Anatomy & Physiology (partial) Practice Exam

15. Skin is part of 

A. integration and coordination.
1. Which term refers to the study of how an organ functions?  B. the integumentary system.
A. Anatomy B. Physiology C. transportation.
D. support and movement.
2. A group of similar cells performing a specialized function is
referred to as a(n)  16. Transportation within the body is mainly part of 
A. tissue. B. organ. A. the nervous system. B. the skin.
C. molecule. D. system. C. the skeleton. D. the cardiovascular system.

3. Cells are to tissues as tissues are to  17. Homeostasis refers to 

A. systems. B. molecules. A. changing external conditions.
C. organs. D. organelles. B. stable external conditions.
C. changing internal conditions.
4. Which of the following is NOT considered anatomical D. stable internal conditions.
position? 
A. Standing erect B. Palms facing backward 18. Which of the following occurs as a result of positive feedback
C. Face forward D. Toes pointing forward and assists in the maintenance of homeostasis? 
A. Body temperature regulation
5. Which of the following pairs are opposing terms?  B. Blood pH regulation
A. Superior/posterior B. Superior/inferior C. Blood clot formation
C. Anterior/inferior D. Superior/anterior D. Blood cell production

6. Which term refers to the back?   19. Sally is rushed to the hospital with acute appendicitis. Which
A. Inferior B. Lateral serous membrane is in danger of infection? 
C. Posterior D. Peripheral A. Peritoneum B. Pleura
C. Meninges D. Pericardium
. 
7. The heart is _____ to the lungs. 
 20. Different forms of the same element with different numbers
A. dorsal B. superior
of neutrons are called 
C. lateral D. medial
A. molecules. B. compounds.
C. isotopes. D. lattices.
 8. Which of the following is INCORRECT in describing the
nose?  21. An ion is an atom or molecule that 
A. It is superior to the mouth A. is in a gaseous state.
B. It is medial to the eyes B. carries an electrical charge.
C. It is on the dorsal aspect of the face C. is attracted to a north-seeking pole.
D. It is inferior to the forehead D. forms a visible glow.
   
9. Appendicular refers to the  22. A bond created from the sharing of electrons between two
A. skull. B. thorax. atoms is a(an) ______ bond. 
C. legs and arms. D. skull and thorax. A. covalent B. hydrogen
  C. ionic D. polymer
10. Which type of section divides the body into anterior and  
posterior portions?  23. When one atom has a stronger attraction for shared
A. Median B. Transverse electrons in a bond than the other atom, a(an) ___________
C. Sagittal D. Frontal or coronal covalent bond is formed. 
A. polar B. nonpolar
11. Visceral refers to  C. ionic D. metallic
A. organs. B. tissues.  
C. cells. D. atoms. 24. Substances that are water-loving are called 
A. hydrophilic. B. hydrophobic.
12. Which two cavities does the diaphragm separate?  C. hydrophoric. D. hydrochromic.
A. Abdominal and pelvic B. Dorsal and ventral  
C. Thoracic and abdominal D. Cranial and spinal 25. A pH of 5.5 would be considered 
A. acidic. B. basic. C. neutral.
13. The liver would be found in which cavity?   
A. Dorsal cavity B. Abdominal cavity 26. Organic compounds always contain ___________ atoms. 
C. Pericardial cavity D. Pleural cavity A. water B. carbon
C. nitrogen D. oxygen
14. The urinary bladder is found in which abdominopelvic  
region? 
A. Hypogastric B. Left lumbar
C. Right iliac D. Umbilical
27. Glycogen is  41. The movement of H2O across a plasma membrane 
A. a monosaccharide used for quick energy. A. is called osmosis.
B. a protein found in cell membranes. B. is called diffusion.
C. a polysaccharide used as stored energy. C. requires energy.
D. a fat found in margarine. D. is called osmosis and requires energy.
   
28. Which of the following contains glucose?  42. When a cell is placed into a(an) __________ solution, water
A. Protein B. Fat enters the cell. 
C. Nucleic acid D. Starch A. isotonic B. hypotonic C. hypertonic
   
29. Organic compounds that are always insoluble in water are 43. Which process does not require a concentration gradient? 
called  A. Active transport B. Diffusion
A. sugars. B. lipids. C. Facilitated diffusion D. Osmosis
C. nucleotides. D. proteins.  
44. The formation of a pocket of the plasma membrane to bring
30. Triglycerides are composed of glycerol and three fatty acids. in solid materials is called 
When the fatty acids contain one or more double bonds, the fat A. exocytosis. B. pinocytosis.
is considered  C. phagocytosis. D. facilitated diffusion.
A. saturated. B. unsaturated.  
C. emulsified. D. synthesized. 45. The division of the nucleus is 
  A. cytokinesis. B. mitosis.
31. The subunit molecules for proteins are  C. interphase. D. telophase.
A. atoms. B. amino acids.  
C. enzymes. D. polymers. 46. The division of the cytoplasm and organelles is 
  A. cytokinesis. B. mitosis.
32. Which of the following is a nucleic acid?  C. interphase. D. telophase.
A. DNA  
B. RNA 47. The portion of the cell cycle when a cell is not dividing and
C. Both DNA and RNA doing what it is designed to do is called 
D. None of these choices are correct. A. interphase. B. mitosis.
  C. apoptosis. D. exterophase.
33. Which of the following is NOT a component of a nucleotide?   
A. Pentose sugar B. Phosphate group 48. Which type of tissue covers surfaces and lines cavities? 
C. Glucose D. Nitrogen-containing base   A. connective B. epithelium
C. muscle D. connective and muscle
34. Which of the following molecules is the primary energy  
carrier in cells? 
A. DNA B. ATP 49. Which type of tissue binds and supports body parts? 
C. RNA D. GNA A. epithelium B. nervous
  C. connective D. muscular
35. The movement of protein molecules within the phospholipids
bilayer is described by the   50. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of epithelial
A. fluid mosaic model. tissue? 
B. lipid mosaic model. A. It readily divides to produce new cells.
C. protein – lipid mosaic model. B. It has a basement membrane to connect to underlying tissue.
D. cholesterol mosaic model. C. It has many blood vessels to support its nutrient needs.
  D. It always has a free surface.
36. Which of the following organelles functions in protein  
synthesis?  51. Which of the following is NOT a shape of epithelial tissue? 
A. Ribosomes B. Golgi apparatus A. rectangular B. squamous
C. Smooth ER D. All of these choices are correct. C. columnar D. cuboidal
   
37. Mitochondria  52. What type of epithelium is found where simple diffusion
A. produce protein. B. store food. occurs? 
C. produce ATP. D. digest food. A. simple columnar B. pseudostratified columnar
  C. stratified squamous D. simple squamous
38. __________ are small hair-like extensions that produce  
movement across the surface of cells.  53. What type of epithelium is often found in glands and kidney
A. Cilia B. Flagella tubules? 
C. Microvilli D. Basal bodies A. simple cuboidal B. simple squamous
  C. stratified squamous D. pseudostratified columnar
39. The plasma membrane is   
A. impermeable. 54. What type of tissue lines the small intestine? 
B. permeable to everything. A. squamous epithelium
C. selectively permeable. B. loose connective
  C. simple columnar epithelium
40. The random movement of simple substances from an area of D. simple cuboidal epithelium
higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is called   
A. osmosis. B. filtration. 55. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial tissue is found in
C. diffusion. D. pumping. (on) the 
  A. skin. B. trachea.
C. blood vessels. D. digestive tract.
  72 Which layer contains blood vessels AND nerve fibers? 
56. Specialized columnar cells that secrete mucus onto the A. epidermis B. dermis C. epidermis and dermis
surfaces of the tissue are called 
A. adipose cells. B. surface cells. 73. Hair is produced by epithelial cells located in the 
C. goblet cells. D. endocrine cells. A. epidermis. B. dermis.
  C. hypodermis. D. dermis and hypodermis.
57. What type of epithelium is found in the urinary bladder and
allows it to stretch and slide to create a barrier?   74. What type of gland is associated with hair follicles? 
A. simple columnar B. stratified squamous A. sebaceous glands B. apocrine sweat glands
C. stratified cuboidal D. transitional C. eccrine sweat glands D. ceruminous glands
   
58. Which type of fiber found in connective tissue provides 75. What percentage of a person's skin would be involved if they
flexible strength?  had burned their left arm, front of the trunk, and the front of their
A. reticular B. collagen left leg? 
C. keratine D. elastic A. 45% B. 40.5%
  C. 36% D. 31.5%
59. Which of the following is/are connective tissue(s)?   
A. bone B. cartilage 76. Athlete's foot is 
C. blood D. All of the choices are correct. A. a bacterial infection.
  B. caused by over keratinization.
60. Which of the following is a type of loose connective tissue?  C. caused by sensitivity to chemicals.
A. tendons B. cartilage D. a fungal infection.
C. adipose tissue D. ligaments  
  77. Which of the following is the most common type of skin
61. What is the cell found in fibrous connective tissue?  cancer? 
A. osteocytes B. chondrocytes A. basal cell carcinoma B. squamous cell carcinoma
C. erythrocytes D. fibroblasts C. malignant melanoma D. Kaposi's sarcoma
   
62. Which of the following connects muscles to bones?  78. The epidermis and part of the dermis are damaged from a 
A. tendons B. cartilage A. first-degree burn. B. second-degree burn.
C. adipose tissue D. ligaments C. third-degree burn. D. fourth-degree burn.
   
63. Which tissue has lacunae?  79. Which of the following is a function of the skin? 
A. bone B. cartilage A. protection B. sensory reception
C. tendons D. bone and cartilage C. synthesis of vitamin D D. all of these are functions
   
64. Which of the following is the most common type of cartilage?  80. What is needed to produce vitamin D? 
A. hyaline B. elastic C. fibrocartilage A. calcium B. phosphorus
  C. ultraviolet light D. calcium and phosphorus
65. What type of tissue is made of concentric rings called an  
osteon or Haversian system?  81. Which of the following is a function of the skeleton? 
A. compact bone B. hyaline cartilage A. produces blood cells
C. adipose tissue D. spongy bone B. provides sites for muscle attachment
  C. protects internal organs
66. The skin consists of ____ regions.  D. All of the choices are functions
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4  
82. Which of the following is NOT a general shape to classify
67. In which layer of the epidermis are cells constantly dividing?  bones? 
A. stratum corneum B. stratum lucidum A. long B. short
C. stratum dermis D. stratum basale C. rectangular D. irregular
 
68. Which layer of the epidermis protects from abrasion and is 83. The end of a long bone is the 
found only in thick skin?  A. diaphysis. B. periosteum.
A. stratum basale B. hypodermis C. shaft. D. epiphysis.
C. stratum corneum D. stratum lucidum  
84. The shaft of a long bone is the 
69. Which layer of the epidermis is closest to the surface?  A. periosteum. B. diaphysis.
A. stratum lucidum B. stratum corneum C. articular cartilage. D. endosteum.
C. dermis D. stratum basale  
  85. The medullary cavity contains 
70. Keratin is  A. yellow marrow. B. spongy bone.
A. a pigment. C. the periosteum. D. red marrow.
B. a waterproof protein.  
C. located in the hypodermis. 86. Red marrow 
D. described by all of these characteristics. A. produces blood cells.
  B. is located in spongy bone.
71. Melanin  C. is located in the epiphyseal plate.
A. is a pigment. D. produces blood cells and is located in spongy bone.
B. protects the skin from ultraviolet radiation.  
C. is located in the epidermis. 87. What are the cells found within an osteon? 
D. is described by all of these characteristics. A. osteoblasts B. osteocytes
C. epiphysealcytes D. chondrocytes 
 102. What is the only movable bone of the skull? 
88. What are the small passageways through compact bone that A. temporal B. mandible
connect osteocytes to each other and the central canal?  C. maxilla D. zygomatic
A. lamellae B. lacunae
C. canaliculi D. osteons 103. Which bone has no articulation with any other bone? 
A. vomer B. axis
89. Which of the following is NOT a feature of compact bone?  C. hyoid D. scapula
A. lacunae B. lamellae
C. trabeculae D. osteon 104. Which of the following pairings of vertebra and their number
is correct? 
90. Which of the following are the bone-eating (reabsorbing) A. cervical – five B. thoracic – seven
cells?  C. lumbar – five D. sacrum – three
A. osteoprogenitor cells B. osteocytes
C. osteoblasts D. osteoclasts
105. An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine is called 
A. lordosis. B. kyphosis.
91. Which would form by way of intramembranous ossification? 
C. hunchback. D. scoliosis.
A. humerus B. metacarpal
C. frontal bone D. clavicle
 106. The tailbone is called the 
92. During endochondral ossification  A. sacrum. B. atlas.
A. hyaline cartilage changes to adipose tissue. C. ilium. D. coccyx.
B. osteoblasts break down bone.  
C. hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone. 107. Which ribs do NOT attach anteriorly to the sternum? 
D. simple fractures are more common. A. true ribs B. false ribs C. floating ribs
 
93. What structure is the site of bone growth in length?  108. Another name for the collarbone is the 
A. primary ossification center A. scapula. B. clavicle.
B. epiphyseal plates C. sternum. D. xiphoid.
C. periosteum  
D. None of the choices are correct. 109. The bone of the upper arm is the 
  A. ulna. B. radius.
94. The addition of new bone on top of existing bone to increase C. scapula. D. humerus. 
bone thickness is called 
A. endochondral ossification. 110. Which forearm bone is on the thumb side when in
B. intramembranous ossification. anatomical position? 
C. osteoprogenesis. A. radius B. ulna
D. appositional growth. C. carpal D. humerus

95. A __________ is a rounded opening through a bone.   111. What is another name for the wrist? 
A. foramen B. fossa A. tarsals B. metacarpals
C. trochanter D. condyle C. carpals D. phalanges
 
96. A condition in which bones lose bone mass and therefore 112. Another name for the bones of the hand is 
become weak is  A. tarsals. B. metacarpals.
A. osteomyelitis. B. osteogenesis. C. carpals. D. phalanges.
C. osteoporosis. D. osteomalacia.  
113. The phalanges are the bones of the 
97. What are the structures that are air-filled spaces of the skull A. hand. B. fingers.
bones?  C. wrist. D. foot.
A. sutures B. fontanels  
C. paranasal sinuses D. lacrimal ducts 114. Which of the following coxal bones is most inferior and
allows a person to sit? 
98. The membrane soft spots of a newborn's skull  A. ischium B. ilium C. pubis
A. are synovial in nature.  
B. occur only as a result of illness. 115. The seven ankle bones are called the 
C. are called fontanels. A. carpals. B. metatarsals.
D. become foramina. C. metacarpals. D. tarsals.
 
99. Which of the following bones forms the forehead? 
A. parietal B. frontal 116. The largest of the ankle bones that forms the heel is the 
C. mandible D. temporal A. talus. B. calcaneus.
C. navicular. D. cuboid.
100.  Which of the following bones forms most of the roof of the
cranium?   117. Which type of joint is correctly matched with the amount of
A. parietal movement they allow? 
B. frontal A. synarthrosis – slight movement
C. mandible B. amphiarthrosis – immovable
D. temporal C. diarthrosis – freely movable
 
101. Which of the following bones form the upper jaw?  118. Sutures occur mainly in the 
A. maxilla B. mandible A. cranium. B. pelvic girdle.
C. palatine D. lacrimal C. tarsals. D. wrist.
   
119. Which of the following is NOT a cartilaginous joint? 
A. between the ribs and the sternum 134. Which type of muscle tissue is involuntary? 
B. between the bodies of the vertebra A. cardiac B. skeletal
C. between the two pelvic bones C. smooth D. Both cardiac and smooth are correct.
D. between each tooth and its socket
   135. Which of the following surrounds a fascicle? 
120. What material is found within the joint cavity of a synovial A. endomysium B. epimysium
joint?  C. fascia D. perimysium
A. fibrous connective tissue B. synovial fluid  
C. fibrocartilage D. ligaments 136. Which of the following covers the muscle organ itself? 
  A. endomysium B. epimysium
121. Bursae are  C. fascia D. perimysium
A. tendons. B. types of joints.  
C. fluid-filled sacs. D. cartilage pads. 137. Which of the following is NOT a function of skeletal
  muscles? 
122. What type of synovial joint is found between the carpal and A. generate heat
metacarpal of the thumb?  B. maintain posture
A. pivot B. hinge C. move food through the GI tract
C. condyloid D. saddle D. keep blood moving in veins and lymphatics
   
123. The elbow is an example of a __________ joint. 
A. ball-and-socket B. hinge
138. The special name for the plasma membrane of a muscle
C. gliding D. pivot
fiber is the 
 
A. sarcolemma. B. sarcoplasm.
124. A hip is an example of a __________ joint. 
C. T tubules. D. sarcoplasmic reticulum.
A. ball-and-socket B. hinge
C. gliding D. pivot
   139. The smooth ER that stores calcium ions is the 
125. A wrist is an example of a __________ joint.  A. sarcolemma. B. sarcoplasm.
A. ball-and-socket B. hinge C. T tubules. D. sarcoplasmic reticulum.
C. gliding D. pivot  
  140. A sarcomere is 
126. What type of synovial joint movement will move a body part A. formed from myosin only.
laterally, away from the body?  B. the distance between Z lines.
A. adduction B. extension C. the length of the H zone.
C. dorsiflexion D. abduction D. between the I bands.
   
127. What type of joint disease is described by deterioration of 141. Myofibrils 
articular cartilage?  A. are located in muscle fibers.
A. osteoarthritis B. osteoporosis B. are contractile units.
C. rheumatoid arthritis D. gout C. have striations.
D. are described by all of these characteristics.
 
128. What type of synovial joint movement is the movement of a
142. Myosin is 
body part around its own axis? 
A. a protein.
A. flexion B. supination
B. the thin filament.
C. pronation D. rotation
C. pulled inward during contraction.
D. described by all of these characteristics.
 129. Rotating the arms so that the palms are forward is an  
example of  143. Which of the following proteins is NOT a component of the
A. elevation. B. abduction. thin filament? 
C. inversion. D. supination. A. tropomyosin B. myosin
  C. troponin D. actin
 
130. What type of joint disease is described by the autoimmune 144. The A band 
inflammation of the synovial membrane?  A. is in the center of the sarcomere.
A. osteoarthritis B. osteoporosis B. is the dark region of the sarcomere.
C. rheumatoid arthritis D. gout C. contains the overlapping of the thick and thin filaments.
D. All of the choices are correct.
 131. Which type of muscle tissue has intercalated disks?   
A. cardiac B. skeletal 145. The sliding filament theory of muscle contraction describes 
C. smooth D. Both cardiac and skeletal are correct. A. how a sarcomere shortens.
B. the disappearance of the A band.
132. Which type of muscle tissue is striated?  C. the movement of the myosin in relation to the actin.
A. cardiac B. skeletal D. All of the choices are correct.
C. smooth D. Both cardiac and skeletal are correct.  
146. Which of the following proteins found in myofilaments
 133. Which type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow contain the cross bridges? 
internal organs?  A. myosin B. actin
A. cardiac B. skeletal C. tropomyosin D. troponin
C. smooth D. Both smooth and skeletal are correct.  
147. What does calcium do during muscle contraction?   
A. binds to troponin B. binds to the crossbridges 159. The biceps femoris is named for 
C. supplies energy D. hydrolyzes ATP A. its shape and location.
  B. its fiber direction and action.
148. Myoglobin  C. its shape and number of attachments.
A. breaks down glycogen. D. its number of attachments and location.
B. holds a reserve supply of oxygen in muscle cells.  
C. is a protein involved in the addition of a phosphate to ADP. 160. The extensor digitorum is named for 
D. produces the axon terminal signal. A. its action and attachment.
  B. its location and action.
149. Athletes sometimes complain of oxygen debt, a condition C. its size and attachment.
that results when insufficient oxygen is available to completely D. its number of attachments and shape.
break down pyruvic acid. As a result, the pyruvic acid is
converted to  161. The __________ raises your eyebrow. 
A. a strong base. B. stearic acid. A. biceps brachii B. frontalis
C. hydrochloric acid. D. lactic acid. C. hamstring group D. gluteus maximus
 
150. Rigor mortis occurs because  162. The ______ is used in forming a kiss. 
A. there is no ATP to relax the muscles. A. zygomaticus B. buccinator
B. the body temperature drops. C. orbicularis oris D. orbicularis oculi
C. there are no brain waves.  
D. there are no nerve signals. 163. The _______ is used to smile. 
A. zygomaticus B. buccinator
 151. Summation is  C. frontalis D. orbicularis oris
A. receiving many impulses in rapid succession.  
B. the period between stimulation and contraction. 164. The _______ is used for chewing. 
C. the depletion of ATP. A. buccinators B. masseter
D. a single contraction that lasts only a fraction of a second. C. zygomaticus D. Both the buccinator and masseter.
   
152. A motor unit is  165. The ____________ is used to flex the neck and turn the
A. a group of muscles working together. head laterally. 
B. a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it supplies. A. trapezius B. temporalis
C. a group of muscle fiber. C. sternocleidomastoid D. suprahyoid
D. an artery and the muscle fibers it supplies.  
  166. The _______ will adduct the scapulae and help extend the
153. When muscles are not used, they shrink or  neck. 
A. atrophy. B. hypertrophy. A. trapezius B. temporalis
C. antagonize. D. fatigue. C. sternocleidomastoid D. deltoid
   
154. Two discrete types of muscle fibers are identified on the 167. The _______ will abduct the arm. 
basis of their fuel supply, oxygen supply, and tension. Which of A. serratus anterior B. deltoid
the following athletic endeavors best represents the use of slow- C. latissimus dorsi D. pectoralis major
twitch fibers?   
A. a sprint by an Olympic runner 168. The __________ flexes your elbow. 
B. swinging a baseball bat A. biceps brachii B. frontalis
C. lifting weights C. triceps brachii D. gluteus maximus
D. mountain climbing  
  169. The __________ flexes your knee. 
155. Which part of a muscle is on the stationary bone?  A. biceps brachii B. quadriceps femoris
A. insertion B. prime mover C. origin C. hamstring group D. gluteus maximus
   
156. The muscle that does most of the work for a particular 170. The ______ will straighten your leg (extend) at the knee. 
movement is called the  A. adductor group B. quadriceps femoris
A. prime mover. B. synergist. C. hamstring group D. gluteus maximus
C. insertion. D. antagonist.  
  171. A _____ is caused by stretching or tearing of a muscle. 
157. The biceps brachii and triceps brachii in the upper arm  A. spasm B. cramp
A. are antagonistic. C. strain D. tendonitis
B. are synergistic.  
C. depend upon activity to determine antagonism or synergism. 172. A genetic disease of progressive muscle weakening and
  degeneration due to the lack of a protein is 
158. The gluteus maximus muscle is named for  A. fibromyalgia.
A. its size and shape. B. myasthenia gravis.
B. its size and location. C. muscular dystrophy.
C. its shape and action. D. osteoarthritis.
D. its attachment and fiber direction.  
 
Anatomy & Physiology Fall Final Exam Review Key
 
1. B 31. B 60. D 89. C 118. C 147. A
           
2. A 32. B 61. C 90. C 119. A 148. A
           
3. C 33. C 62. D 91. D 120. D 149. B
           
4. B 34. C 63. A 92. C 121. B 150. D
           
5. B 35. B 64. D 93. C 122. C 151. A
           
6. C 36. A 65. A 94. B 123. D 152. A
           
7. D 37. A 66. A 95. D 124. B 153. B
           
8. C 38. C 67. B 96. A 125. A 154. A
           
9. C 39. A 68. D 97. C 126. C 155. D
           
10. D 40. C 69. D 98. C 127. D 156. C
           
11. A 41. C 70. B 99. C 128. A 157. A
           
12. C 42. A 71. B 100. B 129. D 158. A
           
13. B 43. B 72. D 101. A 130. D 159. B
           
14. A 44. A 73. B 102. A 131. C 160. D
           
15. B 45. C 74. B 103. B 132. A 161. A
           
16. D 46. B 75. A 104. C 133. D 162. B
           
17. D 47. A 76. C 105. C 134. C 163. C
           
18. C 48. A 77. D 106. D 135. D 164. A
           
19. A 49. B 78. A 107. D 136. D 165. B
            
21. C 50. C 79. B 108. C 137. B 166. C
           
22. B 51. C 80. D 109. B 138. C 167. A
           
23. A 52. A 81. C 110. D 139. A 168. B
           
24. A 53. D 82. D 111. A 140. D 169. A
           
25. A 54. A 83. C 112. C 141. B 170. C
           
26. A 55. C 84. D 113. B 142. D 171. B
           
27. B 56. B 85. B 114. B 143. A 172. C
           
28. C 57. C 86. A 115. A 144. B
       
29. D 58. D 87. D 116. D 145. D
         
30. B 59. B 88. B 117. B 146. A
         
173. C