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A Method For Studying Sequential Faults On A Three Phase Distribu
A Method For Studying Sequential Faults On A Three Phase Distribu
A Method For Studying Sequential Faults On A Three Phase Distribu
1971
Recommended Citation
Pandey, Shashi Kant, "A method for studying sequential faults on a three phase distribution transformer"
(1971). Masters Theses. 5486.
https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses/5486
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A METHOD FOR STUDYING SEQUENTIAL FAULTS ON A
BY
A THESIS
UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-ROLLA
1971
Approved by
ii
ABSTRACT
system has also been analyzed and improvements in the protection scheme
suggested.
The sequential faults occurred, one after the other, on the dis-
condition. The data used in the example problem has been supplied
through the courtesy of the above Cooperative. The problem has been
open conductor and the resulting double fault conditions with grounded
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
appreciated.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
LIST OF FIGURES.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
LIST OF TABLES.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
I I. REVIEW OF LITERATURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
ELECTRIC SYSTEM.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
V. CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
VITA.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
APPENDICES..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
3. Sequence Networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Fault at D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
I. INTRODUCTION
its primary winding delta connected and the secondary winding wye
system was protected by fuses in each phase of the primary side of the
transformer.
of this fault, the fuse of phase a was blown on the primary side of the
transformer at time t = t
1
and thus the system developed a double un-
transformer.
With the above two faults existing, the grounding wire (neutral
t = t
2
because of excessive current which further unbalanced the system,
ing the circuit to be linear and bilateral and neglecting the saturation
time (t ) for melting the phase a fuse was then obtained from the avail-
1
able current against elapsed time characteristics of the fuse.
Now, with an open conductor in the primary circuit and a two line
Fuse c A
c A
• •
Fuse B
c
b
Fuse c
a
bution transformer. The solution of the double fault condition was ob-
tained by using the Alpha, Beta, and Zero components of the three-
Zero networks together has been developed to satisfy both the fault
conditions. The various system currents and voltages have been calculat-
Once the fault current flowing through the grounding wire of the
for the transformer. With the grounding wire opened, the zero sequence
final values of various system currents and voltages are again found.
Voltages resulting from the above double fault condition are found
example problem has also been solved with the data supplied by the
1
In 1918, Dr. C. L. Fortescue developed a method of symmetrical
impedance between lines, impedance from one line or two lines to ground,
components.
for solving power system problems with single unsymmetrical faults. For
cases of double faults, each fault was solved separately, and then by
using the superposition theorem, the final values of the system currents
and voltages were obtained. The results thus obtained were only applica-
ble for simple system networks and the same technique, when applied to
circuit overhead transmission lines on the same tower involved both cir-
at each of the two points of fault as they would be connected for single
power system. This same method was pursued for the problem initially,
Components" using Alpha, Beta, and Zero components. One year later
7
Dr. Kimbark developed another technique, quite sin1ilar to Alpha, Beta,
and Zero components gave simpler solutions than the use of symmetrical
unsymmetrical circuit where the impedances of the two phases are equal,
or two phases are symmetrical with respect to the third phase, Alpha,
systems. The theory of Alpha, Beta, and Zero components are also de-
8
tailed in the book by Miss Clarke . This theory of Alpha, Beta and
to use the symmetrical components theory and the same has been used to
simultaneous faults and, as such, the theory of Alpha, Beta, and Zero
blem will be solved in three stages as the various faults occur. Sat-
Now, let IA, IB, and IC be the currents flowing out of the original
The line-to-ground voltages at the fault will be designated VA' VB, and
Figure 3 shows the three sequence networks with the system impedances
represented and the fault marked at point D. Since linearity has been
,6~
Single "::"
System
phase fuses
D
2-L-G Fault
Z =Z =Z Z =Z =Z
s s s t tl t2
1 2
Source Sequence Transformer Sequence
z Impedance zt Impedance
so 0
CX>
Reference Bus Reference Bus Reference Bus
z zt z z z zt
sl l s2 t2 so 0
D D
of its reference bus and the point of application of the fault. The
Thevenin equivalent circuit of each sequence network has also been shown
in Figure 4.
and the reference bus of the positive-sequence network with all the
the fault occurs, the prefault voltage between point D and the reference
D, as shown in Figure 3 and 4. Now the matrix equations for the symmetri-
cal components of voltages at the fault can be written from the equivalent
circuits as follows:
VA 0 zo 0 0 IA
0 0
= 0 zl 0 IA (3.1)
VA vf
1 1
VA 0 0 0 z2 IA
2 2
Reference Bus Reference Bus Reference Bus
v
z ==z +Z
1 sl
---+-I
tl
J D
z ::::z +Z
2 s2
_..I
t2
A2
J
D
Z =Z
o t
_..I
0
Ao
JD
Al
or
Now, for a double line to ground fault (the faulted phases being
vB = vC = 0
gram of Figure 5.
VA 1 1 1 VA VA
0
2 1
-1 1 a a 0 -
VA (3.2)
VA 3 3
1
2
VA 1 a a 0 VA
2
therefore
VA ( 3. 3)
VA VA
0 1 2
Now, as IA 0
hence,
I + IA + IA 0 (3.4)
Ao 1 2
therefore,
A
IA lf
B
c
IB Ill
1
c llTJJ In
~
IA - - (IA + IA )
1 0 2
Now, from Equations ( 3 .1) and (3.3),
VA VA
0 1
IA
0 zo zo
VA VA
2 1
IA
2 z2 z2
Therefore,
There fore,
and
( 3. 5)
order to simulate a double line to ground fault, and the same has been
small, is not being taken into account here and has been neglected
IAl t
vf Positive-Sequence
Network
zl
v
Al D
l IAl
~ ~
IA IA
I V )I( D 2 0 D
A2 VA
0
z2 zo
Negative-Sequence Zero-Sequence
Network Network
-+-- IA ~IA
2
in all three phases can be found on the secondary side of the trans-
With the primary phase a current known, the time (t ) for phase
1
a fuse to blow and clear can be determined. The phase a fuse blows
earlier than the other two fuses of phases b and c because the current,
Ia' is greater than Ib and Ic. Once the fuse of phase a blows on the
tion.
each fault affects the voltages and currents resulting from the other,
earlier. In order to solve this problem, the phase shift of the delta-
system into two parts which have no connection with each other in the
are unaffected on either side of the transformer but the positive and
line to neutral voltage VA. From the Figure, it is seen that V lags
a
• •
Fuse
b
c• B
a
Open Conductor Two Line to Ground
(Phase a)
Fault (Phases B and C)---
Grounded
the theory of Alpha, Beta, and Zero components of three phase system
in the system under study. Before applying the theory of Alpha, Beta,
will be discussed separately using the Alpha, Beta, and Zero theory.
Now, from Appendix B, certain relations between line currents and phase
voltages and their Alpha, Beta, and Zero components exist. All the
VA va + vo (B .1)
2 VB + vc
vex J (VA 2
) (B. 4)
1 (B. 5)
vs (VB - VC)
/3
and
IA I
ex + ro (B. 7)
satisfying a two line to ground fault can be obtained. These are, with
20
va 2
J VA
or
VA l.v
2 a
Now, from Equation (B. 1) , we have
l.v va + vo
2 a
or
l:.v
2 a vo
or
va 2v 0 (3. 6)
VB = 0 (3. 7)
I -I (3. 8)
a 0
In the circuit under study, the positive- and negative-sequence
impedances are equal and, as such, the Alpha, Bet& and Zero impedances
The connection of the Alpha, Beta, and Zero networks that satisfy
Figure 9 shows the configuration for one open conductor. Here let v
be the series voltage drop and I' be the line current through the ser-
v
b
= v
c
0
and I I 0
a
Now, from Appendix B, the various relations among the components and
v v + vo (B .1)
a a
vb + v
v -2 (v c) (B. 4)
a 3 a 2
1 (B.S)
v = (vb - v c )
B /3
and I I
I I
+ Io I (B. 7)
a a
Now as vb v 0
c
vf
Z =Z Z =Z
sl sa tl ta
+ .....___.... Beta-network
v
a
~ I = -I
a 0
-jVf
D + zt v
2Z =22 22 =2Z 2V O
=Z
ss s=0
so so to to
D
Zero-network
.---...
C1l
QJ
(f)
C1l
...c:
P-<
0
~
0
.w
..0 C1l u
H H H ::l
"0
t t t u
c
0
c
QJ
p..
0
QJ
c
0
0'\
QJ
~
::l
.,.,
bD
u ~
24
2
va -
3
v
a
3
or v v
a 2 a
3
a + 0
v v v
2 a
or v 2v (3.9)
a 0
0 (3 .10)
1
and from Equation (B.7), with I 0:
a
I ' -I I ( 3 .11)
a 0
figure, the currents in the zero network are zero but the voltages
are twice the zero voltages. The Beta network is unaffected by one
The relations between the Alpha, Beta and Zero components of volt-
v
a
= -j(V
al
Alpha-Network
vf
z =Z zt "'z t
sl s --+tva~l~ a Beta-Network
I -I I
+
I= I
a 0
Z =Z Z =Z
2z "'2z
s
2 s 6 ~v 6 =o~ t 2 t 6
so so +
---t--IS
Zero-Network
Figure 10. Connection of Alpha, Beta and Zero Equivalent Circuits for
va
0
I
a
I
a
0
=- j (V V ) becomes - (V va "
al a2 al
I = -j (J becomes - (I + I ) I II
B al al a2 a
the location of the double line to ground fault on the secondary side
Alpha-Network
vf
s
a
c
~
Zero Potential for 0-Network v "=0
a
Zero Network Open
(Delta Side) 2Zt
0
2Z =2Z
so so Zero-Network
c (Wye Side)
Zero Potential
for 0-Network
c
Z =Z D
t2 ts
-jV f
Beta-Network
Figure 11. Equivalent Circuit for an Open Conductor at C and Two Line to
Ground Fault at D with Grounded Transformer
N
.......
28
earlier are Equations (3.9), (3.10), and (3.11). For a two line to
and (3. 8) .
Let the double primed symbols indicate the values of the components
at C,
v v " I = I "
a s a
I
S
v = -v " I I = -I II
(3 a (3 a
2v 11
( 3 .12)
0
(3. 13)
a"
v 0
I " -I II (3 .14)
[3 0
and Beta networks are both open at C. The Alpha network is closed at
11
C , since v = 0.
a
29
Alpha network and the zero-potential bus for the network, the generated
phase a at the fault point before the dissernmetry occurred and the
various components of the current and the voltages are calculated. The
and have been used accordingly in Figure 11. Now, with the method
developed for calculating the current, the current through the neutral
blem is again solved using Alpha, Beta and Zero components and the
six equations (3.6), (3.7), (3.8), (3.12), (3.13), and (3.14). The
shows the infinite impedance in the zero network, because of the melted
neutral wire,
I
0
= 0
Zero Potential for a-Network
Alpha-Network
vf
z =z
tl ta
c
v a " =0-+i
Zero Potential for 0-Network
Beta-Network
Figure 12. Equivalent Circuit for an Open Conductor at C and Two Line to
Ground Fault at D with Ungrounded Transformer
w
0
31
I -I 0
a 0
V 2V
a o
va + vo l.v
2 a
A increases abnormally with the burning of the neutral wire and this
electrical equipment.
32
The system data was supplied by the Central Electric Power Cooper-
have been neglected. The load data, as given in the Table I, is es-
timated and it does not involve any rotating machinery. As such, the
load current will have little effect on the total line current during
of phase A before the fault is 1.00 p.u. Therefore, the base current
I 3750
P. Base 32.30 amps.
/3 X 67
Now, for a two line to ground fault (on phases B and C) in the
(i) Voltage Rating of the Transformer 6 7-13.2 KV Delta-Wye with solidly grounded
secondary. Voltage rating
selected as the base
(ii) KVA Rating o.f the Transformer 3750 KVA Selected as base
(iv) Leakage Reactance of the Zt =zt =Zt=0.0722p.u. Based on System Base KVA
1 2
transformer
zt =0.070p.u.
0
( v) System Impedance & Voltage z ~z =Z =0.0269p.u. Based on System Base KVA
s s s
1 2
Z is not a factor
so
V=lp.u.
(vi) Transformer load at fault inception, 1500 KW, V=l p.u. Estimated values,
load voltage and power factor 0.93 power factor neglected in fault calculations.
(vii) Type & characteristic of the fuses P.E.-40E fuse kits Total clearing time in seconds
used on the primary side versus current in amperes
characteristic shown in Figure 14.
(viii) Size and type of ground wire used 70.7 MCM Cu-wire Total melting time in seconds
with the transformer secondary against the current in amperes
winding characteristic given in Figure 11 w
w
34
zl z + z = j 0.0991 p.u.
sl tl
z2 = z + z = j 0.0991 p.u.
52 t2
zo = z = j 0.070 p.u.
to
IA = -j 7.14 p.u.
1
and
or
IA = j 2.955 p.u.
2
Similarly
z
X _ _.,::2_
Zo + z2
or
I = j 4.185 p.u.
Ao
Now the current in line A,
IA = 0 p.u.
or
IB ; -8.735 + j 6.278
Therefore
10.7 5 /144.3° p. u.
or
rc = 8.735 + j 6.278
or
= 0
In order to account for phase shift, the positive and the negative
sequence components of the line current and the phase voltages on the
system side of the Delta-Wye transformer are shifted -90° and +90°
and
I
a2
= j (IA ) = 2.955 p.u.
2
37
1000
\
\
'\ \
''
100
(})
'"d
p
0
(.)
Q)
U)
\
\
\
\
\
10 \
\
\
\
\
\
1.0
IDO 1000 10,000
Current in Amperes
I
a
or
Ia = 10.0 95 k p .u.
\I
a
l = 10.095 x 32.30 = 325 amps.
seconds. This time is for total clearing and includes the melting
2
Ib = a I = -3.57 -j 6.180 p.u.
1 al
Ib = 0 p.u.
0
or
Ib = -5.0475 -j 3.625
39
100
Ul
'"0
~
0
u
ClJ
C/)
10
~
·r-1
ClJ
s
·r-1
E-4
ClO
~
•r-1
H
C1l
ClJ
"""'
u
"""'C1l
+.J
0
E-4
1.0
100J 10,00J
Current in Amperes
Figure 14. Fuse PE - 40 Characteristics
40
Therefore
I 0 p. u.
co
I
c
Therefore I
c
= 6.22 /14 4 . 3 ° p . u.
the currents on the primary side and the system reactances of the
V
a
= V f - I a Zs
1 1 1
or
v
al
= 1.00 - j 0.2715 p.u.
Similarly
v
a2
= - I z
a2 s2
v = j 0.0795 p.u.
a2
and
V = 0 (since I = 0)
ao ao
Therefore
or
vb = - 0.8038 - j 0.77
Therefore
vc
or
vc = - 0.1962 + j 0.962
Therefore
Thus all the voltages and currents are known for a two line to
fault developes which will be solved using the theory of Alpha, Beta
still exists and the transformer is still grounded. However the figure
t
2
' = 24 is meaningless since the current through the grounding wire
I
a
or
vf
I
a z
s
+ zt + 2Z
a a to
z
a
z
s
+ zt z + z zl
a a sl tl
and
I -j 4.18 p.u.
a
I j 4.18 p.u.
a
current.
44
I = 0
s
From Appendix B, the current in line A on the secondary side:
Therefore
IA = 0 p.u.
Therefore
IB 6. 2 7 !..J.st_ p. u.
- 1/2 I
a
Therefore
Therefore
From the characteristics of the grounding wire in Figure 13, the time
t = 23.95 seconds for the wire to melt completely after the occurence
2
of the fuse opening in phase a.
VA va + vo
Therefore
VA 3/2 va
Now
va vf - I
a
X za
46
Therefore
Va 0.585 k p.u.
Since
va 2v 0
and
VB = 0 p. u.
Again since
va
0 p. u.
47
page 27. Here the double primed symbols indicate the values of the
components of the line current and the voltage to ground on the primary
the line current and the voltage to ground indicate the actual values
I j 4.18 p.u.
s' I
a
"
I ' I "
a i3
I ' - I '
(j, 0
I " I "
i3 0
II II
I Io 0
[3
Also
II
I
a
' = Is 0
48
I I - I I 0
a 0
and
I
a
I
a
' + I 0 ' = 0 amps.
or
j 3. 62 3.62 ~
Therefore the current magnitude in line b,
or
I = -j 3.62
c
49
Therefore
the fuses getting blown out and thus the transformer is still energized
have from the equivalent circuit of Figure 11 and the equations derived
va II
Therefore
Since no current flows through the Beta network and Zero network,
therefore
V II 0
0
Also
v s" - j 1.00
50
V
a
1
= VS "= -j 1.00 p.u.
V
S
1
V
a
"= - 0.8875 p.u.
v I v 11 0 p.u.
0 0
V = V I + V I
a a 0
or
va -j 1.00
Therefore
va 1.00 ~ p.u.
+ 13/2 V
vb - 1/2 V
a
I
S + V0
I I
or
vb =- o.768 + j o.so
Therefore
or
vc 0. 768 + j 0.50
Therefore
vc 0.917 ~ p.u.
I - I 0
a 0
therefore,
Now, as the Alpha, Beta and Zero components of the current are all
equal to zero, the line currents on all the phases will also be zero
Since
va = 2v 0
Therefore
vA = 3/2 va
Therefore
va = Vf = 1 • 00 p • u •
Now as
vB = - 1/2 V a + /3;2 V S + V 0
Since
and
Therefore
VB= 0 p.u.
53
Since
v a= 2V 0
and
Therefore
VC = 0 p.u.
v a"
Therefore
Since no current flows through the Beta and Zero network, therefore,
II
vo = 0
and also
vs
II
= -j vf = -j 1.00 p.u.
54
va I
vs
II
= -j 1.00 p.u.
VB
I
va II
- 1. 00 p.u.
I II
vo vo 0
1 1
V =V +V
a a 0
or
or
Therefore
vb = 1.00 M p.u.
V - 1/2 V I - 13/2 V I + V I
c a S 0
or
Therefore
Vc 1.00 ~ p.u.
The sum of Va , Vb and Vc is equal to zero. All the voltages and currents
on both sides of the transformer are now known for the fault condition
The various results have been tabulated in Table II. With the
two line to ground fault on phases B and C on the secondary side and
fault conditions.
TABLE II. Results
Primary Currents & Voltages Fuse time Secondary Currents & Voltages
system I I I V V V .secon ds
1n I I I I
Condition a b c a b c Total clearing A B C n VA VB vc
Amp. Amp. Amp. p.u. p.u. p.u. Time Amp. Amp. Amp. Amp. p.u. _ p.u. p.u.
(i) Double Line- 325 201 201 1.02 1.11 0.982 t =1.7 sees. 0 1760 1760 2060 0.879 0 0
1
to-Ground Fault
for phase a
(Phases B & C)
fuse
(ii) Faults with 0 117 117 1.00 0.917 0.917 t '=95 sees. 0 1025 1025 2055 0.878 0 0
1
grounded trans-
for phases b
former (Open
& c fuses
Conductor phase
a and double
line-to-ground
fault phases
B & C)
V1
(j\
TABLE II. Results (cont.)
U1
""-1
58
V. CONCLUSION
side which can open all the three phases simultaneously in case of a
fault and thus protect the customers from overvoltage situations. The
in order to limit the fault current. This would also help avoid the
a double fault like this one, the secondary circuit fuses open earlier
scheme will help avoid damage to the customer and the transformer.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
10. Stevenson, Jr., W.D., Elements of Power System Analysis, New York,
McGraw-Hill, 1962, Chapter 14.
60
VITA
until August, 1969. He was married to Vandana Upadhyay on May 28, 1969.
APPENDICES
62
APPENDIX A
Symmetrical Components of a Three Phase System
Fundamental symmetrical component equations:
IA + IA + IA (A.l)
0 1 2
2
IA + a IA + alA (A. 2)
0 1 2
2
IA + alA + a IA (A. 3)
0 1 2
(A. 7)
(A. 8)
1 2 (A. 9)
IA = -(I
3 A
+ a IB + ale)
2
1 (A. 10)
= J(VA +VB+ VC)
(A. 11)
(A.l2)
where,
a = - 1:_+./3
2 J 2 1.00 ~ (A.13)
a
2
=:: 1.00~ = 1.00 ;<120° (A .14)
Also,
system.
63
VA' VB' and VC are the three voltages to ground at any point
of the system.
APPENDIX B
Alpha, Beta and Zero Components of Three Phase System
With phase A as the reference phase in a three phase system, the
Alpha, Beta and Zero components of current and voltage are defined
as follows:
phase A.
VA, VB, and VC of a three phase system can be written in terms of their
1 0 1 v
a
-1/2 13!2 1
-1/2 -13/2 1
Also the three vectors VA, VB, and VC can be expressed in terms
VA va + vo (B.l)
.lv /3v
vc 2 Ct 2 B + vo (B. 3)
The three voltage vectors Va, v , and v0 are also expressed in terms
6
65
of the system vectors VA' VB' and VC by solving the above three equations.
2
va 3 (VA (B.4)
(B.5)
Adding Equations (B.l), (B.2), and (B.3) and solving for v0 gives:
(B.6)
Also the matrix equation for the three voltage vectors Va' v6 and v0
can be written in terms of the system vectors VA, VB and VC as given
below:
1
vs 0 -1//3 VB
/3
IA Ia + 10 (B. 7)
1
Ia l3 (B.S)
IB 2 + 2 1
s + ro
Ic
1
I 131 + ro (B.9)
2 a 2 6
66
Also,
2 IB + Ic
I ) (IA ) (B. 10)
a 2
1
Is (IB I c) (B. 11)
13
1
I
0
= ) (IA + IB + IC) (B. 12)
ponents and the Alpha, Beta, and Zero components of voltage and current
v
a VA + VA
1 2
vs -j (VA VA )
1 2
vo VA
0
Also,
I
a IA + IA
1 2
Is -j (IA IA )
1 2
and
Io IA
0