with baths, toilets, economic functions
drainage system,
theatres, ritual center

GREEK ARCHITECTURE GREEK ARCHITECTURE

AEGEAN: MINOAN PERIOD AEGEAN: MINOAN PERIOD
Palace Complex at Palace Complex at
Knossos: Knossos:
- a palace having - with 16 storage
civic, religious, and rooms (magazines)
economic functions filled with 5’ high
pithoi for storage of
oil, wool, grain.

GREEK ARCHITECTURE GREEK ARCHITECTURE

AEGEAN, MINOAN PERIOD AEGEAN, MINOAN PERIOD
Palace Complex at Palace Complex at
Knossos: Knossos:
- characterized by - a place of high
roughness and color just as the
massiveness Greek bldgs in the
decorated with classical period
frescoes

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GREEK ARCHITECTURE
AEGEAN, MINOAN PERIOD
Types of Wall
Construction:
•Cyclopean (blocks)
•Polygonal
•Rectangular (doweled)
GREEK ARCHITECTURE
AEGEAN: MINOAN PERIOD
Palace of King Minos:
-had a labyrinth constructed
to retain his son, the
Minotaur
- Daedalus
GREEK ARCHITECTURE
MYCENEAN PERIOD
- rose after the decline of
Cretan dominance
- came into a unified
Bronze age social order
- borrowed elements of
wall decoration and
building techniques from
Minoans
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GREEK ARCHITECTURE
AEGEAN: MINOAN PERIOD
Palace Complex at
Knossos:
- used cypress columns that
tapered down
- black (shale), white
(hydrate of lime), red
(hematite), yellow (ochre),
blue (silicate of copper),
green
GREEK ARCHITECTURE
AEGEAN: MINOAN PERIOD
- destroyed by a great
volcanic eruption in
Thera (now Santorini)
- Mycenean takeover
of the sea trade
GREEK ARCHITECTURE
MYCENEAN PERIOD
Architecture was
centered around
the megaron
(great hall)
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GREEK ARCHITECTURE GREEK ARCHITECTURE

MYCENEAN PERIOD MYCENEAN PERIOD

GREEK ARCHITECTURE
MYCENEAN PERIOD
-built citadels
- protected by
cyclopean walls
consisting of
boulders
- entrance was
through the Lion
Gate

GREEK ARCHITECTURE GREEK ARCHITECTURE

MYCENEAN PERIOD MYCENEAN PERIOD
-built citadels - large circular
- protected by burial tholos, or
cyclopean walls the Treasury of
consisting of Atreus on the right
boulders - six chamber
- entrance was tomb
through the Lion
Gate

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GREEK ARCHITECTURE GREEK ARCHITECTURE

MYCENEAN PERIOD MYCENEAN PERIOD
- the most finely built
beehive tomb
- great circular
chamber cut into the
hillside (15 m)
- 36 m x 6 m dromos

GREEK ARCHITECTURE GREEK ARCHITECTURE

MYCENEAN PERIOD MYCENEAN PERIOD
- made from finely
cut ashlar blocks
- entrance has 2 half
columns of green
porphyry carved
with chevrons &
spirals
- also used Minoan
style capitals

GREEK ARCHITECTURE GREEK ARCHITECTURE

MYCENEAN PERIOD MYCENEAN PERIOD

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GREEK ARCHITECTURE GREEK ARCHITECTURE

WHAT HAPPENED AFTER: WHAT HAPPENED AFTER:
- Dark Ages in Greece - Dark Ages in Greece
- Began after the defeat of Myceneans by the (early) - Began after the defeat of Myceneans by the (early)
Dorians and focused only ship-building & pottery Dorians and focused only ship-building & pottery
- Archaic Period: a massive colonization campaign to - Archaic Period: a massive colonization campaign to
amass resources amass resources
- Greco-Paersian wars, - Greco-Paersian wars
- formation of the Greek coalition

GREEK ARCHITECTURE GREEK ARCHITECTURE

HELLENIC HELLENIC
•Classical Period • Greek
which lasted from enterprise was
480-323 BC on sea trade
unlike the
Persians who
•Emergence of the
relied on road
Greek Orders: networks
Doric, Ionic,
Corinthian

GREEK ARCHITECTURE GREEK ARCHITECTURE

HELLENIC HELLENIC
•Typical Structures:
• Temples
• Agora - market
• Stoa - colonnaded building
• Prytaneion - senate house
• Bouleterion - council house
• Odeion - musical theater

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GREEK ARCHITECTURE GREEK ARCHITECTURE

HELLENIC HELLENIC
•Agora •Stoa
- long
colonnaded
building

GREEK ARCHITECTURE GREEK ARCHITECTURE

HELLENIC HELLENIC
•Prytaneion •Bouleterion
- seat of the
pretaneis or
executive

GREEK ARCHITECTURE GREEK ARCHITECTURE

HELLENIC EARLIEST GREEK TEMPLES
•Odeion • earliest
temples where
made from a
mud brick base
covered with a
thatched roof

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GREEK ARCHITECTURE GREEK ARCHITECTURE

HELLENIC – PARTS OF A TEMPLE DORIC ORDER
• the most basic
element of the
temple is its
colonnade

GREEK ARCHITECTURE GREEK ARCHITECTURE

DORIC ORDER
•Intercolumnation applies
mainly to Hellenistic and
Roman temples
DORIC ORDER
• capital – from the Latin
word “caput” came from
the Greek “kranion”
meaning skull
• inspired from the columns
in Egyptian tombs

GREEK ARCHITECTURE GREEK ARCHITECTURE

DORIC ORDER DORIC ORDER
• column shaft used to be
monolithic, but later made
into superimposed drums
and doweled

• flutes where derived from

the reed decors of
Egyptian tomb columns

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GREEK ARCHITECTURE GREEK ARCHITECTURE

DORIC ORDER DORIC ORDER
• one triglyph per column • the crepis/crepidoma is
and per intercolumnation too tall to ascend
comfortably, separate
ramp and stairs is
• metopes are decorated provided
with paintings/ relief
depicting stories of local • made to be in proportion
heroes or episodes of with other temple elements
myths

GREEK ARCHITECTURE GREEK ARCHITECTURE

IONIC ORDER IONIC ORDER
• developed in parallel • formalization
with the Doric order of the
proportional
system
• derived from symbolic
headdresses or poles with
vegetation

GREEK ARCHITECTURE
CORINTHIAN ORDER
• slender fluted
columns
•Elaborate capitals of
acanthus leaves and
scrolls
• named after the city-
state of Corinth

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GREEK ARCHITECTURE GREEK ARCHITECTURE

EXAMPLES PROPYLAEA
• Acropolis

GREEK ARCHITECTURE GREEK ARCHITECTURE

PROPYLAEA THE PARTHENON
• pinacotheca –
gallery of paintings

• first temple in
acropolis to be built
in the Ionic order
and in Pentelic
marble

GREEK ARCHITECTURE
THE PARTHENON

• rebuilt after the

Persians & designed by
Ictinus
• also called
hekatompedos

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GREEK ARCHITECTURE GREEK ARCHITECTURE

THE PARTHENON THE PARTHENON
• stylobate was not flat
but a section of a large • sculptors were
sphere led by Phidias
• curvature was carried
on nearly every • restoration was
horizontal line made through the
•20 mm entasis drawings of
Jacques Carrey

GREEK ARCHITECTURE GREEK ARCHITECTURE

ERECTHEUM ERECTHEUM

• named after Erectheus:

“the mythical founder of
Attica and earth-born
king of Athens”

GREEK ARCHITECTURE GREEK ARCHITECTURE

ERECTHEUM HELLENIC
•Typical Structures:
• the celebration of • Stadium - Foot racing
the founding Myth of • Hippodrome - Horse racing
Athens - Wrestling school
• Palaestra
• Gymnasium - Physical exercise
• Theaters

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GREEK ARCHITECTURE GREEK ARCHITECTURE

HELLENIC – PARTS OF A THEATER HELLENIC
1. Orchestra (stage)
2. Cavea (seating area)
3. Skene (stage bldg)
4. Parados (side passage)
5. Diazoma (aisles)
6. Cercis (wedge sections)
7. Parascenium (wings)

GREEK ARCHITECTURE GREEK ARCHITECTURE

HELLENIC – NOTABLE ARCHITECTS HELLENIC – NOTABLE ARCHITECTS

• Ictinus - Parthenon • Mnesicles - Propylaea

- Temple of Apollo - Erectheum/ Erechtheion

• Callicrates - Parthenon • Libon of Elis - Temple of Zeus, Olympia

- Temple of Athena Nike
•Phidias & Scopas - Parthenon (sculpting
works)

GREEK ARCHITECTURE GREEK ARCHITECTURE

SUMMARY
•Simplicity & Beauty, Pure Lines, Perfection of
Perspective
• Marble as main material
• Columnar and Trabeated construction
• Important structures: Temples
WHAT HAPPENED AFTER:
- Peloponnesian war
- Macedonian kingdom up north defeated the
coalition of Greek cities and unify to finally defeat
the Persians
- Alexander the Great did this

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GREEK ARCHITECTURE
WHAT HAPPENED AFTER:
- gave rise to the
Hellenistic period,
causing classical
art to mix with
eastern influences

GREEK ARCHITECTURE
WHAT HAPPENED AFTER:
- Alexander was killed and the empire fell into
decline

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ETRUSCAN PERIOD
- Two periods: - specialized in
masonry
• Etruscan
• Classical Roman - introduced the
arcuated system

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ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
ETRUSCAN PERIOD
- specialized in
masonry
- introduced the
arcuated system
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
ETRUSCAN PERIOD
- introduced concrete
- Temples are oriented south

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
CLASSICAL ROMAN
- cities had streets,
squares, fountains,
gates and public
buildings.
-Based from castrum
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ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
ETRUSCAN PERIOD
- invented the Tuscan
order
- introduced the
arcuated system
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
CLASSICAL ROMAN
- expanded under
the rule of Hadrian
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
CLASSICAL ROMAN
- cities had streets,
squares, fountains,
gates and public
buildings.
-Based from castrum
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ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
CLASSICAL ROMAN
•Important Structures:
• Forum (marketplace)
• Temples
• Thermae (public bath)
• Aqueduct
• Pons (bridge)
• Ampitheater

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
CLASSICAL ROMAN
• Dwellings:
• Domus
• Villa
• Insula

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

HELLENIC – NOTABLE ARCHITECTS

• Domitian - Temple of Vespatian

• Apollodorus of - Temple of Venus

Damascus - Basilica of Trajan

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ROMAN ARCHITECTURE ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

HELLENIC – NOTABLE ARCHITECTS CLASSICAL ROMAN
•Vastness, Ostentation, Ornateness
• Agrippa - Pantheon
• Concrete as main material
• Arches, vaults, columns, and beams
• Vespasian & - Roman Colosseum construction
Domitian • Statues, Mosaics, and Frescoes

Opus alexandrium: geometric pieces of Opus tesselatum: use of small tesserae

colored stone

Opus signinum: unpatterned, aggregates Opus vermiculatum: emphasize outline around

cemented in lime or clay an object

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Opus musivum: mosaic work, colored glass or Opus sectile: forms figural patterns, follow
enamel outline of design

Opus spicatum: uses masonry units in Opus reticulatum: diamond-shaped bricks

herringbone pattern "spike work" forming net-like pattern

Opus mixtum: mixed work, reticulatum + Opus quadratum: masonry of square blocks,
latericium on edges set in parallel courses

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Opus testaceum: also called latericium, Opus incertum: irregular work, uses
triangle form irregularly shaped and random uncut stones

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