Embedded Power Generation

Masters of Electrical Power System

Lecture 05 - 06

Department of Electrical Engineering

NED University of Engineering & Technology
Betz Limit
• All wind power cannot be
captured by rotor or air
would be completely still
behind rotor and not
allow more wind to pass
through.
• Theoretical limit of rotor
efficiency is 59%
• Most modern wind
turbines are in the 35 –
45% range
Over-Speed Protection During High Winds

Upward Furling: The rotor tilts back during

high winds

Angle Governor: The rotor turns up and to one side

 Tubular steel towers,
Lattice tower Towers

Guyed Pole Tower

Concrete tower
 Capacity Factor of Wind Mean?
• The capacity factor is the average power generated, divided
by the rated peak power.

• Let’s take a five-megawatt wind turbine. If it produces power

at an average of two megawatts, then its capacity factor is
40% (2÷5 = 0.40, i.e. 40%).

• The capacity factor is also known as the load factor.

For example, if the annual energy production is 4500 MWh for
a wind turbine rated at 1.5 MW, then the average power
=energy/hours = 4500/8760 = 0.5 MW and the capacity factor
would be 0.5 MW/1.5 MW = 0.33 = 33%.
 Factors Affecting a Wind Farm

• Location
• Wind speed
• Altitude
• Environmental and aesthetic impacts
• Effect on power grid
 Types of Wind Farms

• Off-Shore

• On-Shore

• Near-Shore

• Air Borne
Off shore
On shore
Onshore
• Onshore turbine installations in hilly or mountainous regions tend to
be on ridgelines generally three kilometers or more inland from the
nearest shoreline. This is done to exploit the so called topographic
acceleration as the wind accelerates over a ridge.

Near shore
• Near shore turbine installations are on land within three kilometers of
a shoreline or on water within ten kilometers of land. These areas are
good sites for turbine installation, because of wind produced by
convection due to differential heating of land and sea each day. Wind
speeds in these zones share the characteristics of both onshore and
offshore wind, depending on the prevailing wind direction.

Airborne
• Airborne wind turbines would eliminate the cost of towers and might
also be flown in high speed winds at high altitude. No such systems are
in commercial operation.
FUTURE CAPACITY MIX
FUTURE CAPACITY MIX
Status of Renewable Energy Projects
 Wind Power Plant Installed in Pakistan

EPC Cost Revised Tariff

S.No. Project Name Owner Group Installed Capacity Turbine Specs Installation Year Tariff Type Tariff at COD (Rs.)
(Million $) Oct-Dec (Rs.)

2.5 MW X 20
1 FFC Energy Limited Fauji 49.5 MW May-13 137.7 Cost Plus 16.859 21.2441
Nordex

2 Zorlu Enerji Pakistan (Pvt.) Limited Zorlu, (Turkish) 56.4 MW Vensys and Vestas Jul-13 115.924 Cost Plus 14.5365 23.1985

1.5MW *33
3 Three Gorges Pakistan First Wind Farm (Pvt.) Limited Three Gorges, China 49.5 MW Nov-14 110.559 Cost Plus 16.1382 26.2577
GoldWind

2.5 MW X 20
4 Fauji Wind Energy Limited-1, Gharo Fauji 50 MW Dec-14 111.93 Cost Plus 15.91 25.14
Nordex

2.5 MW X 20
5 Fauji Wind Energy Limited-2, Gharo Fauji 51 MW Apr-15 111.93 Cost Plus 15.91 25.14
Nordex

1.6 MW*33
6 Sapphire Wind Power Company Limited Sapphire Group 52.8 MW Nov-15 128.872 Upfront Tariff 15.56 26.0614
General Electric

2.5MW*20
7 Metro Power Company Limited Metro Group 50 MW Sep-16 133.446 Cost Plus 14.87 22.32
Nordex

2.5MW*20
8 Yunus Energy Limited Yunus Brother Group (Lucky) 50 MW Sep-16 Upfront Tariff 20.2171 27.1671
Nordex

1.6 MW*33
9 Master Wind Energy Pvt. Limited Master Group 52.8 MW Oct-16 133.67 Upfront Tariff 17.91 26.7696
General Electric

2 MW* 15
10 ACT (Formerly Tapal Wind Enegy) Tapal 30 MW Oct-16 Upfront Tariff 20.27779 27.3036
Gold Wind

2.5MW*20
11 Gul Ahmed Wind Power Ltd Gul Ahmed Group 50 MW Oct-16 108.341 Upfront Tariff 17.919 26.7696
Nordex

1.6 MW*33
12 Tenega Generasi Limited Dawood Group 49.5 Oct-16 129.674 Upfront Tariff 16.73 26.5027
General Electric

1.5MW*33
13 Hydro China Dawood Power Pvt. Limited Dawood Group 49.5 MW Apr-17 133.14 Upfront Tariff 15.6 26.31
Ming Ying

1.5MW *33
14 Sachal Energy Development Pvt. Limited Arif Habib Group, CPEC 49.5 MW Apr-17 138.1 Cost Plus 17.44 27.6142
GoldWind

1.5MW *66
15 UEP Wind Power Pvt. Limited United Energy Group 99 MW Jun-17 228 Upfront Tariff 15.56 26.3196
GoldWind

1.7 MW*29
16 Jhimpir Wind Power Limited JCM and Burj 49.5 MW Mar-18 Upfront Tariff 11.793 19.7179
General Electric

1.7 MW*29
17 Hawa Energy Pvt. Limited JCM 49.5 MW Mar-18 Upfront Tariff 11.793 19.7179
General Electric

1.7 MW X 29
18 Artistic Wind Power Pvt (HAE), Jhimpir Artistic Milleners 49.5 MW Mar-18 87.15 Upfront Tariff 11.793 19.7179
General Electric

1.5MW *33
19 Three Gorges Pakistan Second Wind Farm Pakistan Limited Three Gorges, China 49.5 MW Jun-18 100 Upfront Tariff 11.9487 19.0053
GoldWind

1.5MW *33
20 Three Gorges Pakistan Third Wind Farm Pakistan (Pvt.) Limited Three Gorges, China 49.5 MW Jun-18 100 Upfront Tariff 11.9487 19.0053
GoldWind

1.7 MW*29
21 Tricon Boston Consulting Corporation Pvt. Limited - A Sapphire Group 49.5 MW Aug-18 Upfront Tariff 11.9685 20.064
General Electric

1.7 MW*29
22 Tricon Boston Consulting Corporation Pvt. Limited - B Sapphire Group 49.5 MW Sep-18 250 Upfront Tariff 11.9685 20.064
General Electric

1.7 MW X 29
23 Tricon Boston Consulting Corporation Pvt. Limited - C Sapphire Group 49.5 MW Sep-18 Upfront Tariff 11.9685 20.064
General Electric

24 Zephyr Power Pvt. Limited Dawood Group 50 MW Simens Gamisa ? Dec-18 Upfront Tariff
 Pakistan's first 50 MW wind power project by
FFCEL at Jhimpir Sindh
• KARACHI: President of Pakistan inaugurated the country's
first windmill power project in Thatta on Monday, which will
add about 50 megawatts to Pakistan's energy-starved
electricity transmission system.
• The wind power project in Jhimpir, installed by the Fauji
Fertilizer Company Energy Ltd (FFCEL) and financed by
local banks, was completed within a year with 33 German-
made turbines with a capacity of 1.5MW each.
• 25 out of 33 have been locally manufactured for the first time
in Pakistan at Descon Tower Manufacturing facilty.
 Cost-plus
• Cost-plus tariff is one in which RE IPP is paid its actual cost
plus an agreed profit. In this mode, the IPP is required to
submit a tariff petition to NEPRA for award of tariff for a
particular project along with the tariff proposed for the
project and supporting documents evidencing the cost.
 Upfront Tariff
• Upfront Tariff is one which is determined and announced
by the Regulator based on its own scrutiny and calculations
with certain terms and conditions. The project sponsors
may accept the Upfront Tariff based on its viability for their
project.
 COD
• Commercial Operation Date”, is the day that the system
becomes fully operational and can begin selling power
 NPPC

• National Power Purchasing Company.

 EPC Engineering Procurement and
Construction
A wind farm typically comprises a series of
• wind turbines,
• substation,
• cabling (to connect the wind turbines and substation to the
electricity grid),
• wind monitoring equipment and
• temporary and permanent access tracks.
Thank You

Department of Electrical Engineering – NED University of Engineering & Technology