Possessive S

POSSESSIVE S
TO EXPRESS POSSESSION OR OWNERSHIP

OF SOMETHING WE USUALLY ADD AN
APOSTROPHE AND AN S TO THE NOUN. BE
CAREFUL! THERE ARE A FEW EXCEPTIONS.
WITH NAMES:
Michael's pen is the blue one.
The King's yacht is moored in Monaco.
The hamster upstairs is my daughter's
TO EXPRESS A RELATIONSHIP
John's wife is extremely beautiful.
Deborah's father works at the gas station.
My neighbour's dog is always in my garden.
TO EXPRESS INTANGIBLES:
My mum's intelligence is amazing.
Their children's frustration was obvious.
My work colleague's lateness is annoying.
WITH NAMES THAT END IN S

JUST ADD AN APOSTROPHE:
That is Charles' book.
We went for a drive in Nicholas' car.
The Jones' cat has been found alive and well.
WITH PLURAL NOUNS JUST ADD AN

APOSTROPHE:
The girls' birthday cake was delicious.
The politicians' mobile phones were
confiscated.
The students' debts were rising every year.
WITH IRREGULAR PLURAL NOUNS

JUST ADD AN S: '
That's the men's changing room.
The children's toys are old and outdated.
The gesse's pen was destroyed by a fox.

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POSSESSIVES:
USE OF 'S AND S'
Warmer
⎪ Divide your group into pairs.

⎪ Ask students to decide whether the nouns take an ‘s or s’ ending for their
possessive forms and to complete the boxes.
⎪ The pair that finishes first correctly is the winner.
Boss Gus Students Mary Children
Table Octopus Cup Women Men
‘s possessive form S' possessive form
Main usage
Possessive Nouns are used to show possession of another noun.
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A2
POSSESSIVES:
USE OF 'S AND S'
Construction
A possessive noun can be formed by adding either ‘s or s’, depending on

whether the noun is singular, plural or ending in an –s.
Singular Possessive Plural Possessive Possessive Noun

Noun Noun ending in -s
The dog’s bone The dogs’ bones The boss’ car

The child’s toy The children’s toys Jess’ toys
My father’s house My parents’ house Lois’ house
Possessive Nouns
In order to show that something belongs to somebody or something, we
usually add ‘s to a singular noun and an apostrophe (‘) at the end of a plural
noun.
Singular: I know the boy’s name.
Plural: I know the boys’ names.
Plural: I know the children’s names.
Irregular noun acts as a singular noun

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POSSESSIVES:
USE OF 'S AND S'
Construction
Michael
Singular Possessive Noun
Noun + ‘ (apostrophe) + s
My son’s name is Michael

The house’s gate is white.
Plural Possessive Noun

Noun + s + ‘(apostrophe)
My sons’ names are Michael and James.

The houses’ gates are white and red.
Irregular Plural Possessive Noun Kelly and Trina

Noun + ‘ (apostrophe) + s
The women’s names are Kelly and Trina.

The children’s names are Shelly and Trevor.
Note:
Don’t confuse contractions with possessives!
Mary’s here! means Mary is here.

This is Mary’s hat! indicates The hat belongs to Mary.

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POSSESSIVES:
USE OF 'S AND S'
Exercise 1
Complete the gaps with the correct possessive form of the nouns in brackets:
1. I saw the _______ (people) banners and flags as I approached the street march.
2. This is my _______ (parents) house – I’m staying here at the moment.
3. The _______ (women) discussion group takes place every Thursday evening at
7PM.
4. The _______ (sheep) field is managed by Farmer Brown and his dog.
5. Mr. Matthews is in the office. I saw the _______ (boss) car in the parking lot.
Exercise 2
Transform the sentences below, using a possessive noun in each case:

Example: The dog has a ball > It is the dog’s ball.
1. The girls have dolls.

2. The men have drinks.
3. This person has an application form.
4. These animals have a zoo.
5. This is the house of my friends.

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POSSESSIVES:
USE OF 'S AND S'
Exercise 3
Whose is it?
⎪ Students work in pairs.
⎪ Distribute the pictures and questionnaires. Have students answer the
questions by writing the answers, using the possessive form correctly.
⎪ The teacher can check the answers with the entire group.
1. Whose is the hat? It’s _______________.

2. Who owns the cat? It’s _______________.
3. Whose is the new car? It’s _______________.
4. Who owns the new laptop? It’s _______________.
5. Whose is the cute dog? It’s _______________.
6. Whose is the beautiful white horse? It’s _______________.

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POSSESSIVES:
USE OF 'S AND S'
Exercise 4
Read the dialogue and fill the gaps with the correct form of the possessive:
A: Hello, Paul! We are organizing the house. We have some things belonging to
you.
B: Oh, really? Is this my tennis racket?
A: No, that racket is _______ (Jason) and the football is _______ (Mark). The
sports equipment is the _______ (boy) stuff.
B: Okay. So, what belongs to me?
A: Well, I think those books are _______ (Jenny) but I think these letters are yours.
B: No, you’re wrong. They’re not mine. They are _______ (Mom) letters. That black
table is also _______ (our parent). Why is it here?
A: Mom gave me this table. Oh, look at this cute _______ (dog) toy! It is
_______(Coco) birthday present. Wait! Here is your old Latin book. I knew
something belonged to you!
B: Thanks sis!

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POSSESSIVES:
USE OF 'S AND S'
Activity
Finish the story....
In pairs, students must finish the following conversation using their imagination.
At the end, the pairs share their story with the rest of the class and the teacher
decides which of the stories is the best.
John -
Mary - Wow, that is amazing!
John – I know, I can’t believe he said yes.
Mary -
John -
Mary - The big one up by the mountain?
John –
Mary – What’s the price? It must be expensive.
John – I’m not sure exactly but I think it’s about £3000
Mary -
John –
Mary – Well I wish them a lot of happiness.
John

A2
OUR NEW HOME
Luke kissed Nina’s cheek. “What’s through there?” Nina

“Welcome to our new home,” he asked. “I don’t know. We don’t
said, as they walked towards the have the key. I’ll see if I get one
door. “I hope you will like it.” “Oh, from the previous owner,” he
it’s wonderful,” she said. Luke said. “Oh yes, please do. I’d love
unlocked the door and they stepped to know what’s in there,” she said.
into a long hallway. The first room Her smile showed a brilliant set of
to the left was a new kitchen white teeth. Even her eyes were
painted white and blue. There were smiling. She was beautiful. Luke
little ducks on the tiles by the sink and Nina spent their first night in
and a wooden table in the far their new home and awoke to the
corner with four chairs neatly phone ringing on the side table.
pushed around it. Behind the
dining table was a small door
painted green.
“Hello?” answered Luke, his voice groggy with sleep. “I’m calling about
that key. I’ve managed to find it. I’ll drop it over in an hour,” the man’s
voice on the other end said. “Brilliant. See you then,” Luke replied. An
hour later there was a knock at the door and the key was handed over.
“I’m not too sure what’s down there, probably just a bunch of junk,”
explained the previous owner.

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OUR NEW HOME
When the man had gone, Luke called for his wife. She came down the
stairs wrapped in a gown, her hair still damp from the shower. Luke
walked up to the door and slid the shiny golden key into the lock. It
clicked and swung open towards them. It was dark and dusty with
cobwebs in all the cracks. Luke pulled a string and a light flickered on.
A smell of damp and mould floated up towards them as they went
down the stairs into a basement. Nina wrapped the gown tighter
around her shoulders. At the bottom lay a box, placed in the centre of a
large mahogany, kind of like a treasure chest. Luke lifted up the lid and
looked inside. It was filled with black and white photographs, pieces of
old jewellery and medals from the war. It was someone’s life all packed
up into a box and left in the basement.
“Why would someone leave all this

here?” Nina asked picking up a
photograph between her thumb and
forefinger. “I don’t know,” Luke
replied. Luke and Nina got more than
they expected when they bought
their new home. They got a beautiful
house to begin their lives together,
and they also got a little token of
someone else’s life to explore.

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OUR NEW HOME
Vocabulary
Spend 3 minutes researching the vocabulary below that is used in the text. Then
discuss your answers with the teacher.
Sink
Damp
Groggy
Treasure chest
Forefinger
Exercise 5
Read the story and then answer the true or false questions below:
T/F There were little ducks in the bathroom

T/F The first room to the left was the dining room
T/F The kitchen was painted blue and white
T/F They found war medals in the box
T/F Luke and Nina were sleeping when they received the telephone call
Chatterbox
Do you own your own house? What was the feeling when you first received the
keys? Why do you think the person left the box with their belongings in the
house?What would you do with the box if you were Luke and Nina?
How many examples of the possessive can you find in the story?

PREPOSITIONAL
PHRASES
Of Time
A prepositional phrase is a group of words that include a
preposition, an object and sometimes a modifier of the object.
Here we look at prepositional phrases of time and how they
function:
He arrived on schedule every We go on holiday during the

day. summer.
In the morning, breakfast is Before work tomorrow there is a

eaten. meeting.
By 9pm the baby is usually On Saturday afternoon we

asleep. are going to New York.
The most popular prepositions of time are: on, at and in. They are
used:
At - For specific times, holidays and festivals.
On - For days, weekends, special days and dates.
In - For months, seasons, years, centuries, general times of day
and longer periods of time.
PREPOSITIONAL
PHRASES
Of Place
Here we look at prepositional phrases of place and how they
function:
The family are under the red The bike is leaning against
umbrella. the wall.
The plant is outside the front She is reading near the window.
door.
The baby is in his bed. There's snow on top of the

mountain.
The president is behind

the podium.
PREPOSITIONAL
PHRASES
Of Movement
Here we look at prepositional phrases of movement and how they
function:
The family are driving along He is cycling through the

the coast. forest.
They are walking towards the The train is travelling to Euston

sea. Station.
The friends are walking up The woman is sprinting

the steps. around the lake.
The kids are running

away from their parents.
A2
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES:
PLACE, TIME & MOVEMENT
Warmer

⎪ One person describes the landscape in the first picture.
⎪ The other person tries to draw the description, using a blank piece of paper
and a pencil.
⎪ Then, exchange roles. The first person describes the second picture.
⎪ Students must use prepositional phrases in their descriptions. The teacher can
begin to introduce basic prepositional phrases on the board.
Main usage
Prepositional phrases of time, place and movement are used to refer to:
⎪ When an action or event occurred
⎪ Where or the position an action happened
⎪ How an action occurred

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Construction
Prepositional phrases are composed of a preposition and a noun phrase.

They can occur at the beginning or end of the sentence.
Preposition + Noun phrase

Beyond the forest is the great mountain.
Beside my house is a little river.
By 10PM, everyone was asleep.
Near the door, there was a large dog sleeping.
Prepositional phrases of time

By 8PM, the show was finished.
We returned home at 9PM.
The new TV series starts on Wednesday.
Prepositional phrases of Place

Along the coast, there are sparkling beaches.
Beside our home, there are dangerous cliffs.
The bank is opposite the bakery.
Prepositional phrases of movement

We drove farther towards the coast.
My sister Anna turned away from me.
They walked through the mall to meet their friends.

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Exercise 1
Insert prepositions into the gaps to complete the dialogue between a new
developer and a neighbor:
To Along At Outside Between
A: Excuse me. Are you building something on the coast?

B: Yes, we are. ___________ the beach, we plan to build a large hotel.
A: Oh dear. Perhaps the hotel will block the light into my garden.
B: Don’t worry! ___________ the hotel and your house, there will be a terrace of
50 metres.
A: Good. How will your visitors come to the hotel?
B: ___________ the hotel, there is a taxi-rank. Guests will travel ___________
the hotel from the airport.
A: When will the evening activities begin?
B: ___________ night, there will be music, a small bar and dancing at the
weekends.
A: Oh dear. I hope I will sleep!
Exercise 2
Match the phrases on the left with those on the right to create complete sentences:
1. She hid her money a. by 6PM in the evening.

2. It was getting late so we went home b. above the waterfall.
3. As I was tired, I decided to leave work c. behind the bookshelf.
4. I saw a rainbow. d. towards the countryside.
5. We drove out of the city e. at midnight.

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Exercise 3
Complete the sentences:
⎪ Students work in small groups.

⎪ Distribute the pictures. Have students describe each photo using the
prepositional phrases.
⎪ The teacher can check the answers with the entire group.
The yellow tent is...... The hot air balloon is ......
The beach huts are..... The green car is......
The teacher is...... I wake up...... I go to bed......

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Exercise 4
Complete the prepositional phrases by inserting the following prepositions

into the gaps below:
By In Beyond At Beside At Towards Through
Every summer, I visit the mountains. I take my old car, leave the noise of the
city and drive ____________ the countryside. I continue my journey
____________ the beautiful forest.____________ the forest is the great
mountain. I park the car ____________ the bottom of the mountain. With my
dog Goldie, we start our walk up the hill. The views are lovely.
____________ the river, there is a perfect place to camp our tent. We start a
fire and cook our meal.____________ night, we sleep peacefully in our new,
quiet home. ____________ dawn, the birds are singing and we continue our
trek. ____________ the afternoon, we return down the mountainside. Near
the lake, Goldie and I have our picnic. We return home.

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Chatterbox
Have the students describe their house to the other classmates. They can draw
diagrams to help them explain the prepositions of place more clearly.
Activity
Mastermind. Each student chooses a topic that they are very knowledgeable on,
for example ‘Politics’. They then have to talk for one minute about everything they
know about their chosen topic. The student that talks with the most fluency is the
winner.
SPORT
POLITICS
FILM
art

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JOHNNY'S IMAGINARY
FRIEND
Johnny was lying in bed awake at They sat on the floor together and
night staring at the ceiling when a Johnny pulled out a box of army
voice said, “hello.” He sat up figurines. They were all wearing
straight and pulled the duvet up green camouflage suits with guns
under his chin. “hello?” he said in a strapped to their backs. They
timid voice. “Hi, my name is Noah. formed teams out of the soldiers
And you’re Johnny, I already know and played at battling each other.
that,” he said. “Who are you?” he After a while Johnny asked, “does
asked. “I’m your imaginary friend,” everybody have an imaginary
Noah explained. “So you’re not friend?” “Not everybody,” he
real?” “No, I’m just a part of your replied, “but lots of children do.”
imagination. I’m here to be your “That’s good. I could really use a
friend,” he said. “Well I can’t sleep friend. I’ve been really sad lately.
right now. Will you play with me?” It’s nice to have someone I can
Johnny asked. “Of course,” he said. talk to,” Johnny explained.
“And why have you been sad Johnny?” Noah asked. “My parents keep
shouting at each other. It’s like they don’t even like each other.
Sometimes I get stuck in the middle. Last week mum told dad to take me
to my football game and he said he couldn’t because he was working but
mum said she couldn’t because she was seeing her mum. They got so
angry at each other and so I ended up having to tag along with my friend
Max, but I just felt awkward. I felt sad that I was let down by both of
them, and sad that they fell out because of me,” Johnny said.

A2
JOHNNY'S IMAGINARY
FRIEND
“You can’t blame yourself though, if they didn’t argue about you they’d
argue about something else,” Noah explained as he moved closer to
Johnny and put a comforting arm around him. “And you’ve always got
me to talk to if you want to.”
“Thank you Noah. And you too, if you ever need anybody, you know
where I am,” Johnny said. “Oh that won’t be necessary. Imaginary
friends don’t have problems. I’m simply around to help you with
yours. Think of me as a guardian angel,” he laughed.
Johnny smiled and they went back to playing together for quite some time.
The night rolled on and his eyes began to feel heavy with tiredness. “I feel quite
sleepy now,” he began. “I might try and get some rest.” “That sounds like a
good idea,” Noah replied. “You’ll feel better about things in the morning.” “Will
you be here when I wake up?” he asked. “I will be here whenever you want me
to be here. That’s what I’m here for,” Noah explained. Johnny climbed into bed
and shut his eyes. He tried counting to fifty but he only got to thirty-two before
he fell asleep. He was happy and calm knowing that he had an imaginary
friend to talk to and play with.

A2
JOHNNY'S IMAGINARY
FRIEND
Vocabulary
Camouflage
Imaginary
Guns
Calm
Blame
Exercise 5
T/F Noah has an imaginary friend called Johnny

T/F All children have imaginary friends
T/F Noah didn’t want to play with Johnny
T/F Johnny had been feeling sad recently
T/F Noah can be with Johnny whenever he needs him
Chatterbox
Did you have an imaginary friend when you were a child? Do you know of any child
now that says they have an imaginary friend? Do you believe in imaginary friends?
How can having an imaginary friend help children?

PREPOSITIONS
OF TIME
We use the prepositions of time - at, in and
on - to express the time frame of when an
action or event occurred.
AT
We use at to express specific time and
time frames, holidays and festivals.
We are meeting in the conference room at 8pm.

Lunch is served at noon.
We last saw mum at Christmas.
I wake up every day at the crack of dawn.
My baby never sleeps at night.
ON
We use on to express days and
weekends, special days and dates.
The technology convention is on Tuesday.

Happy Hour is only served on Friday nights.
We are goin out on New Years Eve this year.
I am taking the day off work on my birthday.
I am going to Lake Tahoe on the weekend.
I ate too much on Thanksgiving day.
We use in to express months, seasons,
IN years, centuries, general times of day

and longer periods of time.
I have to wake up at 6am in the morning.

My birthday is in May.
I was born in 1966.
I am travelling around Africa in the summer.
He didn't like me in the past, but he does now.
The wheel was invented in the stone age.
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PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
ON - IN - AT
Warmer
Routine
Students work in pairs to complete the Saturday routine using the prepositions of
time on, in or at.

A2
Main usage
Prepositions of time (in, at and on) are used:

⎪ To refer to the time or date that an action or event occurred.
Construction
On - For days, dates and weekends
On Saturdays, I play basketball.

The friends meet on the weekends.
I was born on the 15th April 2001.
She has an appointment on Monday morning.
In - For time of day, months, seasons and years
In summer, everyone goes on holiday.

We eat dinner in the evening.
The leaves fall from the trees in Autumn.
They started working here in 2010.
At - For specific times and holidays
The show starts at 2PM.

I finish work at half-past six in the evening.
I will be home at Christmas.
The movie is due to end at around midnight.

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Note:
Dates are expressed differently in British and American English.
In American English, we put the month first in dates:

Today is March 2nd, 2015.
In British English, we put the date before the month:

Today is the 2nd of March, 2015.
Exercise 1
Complete the gaps with the correct prepositions of time:
A: Excuse me! Is your shop open?
B: We’ve just closed, sir. We closed ___ 6PM.
A: Oh no! I have to get something. Are you open ___ the morning?
B: We are open tomorrow morning ___ 9AM. We are closed ___ the afternoon.
A: That’s not very convenient.
B: These are our opening hours ___ the winter. You have to come back tomorrow!
A: Okay. Bye.

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Exercise 2
Complete the sentences with the prepositions in, on and at:
____ Monday, something strange happened. It was very late ____ night and I was
just sleeping when I heard a knock at the door. I woke up and went back to sleep.
____ midnight, I heard the knocking again, so I went downstairs and opened the
door. There was nobody there! I returned to bed and tried to go back to sleep, but
____ the middle of the night, I heard a loud knocking again! I looked out of the
window and saw a tree branch hitting the front door! It was windy ____ winter-time,
so the branch was knocking on the door. I went back to sleep and ____ the
morning, I laughed at how silly I was!

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Exercise 3
Making an Appointment
⎪ Divide your students into pairs.
⎪ Distribute the simulation cards and give a Parent role and a School
Administrator role to the members of each pair.
⎪ Have students act out the simulation.
⎪ If you have extra time, have students exchange roles.
Parent
You would like to enroll your child in a new school.
Meet the school administrator to help her/him fill
out the application form. You need to give her your
child’s name, date of birth, your own date of birth
and the dates you want your child to start at the
new school. You also want to know the dates of
the school holidays and the school weekly
schedule.
School Administrator
You are the administrator of a school. Today,
you are meeting a parent (your partner). He/she
wants to enroll his/her child into the school. Ask
the parent for the child’s date of birth, the
parent’s date of birth and the date the child will
start in the new school. You can refer to the
school schedule to inform the parent of important
dates.

A2

A2
Chatterbox
Use the chart below to start a group discussion about the differences
between school schedules in the countries of the students and the teacher.
Discuss what time school starts, when they have lunch and what time they
finish as well as the yearly schedule for holidays. Ask students which
schedules they prefer, which ones are the most suitable for parents and
whether or not there should be differences between the schedules for the
different countries, for example if school should finish earlier in Spain in the
summer because of the temperature. Remember to always use the
prepositions of time we havel earned in this unit.

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Exercise 4
Complete the dialogue, inserting the correct prepositions of time in the gaps below:
Ring! Ring!
A: Hello?
B: Hi, Paula! It’s Greg.
A: Hi, Greg. How are things!
B: Just great! I’m calling to see if you’re free ____ Saturday.
A: I’m not sure. What time?
B: Well, there’s a new Sci-Fi movie ____ the evening at the TriPlex Cinema.
I think the first movie is ____ 6PM.
A: It’s a bit early for me. I’m working at the café on Saturday. I finish ____ 7PM.
B: Really? Do you want to go to the later movie ____ 8PM?
A: That sounds great, Greg! Let me write that in my diary. So that’s ____ Saturday
June 2nd ____ 8PM!
B: Exactly! See you then!

A2
Activity
Music quiz. Divide the class into two teams and read out the following questions.
The team with the most correct answers is the winner

A2
THE BOAT TRIP
The boat drifted through the sea. Cliff edges rose on either side and
Holidaymakers could see it from there was a small beach in between.
the beach. They were all sitting There were no people on this beach;
underneath umbrellas, coated in this one could only be reached by
sun cream, looking at it. It was the sea. Tom called to his father,
magnificent. It was a rich man’s “Stop the boat here.” Tom’s father
yacht. It was white with a long saluted and steered them into the
wooden deck. On the deck, legs bay. The engine stopped and all was
hanging over the edge, sat Tom quiet.
and Alex. Tom, wearing mint
green swimming trunks got up
and stretched. “Shall we stop here?”
he asked. “Yes, here looks good,”
Alex replied looking around him.
They were sailing past a bay
where the water was green and
welcoming.
Resting his sunglasses on the table, Alex prepared to dive in. With one fluid
motion he jumped into the sea. Tom followed him. They floated in the sea
on their backs enjoying the warm water. The sun beat down on their faces
and it was so bright they had to squint.
Tom began swimming towards the beach. Alex followed but struggled to
keep up. After a few minutes they could see the sea floor. The water was so
clear they could see rocks and little orange fish swimming through the
seaweed.

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THE BOAT TRIP
Off to the left Tom spotted a small cave in the rock. “Hey, look over
there,” he shouted at Alex and pointed at the cliff. “We should go and take
a look, there might be some cool fish.” He waited for Alex to catch up and
then they swam over together. They’d swum into the shade and the water
was much cooler. Although it was dark in the shade and hard to see, the
cave didn’t seem very deep. It was more of a hole in the wall. Just inside
the cave was a rock jutting out of the water.
On top of the rock was a dark form. They swam closer and saw what it
was. It was a body. It was lifeless. Blood had dripped down the side of the
rock from the body’s head. It was now dry and crusty. Tom and Alex
looked at each other. What had they stumbled across?

A1
THE BOAT TRIP
Vocabulary
Deck
Cliff
Squint
Stumble
Shade
Exercise 5
T/F The sea was blue and welcoming

T/F Alex was a faster swimmer than Tom
T/F Tom was steering the boat
T/F The yacht was white
T/F Tom spotted the small cave
Chatterbox
Have you ever been on a yacht?

Do you like being by the sea?
Have you ever been in a cave?
What would you do about the body if you were in their situation?

PRESENT
CONTINUOUS
An action or event that is ongoing in the present and is
generally considered unfinished or incomplete.
An action or event that is happening right

now:
It's currently snowing in Boston.

I'm studying for my exam at the moment.
We are walking our dogs in the forest.
A future event that is already planned or

organized:
We're travelling around Europe next year.

Is the dentist closing at 7pm tonight?
Harrods isn't opening until 9am on Boxing day.
To emphasize repeated actions:
He's constantly moaning about his job.

Are they always fighting over their toys?
She's forever denying him access to his child.
Exceptions - Stative Verbs

Stative verbs are not used in the continuous form. These refer to
states rather than events or actions. Here are some correct and
incorrect examples of stative verbs and their categories:
Opinions I believe that Tiger can win this tounament.

I am believing that Tiger can win this tournament.
Mental states I know that this grammar work is difficult.
I am knowing that this grammar work is difficult.
Measurements That Gucci handbag costs too much.
That Gucci handbag is costing too much.
Emotions I hate his new girlfriend.
I am hating his new girlfriend.
Senses His dog smells really bad.
His dog is smelling really bad.
A2
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Warmer
Mimes
⎪ Divide your group into two teams.

⎪ Distribute different activities to each member of the group. For example:
‘’Swimming’’.
⎪ Each person must perform the activity for his/her own team. The team has
one minute to get the answer, and will receive a score only if they use the
present continuous form correctly. For example: ‘’She’s dancing’’.
⎪ The team with the most correct answers within the time limit is the winner.
Main usage
The Present Continuous tense is used to express an ongoing action that is

happening right now, at this moment.

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PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Construction
Interrogative
To be + Subject + Verb+ing
Are you eating right now?
Is it snowing in Canada at the moment?
Am I playing the flute well, teacher?
Wh questions
Wh Question + To be + Subject + Verb+ing

Where are you playing cricket today?
Why are you waiting at home all day?
What is he doing on his day off?
Affirmative
Subject + To be + Verb+ing
They're going home in a minute.
You're creating some great work at the minute.
We're booking a holiday online today.
Negative
Subject + To be + Not + Verb+ing

He's not splitting up with her yet.
Call him now, he isn't working today.
They're in trouble for not following my example.

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PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Rules:
The present continuous tense is used to express an action or event

that is happening now, at the present moment or period. It can be
used with only the auxiliary form or with a question word. There are
some key words that trigger the use of the present continuous:
Key Words
Now Are you having dinner right now?

Where are you studying now?
At the moment What is she watching at the moment?
She isn’t watching TV. She’s reading at the moment.
Today I’m working in the garden today.
These days Is business doing well these days?
Nowadays I’m feeling bored at work nowadays.
There are certain verbs that do not use the continuous form. They are
called stative verbs.
Stative Verbs Simple Form Continuous Form
Belong This pen belongs to me. This pen is belonging to me.

Understand I understand your opinion. I am understanding your opinion.
Know We know how to speak Italian. We are knowing how to speak Italian.
Want She wants to see Rome. She is wanting to see Rome.
Like I like your new coat. I am liking your new coat.
Hate They hate his new girlfriend. They are hating his new girlfriend.
Love We love your new shoes. We are loving your new shoes.

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PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Exercise 1
Complete the mini-dialogues, completing the phrases with the correct formulation
of the present continuous tense:
1. A: What ____________________ (you / to do)?

B: I’m writing a book in my office.
2. A: Where ____________________ (he / go)?

B: He’s going to London to meet the queen.
3. A: ____________________ (it/to rain) again?

B: Yes, it is. The weather is awful!
4. A: ____________________ (you / to work) right now? I need your help.

B: No, I’m not. How can I assist you?
5. A: How ____________________ (you/to prepare) the meat for dinner?

B: I’m roasting it in the oven.
Exercise 2
Complete the sentences using the present simple or present continuous tense:
1. I ________ (love) your new dress! Where did you get it?
2. She ________ (listen) very carefully to the podcast right now to improve
her English.
3. At the moment, I ________ (understand) new English words better.
4. Come join us! We ________ (watch) a great movie on TV.
5. Mary can’t come to the phone. She ________ (take) a shower.

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PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Exercise 3
Robbery
⎪ Divide your students into groups of four.
⎪ Distribute the simulation cards and give a Neighbor role and a Police role
to two members of each group.
⎪ If you have extra time, have students switch roles.
Neighbor
You are in your house when suddenly, you see
a robber at the house on the other side of the
road! He is breaking and entering your
neighbor’s house. Call the police (your partner)
and describe what the robber is wearing and
what he is doing right now!
Police
You are a policeman or policewoman. You
suddenly receive a call from a man or woman
(your partner). He / she says that a robber is
breaking and entering a house. Ask questions to
know what the robber is wearing and doing right
now. Explain how you can help.

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PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Exercise 4
Complete the sentences, selecting the correct form in the gaps below:
1. Right now, we____________ in the garden outside.

a. ‘re resting
b. Is resting
c. Rest
2. At the moment, everyone in our team _____________ extremely hard.

a. Work
b. Working
c. Are working
3. What _____________ doing right now? I need to speak with her.

a. Marta is
b. Marta
c. Is Marta
4. I can see you _____________ a cake. What ingredients are in it?

a. Make
b. Are making
c. Is making
5. I _____________ your point of view, but I don’t agree with it.

a. Am understanding
b. ‘m understanding
c. Understand

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PRESENT CONTINUOUS
6. The children are not in the school yard. They _____________ in the
classrooms.
a. Study
b. Studying
c. Are studying
7. I can’t speak to you right now! I _____________ on the phone with my boss!
a. Talk
b. Talking
c. Am talking
8. _____________ a letter to Dad? Tell him I said hi.

a. Do you write
b. Write you
c. Are you writing
9. Why _____________? Are you upset right now?

a. Are you crying
b. You are crying
c. Do you cry?
10. My wife and I _____________ money to buy a new house.

a. Save
b. Are saving
c. Is saving

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PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Chatterbox
What are you doing right now?

Are you watching any television series at the moment?
What is the person next to you wearing in class?
What are you working on in your job at the moment?
Are you reading any books?
Activity
What's happening in your classroom right now.......
The teacher writes ‘present continuous’ on the board. Like a brainstorm,

students shout out all of the actions that they can see in the classroom or
through a window.
For example, ‘We are studying the present continuous’.
The students can be imaginative and use all of the props possible to
construct a sentence in the present continuous.

PRESENT
CONTINUOUS
FOR FUTURE
FUNCTION:
The present continuous is used to express arrangements in the
near future. There is an understanding that other people are
involved with the arrangement. It is generally only used as a one-
off arrangement and not for something that is repetitive or
routine. In this instance we would use the present simple:
I'm meeting Johnny after school. (Only today)

I meet Johnny every day after school. (Rpetitive)
AFFIRMATIVE / NEGATIVE
I can't work next week, I'm going on holiday.
We are dining with John and Mary tonight if you want to join us?
They are staying at the Hilton hotel in town this weekend.
No, he isn't meeting me after work tonight.
Because of the snow we are no longer going to drive to London
tomorrow evening.
She isn't studying next week as it's the holidays.
KEY PHRASES
There are some key phrases that trigger the use of the present
continuous for the near future.
I am working this morning/this afternoon/this evening.
We are eating with friends tonight/tomorrow.
They are checking out later/at 7pm.
I am meeting him after work/after school/ after lunch.
We are visiting family at the weekend/next week/next month.
QUESTIONS
These are examples of questions that could trigger a present
continuous response:
What are you doing after work?

Where are you going to at the weekend?
Is he playing football on Sunday?
Is she teaching the kids this evening?
Why are you meeting Jeff tonight?
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PRESENT CONTINUOUS
FUTURE
Chatterbox
Ensure that you have a dice for this game.

Ask your students to roll the dice. The number that it lands on is the number of
the topic below that the student must talk about.
Each student talks in detail about the question that they have been asked. They
must give at least three answers using the present continuous form.
1- What are you doing on Saturday night?

2- Where are you going on holiday this year?
3- When are you next seeing your parents?
4- What are you doing after work?
5- Where are you going tomorrow night?
6- What are you having for dinner tonight?
Main usage
The Present Continuous tense can be used to express an action or event in the near
future.

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PRESENT CONTINUOUS - FUTURE
Construction
Interrogative
To be + Subject + Verb+ing
Are you driving to London on Sunday?
Is Johnny speaking at the conference next week?
Are we leaving school early today?
Wh questions
Wh Question + To be + Subject + Verb+ing

Where are you sitting on the plane tomorrow?
Why is he coaching the under 19 team tonight?
When are they going shopping?
Affirmative
Subject + To be + Verb+ing
They're going home in the morning.
She's travelling around the world in the winter.
I'm getting married in February and you're invited.
Negative
Subject + To be + Not + Verb+ing

I'm not teaching a class this evening.
We're not sending the present until after the birth.
My boss isn't giving us a bonus this Christmas.

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Rules:
The present continuous tense is used to express an arrangement in

the near future. There is generally an understanding that other people
are involved in the decision.
I’m meeting Kelly at 6PM.

(This is an arrangement between me and Kelly).
Key Words
Tonight Where are you going tonight?

We’re going to Krystal nightclub.
This afternoon Is Mike playing tennis this afternoon?
Yes, he has a match at 2pm.
Later What are your plans for today? I’m meeting friends later.
Tomorrow Our neighbors are having a barbecue tomorrow.
Next week We’re flying to Barbados next week.
There are certain verbs that do not use the continuous form. They are
called stative verbs.
Stative Verbs Simple Form Continuous Form
Belong This pen belongs to me. This pen is belonging to me.

Understand I understand your opinion. I am understanding your opinion.
Know We know how to speak Italian. We are knowing how to speak Italian.
Want She wants to see Rome. She is wanting to see Rome.
Like I like your new coat. I am liking your new coat.
Hate They hate his new girlfriend. They are hating his new girlfriend.
Love We love your new shoes. We are loving your new shoes.

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Exercise 1
Complete the mini-dialogues, completing the phrases with the correct formulation
of the present continuous tense:
1. A: What are you doing this weekend?
B: I ________________ (go) to Barcelona with friends.
2. A: Do you have plans for the holidays?
B: Yes. We ________________ (take) a trip to Scandinavia.
3. A: ________________(you / to attend) the conference call this afternoon?
B: No, I’m not. I have a doctor’s appointment.
4. A: ________________(your sister / to get) married this summer?
B: Yes, she is! I’m her bridesmaid.
5. A: Why ________________ (you / to work) tonight? It’s a holiday.
B: I’m working because I need the money.
Exercise 2
Complete the sentences using the present simple or present continuous tense:
1. I just spoke to the manager. We _______________ (to meet) at 3PM for the
presentation.
2. What_______________ (you / to do) tonight? I’d like to invite you out.
3. Here’s the schedule. Our bus _______________ (to leave) at 9AM. Don’t forget!
4. The company picnic _______________ (to take place) this summer in the park.
5. We _______________ (join) all our friends at the restaurant tonight. Be there!

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Exercise 3

⎪ Distribute the simulation cards and give a Friend 1 role and a Friend 2
role to two members of each group.
⎪ If you have extra time, have students switch roles for extra practice!
Friend 1
You have a very busy schedule at work this week,
but you want to go out for dinner with your best
friend. Call him/her on the phone. Identify yourself
and explain the reason for your call. Find out what
he/she’s doing during the week or at the weekend.
Set a date and time to meet, and decide where
you’re eating dinner and what time you are
meeting each other.
Friend 2
You receive a call from your best friend. You’d
like to meet him/her for dinner this week or
weekend. Explain that you’re working a lot this
week, but organize a date and time to meet at a
restaurant. Settle on a restaurant where you’re
meeting.

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Exercise 4
Complete the sentences, selecting the correct form in the gaps below:
1. This weekend, we _____________ friends.

a. Meet
b. Are meeting
c. Meeting
2. During the holiday period, my parents _____________ to the West Indies.

a. Will going
b. Going
c. Are going
3. Here’s our flight information. The plane _____________ London at 12:20.

a. Leaves
b. Is leaving
c. Leaving
4. _____________ for dinner tonight?

a. What you are eating
b. What are you eating
c. What you eat
5. The school children _____________ in the school concert this morning.

a. Perform
b. Performing
c. Are performing

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6. All senior managers _____________ the congress in Berlin next week.

a. To attend
b. Attend
c. Are attending
7. The team _____________ later this week to follow up on our project.

a. Meets
b. Are meeting
c. Meeting
8. When _____________ the annual evaluations?

a. You are conducting
b. Are you conducting
c. You conducting
9. She _____________ the gym next week when she is paid.

a. Joins
b. Is joining
c. Are joining
10. We’re really tired! We _____________ tonight!

a. ‘s not going out
b. Not going out
c. ‘re not going out

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I HE THEY I
START RIDE WEAR WATCH PLAY
In this board game, students must think of a sentence using the

e ent ntin t e form, using the verb and subject of YO
the square they have landed on. The sentence must include an WORK
expression that refers to the future. Blue writing affirmative.
Red writing negative. Green writing uestion. Orange bad!
The first player to reach the finish square is the winner.
WE THEY SHE IT THEY

H G OPEN TEACH EAT ST DY
YO I YO YO GO
J MP SING SLEEP LISTEN BACK
4 SPACES
GO BACK IT I WE
TO THE WALK SING WRITE
FINISH
START
WE THEY WE GO MISS
DRESS WAKE READ BACK A
P 7 SPACES T RN
GO I WE YO THEY
BACK SPEAK DRINK VOTE WIN
3 SPACES
WWW.TEAMTEFL.COM ©TEAM TEFL ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2018

YOUR
VERSUS
YOU'RE
COMPARING THE 2 USES
YOUR YOU'RE
Second person Contraction of “you”

possessive pronoun and “are.” Missing out
the 'a'
To refer to something "You're" replaces the

that someone else words “you” and “are”
possesses to shorten it
“I drank your tea “You’re the best

today” singer in the group”
"Your eyes are so “Everything is so

pretty" much more fun
when you’re around”
"Don't forget your
hat"
“You’re so generous
"Your brother is quite
with your time, and
the catch"
we appreciate it.”
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YOUR VS YOU'RE
Exercise 5
Select the correct form to fill in the blanks in the following sentences:
1. _____ (You’re / Your) welcome to stop by anytime.

2. _____ (You’re / Your) company is always welcome.
3. We enjoy ______ (you’re / your) sense of humor.
4. Did you enjoy _____ (you’re / your) first cruise?
5. I think that _____ (you’re / your) the best at using _____ (you’re / your) hands.
Exercise 6
The teacher throws a ball to one of the students and asks him / her to say a
sentence using either your or you’re. When that student has finished, he or her
then throws the ball to another student. The teacher will need to ask for
clarification on the use of "your" and "you’re" since the pronunciation is the same
for both.
Exercise 7
Create three sentences that use “your” and three that use “you're” correctly.

PRESENT PERFECT
The present perfect is used to talk about an action or event that
started in the past and continues into the current time period. We
also use it to discuss personal experiences. It is used with the
auxialiary verb 'have' and the past participle of the main verb.
ONGOING ACTIONS OR EVENTS THAT STARTED

IN THE PAST:
Hurry up! The film has already started.
They've been playing for two hours.
It has rained a lot today.
He hasn't worked here for years.
We haven't seen them since we were children.
Why haven't you tidied your room yet?
Where have you been? Dinner is cold.
EXPERIENCES:
We use the present perfect to tell people about our own
experiences and to ask others about theirs. These often
include the key words ever and never:
Have you ever been to France?
Has he ever baked a cake?
Have we cooked enough food for 20 guests?
She has visited many countries.
They have made a lot of money in their careers.
We have shared lots of memorable days together.
I have never been skiing in the Alps.
We've never driven in another country before.
He has never seen the film 'Titanic'.
WHEN THE TIME IS UNKNOWN OR UNIMPORTANT:
Someone has stolen my phone.

I think that my friend has taken my jacket.
They've studied philosophy before.
My dog has eaten my homework.
She's worked at McDonalds.
PRESENT
PERFECT
Key words that indicate the use of the
present perfect:
Ever - To ask questions about

experiences
Have you ever swam in the ocean?
Has he ever tried a Waldorf salad?
Never - Negative response
I have never swam in the ocean.

He has never tried a Waldorf salad.
For - To express the duration
They've lived here for ten years.

We haven't worked here for very long.
Since - To express how long

something has been happening
We have been driving since 9am.
They haven't seen this film since 1998.
How long - To ask how long

something has been happening
How long have you been in town?
How long have you been eating?
Yet - To see if something persists

Have you finished that essay yet?
We haven't taken lunch yet.
Just - To express something that

has happened very recently
I have just arrived home.
She has just finished the meeting.
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PRESENT PERFECT
Chatterbox

⎪ Ask each student to complete the questionnaire below with the correct use of
the present perfect.
⎪ Then the pairs ask each other the questions that have been formed.
Tip: Remember to use the past participle of the main verb!
Main usage
The Present Perfect Simple tense can be used:

⎪ To express an event or action that started in the past and continues today.
⎪ To refer to an action within one’s own life experience.

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PRESENT PERFECT
Construction
Interrogative
Have/Has + Subject + Past Participle

Have you been to Asia?
Has she eaten French food?
Have they read these coursebooks?
Interrogative with wh- questions
Wh question +Have/Has + Subject + Past Participle

When have we seen this film?
Why has Mary invented this lie?
Where have you been?
Affirmitive
Subject + Have/Has + Past Participle

Yes, she has been here since 2am.
I'm certain we've visited his house before.
Johnny and Michelle have purchased their new home.
Negative
Subject + Have/Has not / Never + Past Participle

No, she hasn't been here all night.
No, we've never visited his house before.
The Smith's haven't bought their new car yet.

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PRESENT PERFECT
The present perfect simple is used to express an action that began in the
past and continues until now. We use:
The subject + Auxiliary (have or has) + the past participle of the verb
He has walked for three kilometers.

We have traveled for ten days.
She has purchased a new table.
Some useful key words can indicate the use of the present perfect. We
can use the present perfect simple tense with these words:
For How long have you lived here?

I’ve lived here for two years.
Since How long has he worked in the company?

He has worked here since 2012
Yet Is the work finished yet?

No, we haven’t finished it yet.
How long How long have you been in London?

I’ve been here for three weeks
Ever Have you ever climbed Mount Everest?

Yes, I’ve climbed it twice.
Never Have you ever been to Brazil?

No, I’ve never been to Brazil.

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PRESENT PERFECT
Watch out for irregular verbs when using the present perfect simple tense. They
change completely! We use the past participle of these verbs when forming the
present perfect. Here’s a list of those verbs and their participles for your reference:
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

To be Was Been
Do Did Done
Say Said Said
Come Came Come
Go Went Gone
Eat Ate Eaten
Write Wrote Written
See Saw Seen

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PRESENT PERFECT
Exercise 1
Complete the mini-dialogues, completing the phrases with the correct formulation of
the present continuous tense:
1. A: Have you _____________ been to Cambodia?

B: No,
2. A: _____________(you/ever/to be) to New York?
B: Yes, I’ve been there twice.
3. A: _____________ (he/always/to work) in this company?
B: No, he hasn’t. He worked at a different group last year.
4. A: Has it snowed the whole morning?
B: Yes, _____________. There is a white blanket of snow on the land.
5. A: Has she ever seen the Taj Mahal?
B: No,_____________. She’s never been to India.
Exercise 2
Complete the sentences, using the correct form of the participles in brackets:
1. We’ve just __________ (to eat) a great meal at La Scala restaurant.

2. I’ve never__________ (to leave) my country in my whole life.
3. The kids have never __________(to be) to a movie.
4. My mother has already __________(to make) a big cake for my birthday.
5. He has never __________(to do) a day’s work in his life!

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PRESENT PERFECT
Exercise 3

⎪ Distribute the simulation cards and give an Interviewer role and an
Interviewee role to each pair.
⎪ If you have extra time, have students switch roles for further practice.
Interviewer
You are a recruiter for the ABC Company. Today,
you are interviewing an applicant (partner) for a
Project Manager position in your company. You
want to know how long this person has worked and
if he/she has had any experience in project
management. Find out what skills he/she has gained
in his/her recent work.
Interviewee
You have an interview today for the position of
Project Manager in The ABC Company. Until now,
you’ve worked in The NY Group for three years.
You’ve been in project management for one year
and you’ve developed organizational and
technical skills. Be prepared to speak about this
experience and skills in the interview.

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PRESENT PERFECT
Exercise 4
Multiple Choice:
1. She _______ never traveled outside her city.

a. Has
b. Had
c. Have
2. Have you _______ come back home?

a. Ever
b. Just
c. Never
3. We’ve _______ finished dinner. What’s for dessert?

a. Never
b. Ever
c. Already
4. A large group of people _______ started a protest on the street against the big
company.
a. Has
b. Have
c. Had
5. Why have you _______ to leave your job?

a. Deciding
b. Decide
c. Decided
6. What mistakes has she _______ in the report that we need to fix?
a. Make
b. Done
c. Made

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PRESENT PERFECT
7. ______ it rained all morning in your town?

a. Have
b. Has
c. Had
8. I’ve ______ really enjoyed skiing. I prefer swimming.

a. Never
b. Ever
c. Already
9. What transport ______ you used to get to work this week?

a. Have
b. Has
c. Had
10.What countries have you _______ to in your life?

a. Went
b. Gone
c. Go

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PRESENT PERFECT
Activity
Acting
Students act out the following situations in the classroom;
Remember to use the present perfect as much as possible.
1- Your boss has called you to his 2- You have been in a crash and have
office…. (The teacher plays the boss lost your memory. The paramedics are
and gives a employee role to one of trying to talk to you but you can’t
the students) remember your name or friends and
family.
3- You are trying to book a room in a

luxurious hotel but the receptionist is
telling you that they are fully booked.

QUESTIONS
We ask questions to elicit a response to something that
we wish to know.
DIRECT QUESTIONS
Direct questions are the normal way in which we ask questions. They are
direct and straight to the point. It is the general way in which we talk
amongst family, friends and people that we know well. We can ask direct
questions with just an auxiliary verb or with a main verb:
Do you know Pete?

Where is the bathroom?
Why are you studying English?
How much did your glasses cost?
How long is he staying in town for?
Do you play a musical instrument?
INDIRECT QUESTIONS
Indirect questions are a polite way to ask a question in a formal situation or
when you don't know a person very well. They usually start with a polite
phrase:
I was wondering if you knew Pete?

Could you tell me where he bathroom is, please?
I'd like to know why you are studying English?
Could I ask you how much your glasses cost?
Do you have any idea how long he will be staying in town for?
May I ask if you play a musical instrument?
TAG QUESTIONS
We use tag questions when we think that we already know the answer to
the question, but we require it to be confirmed. When the first part
(statement) is positive, the second part (question) is negative and vice versa:
You don't know Pete, do you?

The bathroom is over there, isn't it?
You're studying English because it's good for your CV, aren't
you?
He's staying in town for three weeks, isn't he?
You don't play a musical instrument, do you?
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QUESTIONS
Chatterbox
Ask the students to first arrange the sentences to make questions and then have a
group discussion asking each other the questions.
Main usage
Questions or interrogative forms are used to:

⎪ Ask an open or yes/no question directly
⎪ Ask a formal or polite question indirectly
⎪ Ask a tag question to verify certainty

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QUESTIONS
Construction
Direct Questions with yes or no answers
Auxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb

Does Thomas play the guitar?
Do they work together at Walmart?
Does she eat seafood?
Auxiliary verb + Subject

Is Ben at work?
Is Sandra always late?
Is the cat in the garden?
Direct Questions with open answers

Question Word + Aux verb + Subject + Main verb
Where does Jimmy practice horse riding?
How does Jenny bake those special cakes?
Why do you ring me so early every morning?
Indirect Questions
Polite key phrase + gerund of main verb
Would you mind getting me a coffee?
What about joining me for a movie tonight?
Do you mind putting your agreement in writing?

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QUESTIONS
Tag Questions
Affirmative sentence + Negative tag

She’s the manager, isn’t she?
We’re leaving now, aren’t we?
They're winning the game, aren't they?
Negative sentence + Affirmative tag

You can’t help me, can you?
They didn’t delete my document, did they?
You aren't George Clooney, are you?
Direct Questions
A direct question can be a Yes/No or Open question. A Yes/No question

elicits a Yes/No response:
Do you live with Rob?

Is she at the canteen?
Open questions elicit more interesting answers and are useful in starting
discussions.
What is your favorite food?

How do you get to work?

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QUESTIONS
Indirect Questions
Indirect interrogatives don’t use the conventional interrogative form. They

begin with a modal or polite expression to avoid a direct demand. You
can use indirect questions when requesting information or asking for a
favor. For example:
Is it possible to meet me a little later?

Would you mind sending me a brochure by email?
Tag Questions
Tag questions are used to confirm something that we may be a little

uncertain of. They are made up of a statement, followed by a mini question.
That mini-question is called a question tag. Tag questions are used when
the speaker wishes to confirm information that we think we know is true.
For example:
You’re not Brad Pitt, are you?

= The speaker doesn’t think he’s Brad Pitt, but she’s not entirely sure!
That’s your house, isn’t it?

= The speaker is quite sure it’s his house, but she wants to confirm it.

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QUESTIONS
Exercise 1
Direct Questions (Open and Yes/No)
Create questions with the words:

1.________________________ (you/meet me) tomorrow night?
2. ________________________ (you/ever/eat) Japanese food? I’ve eaten
sushi twice and I love it!
3. ________________________(the boss/go) right now? To the ABC
Company?
4. ________________________ (she/be/sad)? Is something wrong?
5. ________________________ (they/get) home last night? Did they take the
train or bus?
Exercise 2
Indirect Questions
Transform these direct demands into polite, indirect questions, using the key
phrases in brackets:
1. Give me my hotel room key!

____________________________________ (May I have)
2. Get me another cup of coffee!
____________________________________ (Would you mind)
3. Help me move this heavy table.
____________________________________ (Do you mind)
4. Hand me the salt.
____________________________________ (Could)
5. Give me information about the museum.
____________________________________ (Is it possible)

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QUESTIONS
Exercise 3
Job Interview
⎪ Distribute the simulation cards and give a House owner role and a Gardener
role to the members of each pair.
Home Owner
You need help in your garden. It’s a mess! You’d
like to hire a man or woman to cut the grass, trees
and plant flowers. Welcome a person (trainer) for an
interview for the job. Ask questions in different forms
to know about her/his current job, past experience
and future plans. Answer any questions he/she
may have about the job schedule and payment.
Gardener
You really need a job! You have experience in
gardening and fixing things, so you have an
interview today for a gardening position. Introduce
yourself to the owner of the house. Answer his/her
questions about your experience and skills. Ask
questions in different forms to know about the job
schedule and payment.

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QUESTIONS
Exercise 4
Tag Questions
Transform these sentences and questions into tag questions:
1. I think you are Meryl Streep, but I’m not sure.
2. Did we go to school together? I’m not certain.
3. I think James Walters is the manager of the team.
4. Can you confirm the black table is the one you want?
5. From what I remember, you are a project manager. Is that correct?
Exercise 5
Match the phrases to complete the tag questions:
1. She was very upset, a. Has it?
2. That’s your car, b. Will they?
3. You’re not leaving, c. Wasn’t she?
4. It hasn’t rained, d. Isn’t it?
5. They won’t come, e. Are you?

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QUESTIONS
Activity
Mummy is coming...
Tell your students that your mother is going to come to the class. Each student
must write 5 questions that they would like to ask her about you and then share
the questions with the rest of the class. The teacher can answer the questions if
he/she would like to!

MODAL VERB
SHOULD
Should is an auxiliary modal verb that is used to:
GIVE ADVICE / MAKE A SUGGESTION:

You should definitely visit the Eiffel Tower, it's beautiful.
We should go to the beach this weekend.
They shouldn't go any closer to the edge, it's dangerous.
He shouldn't see her anymore, he needs a break.
Why should I buy them when I can make my own?
EXPRESS PROBABILITY OR EXPECTATION:

It's 9am, the shop should open soon.
She should win this tennis match comfortably from this position.
It's rush hour, we should drive a different route because the traffic
will be busy.
The tickets shouldn't cost more than $50.
The bus is leaving now, we should arrive home in around 45
minutes.
EXPRESS OBLIGATION
You should be studying for your exam tomorrow.
The council should fix these terrible potholes.
We should help our friends in times of need.
It's getting late, we should leave.
We should apologize to our neighbours for the noise our dogs made
last night.
SHOULD HAVE
Should have is used to express a regret that something either didn't
happen or should have happened differently in the past. It is used for
regrets, apologies, and giving advise retrospectively. Should have is
followed by the past participle.
We should have driven, the train is always late.

You should have called your mother, she's been worried.
He shouldn't have paid the bill if his chicken wasn't cooked properly.
I'm sorry, I should have invited you to the wedding.
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MODAL VERBS: SHOULD
Chatterbox
What should I do?

Below is a list of problems that require solutions. Using the modal verb
should, students discuss the solutions to the problems as a group.

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MODAL VERBS: SHOULD
Main usage
The Modal Verb Should is used to:

⎪ To give advice or make a suggestion
⎪ To express probability
Construction
Interrogative
Should + Subject + Main Verb

Should he watch the movie or read the book?
Should I beat him in our tennis match?
Should they bid for that antique?
Affirmative
Subject + Should + Main Verb

You should wear that new dress to the party.
It should thunder later.
We should show our passports to the guard.
Negative
Subject + Should Not (Shouldn't) + Main Verb

He shouldn't chase her around like this.
You shouldn't take too many of those pills.
Mary shouldn't remain in her job if she doen't like it.

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MODAL VERBS: SHOULD
Rules:
The modal expression should is used to give advice, make a

suggestion or express a probable outcome.
As with other modal verbs, should precedes the subject and main verb
in an interrogative phrase. Should precedes the main verb in an
affirmative and negative phrase.
Giving advice:
For example, when asking and giving advice or suggestions, we can say:
Should I wear a coat?

Yes, you should or Yes, you should wear a coat. It’s freezing outside!
Or
No, you shouldn’t. It’s quite warm outside.
Probability:
When expressing a probability, we can say:
It’s 9AM. We’re in Paris and we are driving to the port. We should
arrive there by 12PM.

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MODAL VERBS: SHOULD
Exercise 1
Complete the gaps, writing in the correct forms of should:
1. Should we go out tonight or stay in?
_____________ stay in. It’s too cold outside!
2. Should I call my boyfriend? I really miss him?
Yes, _______________.
3. It’s 9PM. The show ________________ (start) very soon.
4. Excuse me. Can you help? Should I take the north or south route to Paris?
_____________________ (take) the south route.
5. ___________ I have a drink to feel better about life?
No, ______________. It’s not a good idea!

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MODAL VERBS: SHOULD
Exercise 2
Agony Aunt
Read the ‘Agony Aunt’ problem and the response. Complete the questions
and answers with the correct format of the modal verb should:

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MODAL VERBS: SHOULD
Exercise 3
Giving Advice!
⎪ Divide your students into groups of three people.
⎪ Distribute the simulation cards. Give a Counselor role to one person and
Patient roles to the other two people.
Counselor
You are a counselor and adviser to people with
different types of problems. Your first patient (your
partner) and describes a specific issue. Use
modals to give advice. Explain what he/she should
do to change or modify his/her life. Advise the
person on activities or behavior to improve
lifestyle.
Patient
It’s the beginning of the year. You ate a lot over
the holiday period and you gained 8 kilos! You are
also very lazy recently and you never exercise –
you prefer to relax and watch TV. You’re not
feeling good about it, so explain your problems to
your counselor (your partner) and use modals to
ask for suggestions and advice. Good luck!

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MODAL VERBS: SHOULD
Exercise 4
Read these suggestions and probabilities. Transform them into sentences using
should/shouldn’t:
1. I suggest that you change your job if you don’t like it.
2. It’s not a good idea to smoke constantly.
3. Why doesn’t she try yoga to relax her body and mind?
4. I strongly recommend that you exercise more and eat less to lose weight.
5. I estimate that we will complete the project by June at this speed.
6. How about coming to the cinema with me tonight to forget the stress of your
job?
7. If he wants more money, I suggest that he ask his boss for a raise!
8. I know you are having problems with your colleague. It’s useful to speak
directly with him about them.
9. It’s very wet outside. Why don’t you put on a raincoat and wellies?
10. I recommend that you take route 3. It’s faster to get to work.
Activity
Words within words.

Working individually, each student writes down as many words as they can find
with the following three words. There is a three minute time limit per word and the
student who finds the most correct words is the winner. Points will be deducted for
incorrect or mis-spelled words.
1- CONVENTIONAL
2- WEATHERMAN
3- MAGNIFICENT

DO
VERSUS
MAKE
DO MAKE
Action verb: usually Action verb: usually

related to non- related to specific
specific activities. activities
Sometimes used to
replace an obvious
verb
Use "do" to refer to a Use "make" to refer to

non-specific action creating,
manufacturing, or
causing something
specific to occur
"“You have to do
“The film made me
something with your
cry.”
time.”
“You have to make a
“Do you want to do
decision yes or no.”
anything later?”
““You haven’t done “I have made my first

much today.” holy communion.”
“I don't know what I “I will make

am doing.” arrangements for our
vacation.”
"What did she do?"
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DO VS MAKE
Exercise 5
Select the correct form to go in the blank spaces in the following sentences:
1. I need to ______ (do / make) the laundry.

2. The children ______ (do / make) a lot of noise when they come home.
3. You expect me to ______ (do / make) everything for you.
4. Let’s try to ______ (do / make) some friends in our new home town.
5. ______ (Do / Make) well in school, they say, and I’ll _____ (do / make) good
grades.
Exercise 6
Write correct or incorrect to the following:
1- Could you make me a cup of tea please?

2- Did you do your makeup?
3- The factory makes the products
4- The hotel makes the laundry every day
5- I did this painting with my own hands
Exercise 7
Create three sentences that use “do” and three that use “make” correctly.

SUPERLATIVES
We use the superlative form to express the greatest
degree or quantity of one thing over everything else.
WHEN THE ADJECTIVE IS ONE SYLLABLE:

We precede the adjective with 'the' and add -est to the adjective to make
the superlative:
John is the tallest person in his office.

I am the smartest boy in my class.
The cheetah is the fastest animal in the kingdom.
Bill Gates is the richest man in the world.
Mary is the nicest person that I know.
Note - When the adjective ends with consonant - vowel - consonant we

double the last consonant.
WHEN THE ADJECTIVE IS TWO OR MORE SYLLABLES:

We precede the adjective with 'the most':
Her sister is the most beautiful little baby in the world.

Tiger Woods is the most successful golfer ever.
Johnny is the most intelligent student at university.
My nephew is the most charming man I've ever met.
That was the most delicious meal I've had this year.
EXCEPTIONS:
When a two or more syllable adjective ends with a 'y' - remove the y and
add -iest.
That was the healthiest drink I've ever made.
My mum is the wealthiest person that I know.
Some 2 syllable adjectives in the superlative can take both the 'most' or
the -est form. If in doubt it is better to use the 'most' form.
He is the cleverest kid at school.
He is the most clever kid at school.
The guinea pig is the gentlest pet in our house.
The guinea pig is the most gentle pet in our house.
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES IN THE SUPERLATIVE

Adjective Superlative Example
Bad Worst This is the worst meeting this week.
Good Best He's the best pianist in his family.
Little Least This is the least expensive bag.
Many Most This bag has the most sweets in.
Much Most This book contains the most advice.
Far (place) Farthest The castle is the farthest away.
Far (time) Furthest Decemember is the furthest away month.
Well Best This is the best I've felt all week.
COMPARATIVES
AND
SUPERLATIVES
MAKING A COMPARISON OF EQUALITY:
When two or more things are equal or of similar degree of quantity, we use:
'as - adjective - as' to form the comparison:
John is as tall as his work colleague.

I am as smart as any boy in my class.
The cheetah is as fast as any other animal in the kingdom.
Bill Gates is as rich as Mark Zuckerberg.
Mary is as nice a person as anyone that I know.
WHEN USING BOTH COMPARATIVE AND

SUPERLATIVE TOGETHER:
When we wish to compare more than two people or objects, we can use
both the comparative and superlative:
Her sister is more beautiful than her brother, but my daughter is the
most beautiful baby in the world.
Tiger Woods is better than any other golfer at the moment, but Arnold
Palmer is the greatest golfer in history.
Johnny is as intelligent as any other student in his class, but Samantha
Jones is the most intelligent at University.
QUESTIONS:
How to make questions that trigger the use of the comparative:
Which is the better bank, Barclays or HSBC?
Why did you choose Oxford University over Cambridge?
Which of your children are shorter, John or Michael?
Which is worse for your health, smoking or drinking?
How to make questions that trigger the use of the superlative:

What is the greatest invention ever made?
Who is the smartest kid at school?
Which is the fastest animal in the jungle?
What is the worst type of addiction?
NEGATIVE:
There are two ways to form the negative comparative:
Ben isn't as tall as Danny. (This means Danny is taller.)
My team aren't as good as Sam's. (This means Sam's team is better.)
The bag is less expensive than the coat. (The bag is cheaper.)
There are two ways to form the negative superlative:

Danny isn't the tallest.
Sam's team are not the best.
Never in a million years is Brad Pitt the greatest actor in history.
No way are the Spice Girls the best girl band of the 90's.
Note: In the last two examples, it's the use of a negative phrase at the start of
the sentence that indicates a negative superlative.
COMPARATIVES
AND
SUPERLATIVES
LIST OF ADJECTIVES WITH THE COMPARATIVE AND
SUPERLATIVE FORMS:
Adjective Comparative Superlative
Aggressive More aggressive Most aggressive

Ambitious More ambitious Most ambitious
Arrogant More arrogant Most arrogant
Beautiful More beautiful Most beautiful
Big Bigger Biggest
Bored More bored Most bored
Clumsy Clumsier Clumsiest
Confident More confident Most confident
Delightful More delightful Most delightful
Disgusting More disgusting Most disgusting
Depressed More depressed Most depressed
Friendly Friendlier Friendliest
Generous More generous Most generous
Grumpy Grumpier Grumpiest
Happy Happier Happiest
High Higher Highest
Hungry Hungrier Hungriest
Intelligent More intelligent Most intelligent
Jealous More jealous Most jealous
Kind Kinder Kindest
Moody Moodier Moodiest
Nervous More nervous Most nervous
Perfect More perfect Most perfect
Pleasant More pleasant Most pleasant
Pretty Prettier Prettiest
Quiet Quieter Quietest
Short Shorter Shortest
Silly Sillier Silliest
Skinny Skinnier Skinniest
Small Smaller Smallest
Successful More successful Most successful
Talented More talented Most talented
Tall Taller Tallest
Thoughtful More thoughtful Most thoughtful
Bad Worse Worst
Good Better Best
Little Less Least
Many More Most
Much More Most
Far (place) Farther Farthest
Far (time) Further Furthest
Well Better Best
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ADJECTIVES: SUPERLATIVES
USE OF THE – DEFINITE ARTICLE
Warmer
⎪ The teacher presents the structure and usage of the superlative form.
⎪ The teacher then divides the group into pairs.
⎪ Request that each student chooses a person he / she admires and ask students
to write at least four sentences to describe the person using superlatives only.
Offer up some adjectives on the board. For example: the most interesting/the
most beautiful/the fastest/the strongest…
⎪ The student then presents this person to his / her partner.

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Main usage
Superlative adjectives are used to:

Refer to the greatest degree of the adjective or adverb describing an object or action.
Construction
1 Syllable adjective or adverb:
Subject + The + -est

The sequoia is the largest tree in nature.
Mikey is the nicest man at work.
Mary is the thinnest girl I know.
2 Syllable adj / adv that end in -y
The + Subject + Remove the y and add -iest

That's the prettiest view I've ever seen.
My dad is the loveliest man in the world.
This is the angriest I've ever seen you.
2 or more syllable adjectives / adverbs
The + Most / Least + Adj / Adv

My son is the most gorgeous little boy.
Ronaldo is the most brilliant footballer in the world.
He is the least funny comedian I've ever heard.

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Exceptions:
When adjectives end in a consonant, vowel and consonant (big, thin),

we double the consonant in the superlative form (biggest, thinnest).
Brad Pitt is the biggest superstar in Holywood.

Losing her job was the saddest moment of her life.
When a two-syllable adjective or adverb ends in –er, le and ow,

we use the –est ending.
She's the cleverest lecturer at university.

My dog Bruno is the gentlest dog you can meet.
The teams were separated by the narrowest of margins.
Irregular Superlatives
Watch out for irregular superlatives. These adjectives change in the
superlative form. Here is a list for your reference:
Adjective Superlative
Good Best
Bad Worst
Far (distance) Farthest
Far (time) Furthest
Little (amount) Least
Many / Much Most
Well Best
Current latest

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Exercise 1
Complete the box with the correct superlative of each adjective:
Adjective / Adverb Comparative
1. Lovely
2. Large
3. Happy
4. Funny
5. Intelligent
6. Soft
7. Crazy
8. Loud
9. Noisy
10. Bright
Exercise 2
Complete the sentences with the superlative form of the adjectives in

brackets:
1. My friend David is the ___________ (sweet) person I know.

2. Christmas is the ___________ (good) time of the year for the whole family!
3. The ___________ (angry) man I know is the school headmaster, Mr. Bates.
4. The ___________ (far) I have travelled to is northern Canada.
5. Please give me the ___________ (little) amount of food. I’m not hungry.

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Exercise 3
Select an adjective from the box below and transform it to a superlative to

complete the dialogues:
Gifted Good Talented Fantastic Strong

High Bad Dedicated Fast Unusual
A: Good morning, Mr. Bates. I’m Mrs. Connors. Here is the evaluation of my
class, Group 2.
B: Very good. So, who’s the ___________ in class?
A: Well, all of my students have different abilities and skills. Sarah is, clearly,
___________ in mathematics. Her exam results are the ___________.
B: What about Michael? Is he still the ___________ in English?
A: No, he has improved in English. The ___________ support teacher, Mr.
Edwards, has given the ___________ tutoring to Michael.
B: That’s great news! How about Amira and Zach?
A: Amira is the ___________ swimmer and Zach is the ___________ artist.
His paintings are the ___________ I have seen in a long time!
B: What a wonderful class! Maybe it’s thanks to you, Mrs. Connors – the
___________ teacher!

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Exercise 4
Superlatives Quiz
Divide your class into two teams. One team answers the questions for Team
A and the other team answers the questions for Team B. The team with the
most correct answers is the winner.
Remember: The use of technology is at the descretion of the teacher!

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Exercise 5
Complete the news reading with the correct form of the superlative:
Good morning. This is Carol Wilkerson with ABL News, bringing you __________
(current) domestic and international news. Late last night, the western region of the
country experienced __________ (strong) hurricane in thirty-five years. Residents
of the Greenhills region stated that ‘’it was ____________ (bad) storm witnessed in
the past three decades’’. The ______________ (great) damage was done to
several buildings in this area. Our ___________ (efficient) support workers and
firefighters are already in the region to help the families regain stability. We will
return at 2PM for ______________ (late) updates.
Chatterbox
Students should discuss the following people, places and things and give
superlatives to each of them. For example: Russia is the biggest country in the
world.
USA
The Beatles
Football
Paella Valenciana
Bill Gates
The Atlantic Ocean

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Activity
TEAM TEFL AWARD CEREMONY:

Welcome to the TEAM TEFL awards evening! Your host (the teacher) has
many awards to give out tonight. The nominees for the awards this evening are
you, the students of this class. You can now vote on the following awards;
1- The hardest working student award
2- The laziest student award
3- The funniest student award
4- The most improved award
5- The nicest smile award
6- The angriest student on a Monday morning award
7- The happiest student on a Friday afternoon award
8- The most unpunctual student award
9- The best dressed student award
10- The most talkative student award

VERB + ING
INFINITIVE
Some verbs can only be followed by the to form whilst others only
function when followed by the verb+ing.
VERBS THAT ARE FOLLOWED BY +ING
I avoid working weekends. We finished drinking and went home.

I can't help liking him. We gave up trying to please him.
He can't stand chopping onions. She imagined seeing him again.
He considered dating her again. She kept on thinking about him.
He denied meeting me. We didn't mind losing to that team.
He dislikes teaching grammar. We had to practice scoring.
She enjoys studying grammar. We will put off swimming until it is
I feel like eating everything. warmer.
VERBS THAT ARE FOLLOWED BY THE TO INFINITIVE
I can't afford to buy that car. The dog learned to behave better.
I agree to change my ways I'd love to date her.
John arranged to see her later. John managed to put up the shelf.
She asked you to clean up. Mary offered to help us.
He chose to watch Jaws 2. I plan to finish at 5pm.
We decided to join in the fun. He promised to buy me flowers.
They forgot to ask us. He refused to pay any more cash.
We helped him to do his work The baby started to cry.
THE USE OF EITHER FORM WITHOUT CHANGING THE MEANING
Some verbs can take either form without changing the meaning of
the sentence.
It started snowing. / It started to snow.
I hate cycling alone. / I hate to cycle alone.
I love reading literature. / I love to read literature.
I prefer waiting outside. / I prefer to wait outside.
We continued running. / We continued to run.
They began eating their food. / They began to eat their food.
THE USE OF EITHER FORM WITH A CHANGE IN MEANING
Some verbs can take both forms but with a difference in meaning:
She stopped talking to me three years ago.

She stopped to talk to me.
The first sentence indicates that she no longer speaks to the speaker
at all. The second sentences indicates that she stopped what she
was doing to talk to him or her.
Other verbs that can behave like this include: mean, remember, try,
need, regret, stop and want.
FOR REFERENCE:
WWW.ENTREPRISESCANADA.CA
VERB + ING
INFINITIVE
Here we take a look at how like, would like and want function. It is
important to remember that all three of these act as stative verbs and
therefore they are not used in any continuous tense.
LIKE + INFINITIVE
Like is a verb that can be followed by either verb+ing or the infinitive. Here we will
look at like + infinitive:
I like to hang out with friends at the weekend.

I don't like to watch him suffer.
They like to think about winning the lottery.
We didn't like to eat at that restaurant when we were kids.
Would you like to eat with us?
Note: When like is used with would or should, it can only be followed by the
infinitive.
LIKE + VERB+ING
Like is also used with the verb+ing form, except when used with would or
should:
I like eating snails, they're delicious.

He likes causing mischief.
They used to like fishing at Lake Tahoe.
We don't like thinking about anything negative.
Why do you like skiing so much? It's dangerous.
WANT
The verb want is usually followed by the infinitive. However, it is occasionally used
with verb+ing too, usually in the negative form of informal speech:
We wanted to visit the cathedral but we didn't have time.

He wants to take up a new hobby, but he isn't sure what.
They don't want to go outside in this storm.
He wants his nails cutting.
They don't want you telling everyone their secret.
We don't want them playing with their toys at this time of night.
WOULD LIKE
The verb would like is usually followed by the infinitive. However, it is occasionally
used with verb+ing too, usually in the negative form of informal speech:
I'd like to make a bank transfer, please.

We'd like to buy a new car, but we're skint.
Would you like to see the upstairs?
You wouldn't like seeing him in this condition condition.
I'd like teaching to be more fun.
Note: It is sometimes possible to follow both want and would like with verb+ing, but it is
much more idiomatic and typical to follow both of them with the infinitive.
FOR REFERENCE:
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VERB +ING / INFINITIVE
WANT - LIKE - WOULD LIKE
Warmer
⎪ Students work as a group.

⎪ Distribute the cards below to the pairs and have them move around the room,
interviewing each other.
⎪ The sentences and indirect questions will prompt students to use specific
infinitives or gerunds correctly. Give support on the board during this activity.
Find someone who....

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Main usage
A gerund is a verb + ing. It is used to:

⎪ Replace the noun phrase in a sentence.
An infinitive is to + verb. It is used:

⎪ To act as a noun, adjective or adverb phrase in a sentence.
Construction
Infinitives
Here’s a chart of common verbs with infinitives
The team likes to eat together at lunch-time.

I want to go to Harvard when I finish high-school.
We would like to see the Pyramids in Egypt.
Gerunds
Here’s a chart of common verbs with gerunds
My parents enjoy traveling to other countries.

Please finish doing your homework.
Can you consider accepting me for this job?

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Rules:
When two verbs are used together, the first verb determines the form of the
second verb. We generally use an infinitive after want, like and would like.
However, we can use a gerund after like.
We’d like to get a raise in salary this year.

She wants to travel to the moon.
They would like to sell their house.
I like to eat French food = I like eating French food.
Examples of verbs only with gerunds:
I enjoy playing soccer.
Noun phrase
The team has finished doing this project.

I’m considering quitting my job.
*Note that the gerund phrase acts as the noun phrase.
Many verbs such as enjoy, finish and consider can be used in different
tenses and forms, including the continuous form:
I will enjoy swimming in the sea in Barbados next week.

We’re considering hiring a new person.
He finished writing his book.
However, would like, want and like act as stative verbs. They are never used
in the continuous form or future forms.
She’d like to stay home not She’d liking to stay home.

We want to eat fish not We wanting to eat fish.

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Exercise 1
Write the correct form of the verb in brackets:
1. We wanted __________ (travel) to Jamaica last year, but it wasn’t possible.
2. The boss enjoys __________ (spend) time with colleagues at lunch.
3. Please consider __________ (hire) me for this job. I really need it.
4. Would you like __________ (eat) Japanese food tonight?
5. Have you finished __________ (write) the report?
Exercise 2
Complete the dialogue with the correct form of the verbs in brackets:
A: Good morning. May I help you?

B: Hello. I’d like _____________ (to have) the menu, please.
A: Here you are. Do you want _____________ (to have) a drink?
B: Yes, please. I’ll have some pineapple juice.
A: No problem. What would you like _____________ (to eat) for the starter?
B: I don’t know. What’s good?
A: Well, the seafood is very good. Do you enjoy _____________ (eat) fish?
B: Yes, I do. Okay. I’ll take the seafood starter.
A: For the main course, we have beef stroganoff, chicken in red wine or duck in
orange sauce.
B: Mmm. I’m considering _____________ (get) the chicken or the duck. I’ll take the
duck, please.
A: That’s a good choice. When you’re finished _____________ (have) your main
course, I’ll bring the dessert menu.
B: Thanks.

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Exercise 3

⎪ Distribute the simulation cards and give a Manager role and a Team
Member role to the members of each pair.
Manager
You are a manager of a customer support team.
You have a meeting with a team member (your
partner). He/she wants to change his tasks
because he/she says the work is boring. Ask
questions to know what this person would like to
do, what he/she wants to change and the tasks he
will consider doing.
Team member
You are a team member. You’re very bored in
your work and you want to change your job very
soon. You don’t want to work alone on a
computer all day, but you’d like to help
customers and work in a team. Meet your
manager to explain what you really want to do,
what you would like to change and the work you
will consider doing.

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Exercise 4
Match the phrases on the left with those on the right:
1. Hurry up and finish A. to study math? His algebra results are great.
2. The children really enjoy B. going to Disneyland.
3. Does Mandy want C. getting married in the spring.
4. We’re considering D. eating your lunch. We have work to do!
5. Would he like E. to come to the circus? She will enjoy it.
Activity
Name Adjectives
Ask the students to think of adjectives to describe themselves with words that start
with the same letter as their name. For example: I am fantastic, funny, friendly and
fun-loving Fred.

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Exercise 5
Complete the questions with the appropriate answer:
1. What ____________ to do tonight? Stay home or go out?

a. Will you want
b. Do you want
c. Are you wanting
2. ____________ to try the fish or the meat for dinner?

a. Are you wanting
b. Would you like
c. Will you want
3. My sister ____________ going into the army.

a. Wants
b. Is considering
c. Considers
4. Please ____________ doing that report quickly and put it on my desk by 3PM.
a. Finishing
b. Finish
c. Will finish
5. She ____________ staying at home relaxing and not going out.

a. Would like
b. Wants
c. Likes

WH- QUESTIONS
PAST
WH- QUESTIONS WITH PAST SIMPLE OF 'TO BE':
Where were you yesterday?
What were you doing at 9pm last night?
Why was he working last weekend?
When were they last seen?
Who was at the meeting this morning?
How were the cupcakes?
How many people were there at the party?
WH- QUESTIONS WITH PAST SIMPLE OF THE

AUXILIARY VERB 'DO':
Where did you go yesterday?
Which store did you buy the drill from?
What did you see at the cinema?
Why did he work last weekend when it was his holiday?
When did they last visit you?
Who did they go on holiday with?
How did she bake the cupcakes?
How many people did we invite to the party?
WH- QUESTIONS WITH NEGATIVE PAST SIMPLE
OF 'COULD':
Why couldn't you play yesterday?
Where couldn't you visit on your travels last year?
TIME EXPRESSIONS THAT INDICATE THE USE

OF THE PAST
In 1990 - When were you born?
Last night - What time did you go to bed last night?
Yesterday - Where did you go yesterday?
This morning - What time did you wake up this morning?
Ago - Where did you live two years ago?
Before - What did you do before you became a teacher?
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WH- QUESTIONS
IN THE PAST
Chatterbox
Distribute the questionnaire and have students form the questions using the
structures correctly. Then, have the students ask and answer the questions in pairs.
Main usage
Wh questions are used in the past to determine:

⎪ Who did something
⎪ What happened
⎪ Why an event / action occurred
⎪ Where an event / action occurred
⎪ When it occurred

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WH- QUESTIONS IN THE PAST
Construction
Wh questions with a main verb:
Wh question word + Main verb + Subject

What was the weather like?
Where were you last night?
Why was he angry?
When was she here?
Wh questions with a main verb:
Wh question + Auxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb

What did your boss say about the work?
Where did you go for holidays last year?
Why did he leave the company?
When did she start her new job?
Rules
We use question words in the past to find out what happened, where, when
and why it occurred.
We can use Wh questions with the past form of to be or the past simple of
main verbs.
When + past form of to be: When was the earthquake?

When + did + subject + verb: When did the earthquake take place?

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UEST O S T E AST
ey or
Don t forget that specific key words indicate the use of the past:
In 1
L tn t
e ter y e en n
T o ee o
e ore
E erc e 1
Complete the dialogue about a recent show in the city:

A: Hi, Charles So, what the critics say about the performance
B: They said it was a fantastic show
A: did the show take place
B: At the Rambles Theatre on Leonard Square.
A: was it on
B: Wednesday night at 8PM.
A: did you like it
B: Because it was funny, colorful and the acting was good.
A: Who in the play Anyone famous
B: Not really, but all the actors were very talented

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Exercise 2
The police are interrogating the girlfriend of a man they just arrested. Help
them complete their questions with the Wh questions below:
Police: ______ was he?

Suspect: Henry Higgins.
Police: ________ did you meet him last Friday?
Suspect: At his house on Sixth street.
Police: ________ was his job?
Suspect: He was a carpenter.
Police: __________ did you give him money last week?
Suspect: He needed it for his carpentry project.
Police: _______ ______ the last time you saw him?
Suspect: Last week.

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Exercise 3
Re-arrange the news flash into the correct order and then
answer the questions that follow.
The police discovered finger prints and a man’s short black hair in the bedroom.
The man said he came home at 7PM. His house was a mess, his money ($500)
was gone and his wife’s jewelry box was empty.
The witness ( a neighbor) said he saw a small, Caucasian man with black hair,
blue jeans a black shirt enter the house at about 8PM.
Yesterday evening, a man from Charlesville called the police and said that
robbers stole money from his house. The police arrived quickly on the scene, at
about 8:15PM.
They sent the hair for forensic analysis.
When did the robbery occur?

Who robbed the house?
What did he look like?
What did the robber take?
Who investigated the crime?
Where did the crime take place?

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Exercise 4
1. Where ______ you last night? At the cinema.

a. Were
b. Was
c. Did
2. Why did you _______ early last night? I had an appointment.

a. Left
b. To leave
c. Leave
3. Where ________ the children last night? At a sleepover.

a. Was
b. Were
c. Are
4. When _________ your parents get back from Paris? Late last night.
a. Were
b. Did
c. Was
5. _________ were there police outside your house? Because I was robbed.
a. What
b. Where
c. Why
6. ___________ was your last trip abroad? Last May – I went to China.
a. What
b. Where
c. When

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Exercise 4
7. Who _______ you meet last night? Just a friend.

a. Do
b. Were
c. Did
8. _________ did your new colleague look like? Tall, dark and handsome!
a. What
b. Where
c. Why
9. What ________ his name? David.

a. Were
b. Was
c. Did
10.Where did David _______? To the canteen.

a. Went
b. Gone
c. Go

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Activity
If this is the answer, what is the question?

In pairs and using wh questions in the past, students try to guess the questions
to the following answers. There is more than one possible question for each
answer, so test your students by asking them for multiple posibilities.
1- I went to the cinema.
2- Italy.
3- I worked in New York City.
4- In June 1992.
5- Because he lied to me.
6- Because the old neighborhood became dangerous.
7- Last month.
8- At the big church on the hill.
9- She was a really nice woman. She'll be missed.
10- My boyfriend. We went bowling together.

FUTURE:
WILL
The simple future with 'will' is used to express facts,
certainty or predictions for the future.
To make the contraction: Subject + 'll = I'll
For things that we decide to do at that

moment - spontaneous decisions:
Great, I will try one of those chef's special desserts.

There is a 10% discount, so I will buy one now.
My phone is ringing, I'll answer it now.
To make a prediction:
The Patriots will win the Superbowl this year.

It's cloudy, it will rain later.
I think that you'll win the lottery one day.
To make an offer, a threat or a promise:
I'll give you a discount if you buy it today.

We promise that we'll take you to the cinema next
week.
You'll do exactly what you are told.
Negative, interrogative and shall forms:

We use won't to express unwillingness:
She won't go to the bathroom.

They won't eat at this restaurant as they don't eat meat.
We use shall in the I and we form to make a suggestion or

offer:
Shall we go to the zoo with the children later?

Shall I close the door for you?
Interrogative form:
Will I see you at the party tonight?
Will you marry me?
Will she meet me at the pub or in the square?
Will we get a takeaway for dinner?
Will they be home by 10pm?
FUTURE:
GOING TO
The simple future with 'going to' is used to express future
events or actions with some reference to the present.
For actions or events that are already

planned:
I'm going to meet John at 8pm tonight.

We're going to visit my uncle after school.
When are you going to retire?
To make a prediction:
We're losing 3-0, we aren't going to win this game.

You are going to pass the exam.
Damn, it's going to rain on Sunday.
When something is about to happen:
Be careful! That dog is going to bite you.

Look out, that car's going to crash.
You're not going to eat that snail, are you?
Grammar:
We conjugate the present form of to be when using going to:
Is she going to see the doctor today?

The train isn't going to arrive on time.
Are they going to travel in this weather?
In spoken English, particularly in the USA, we use gonna

instead of going to. *It is rarely written in this way.
Are you gonna watch the match at home tonight?

I'm gonna tell you a great story tomorrow.
They're not gonna accept this decision.
WILL VS
GOING TO
Only use will:
When you are making a decision at that moment:
I will buy that new car after all.
To make offers, threats and promises:

I will help you with your homework.
He'll be angry when he sees what you have done.
They'll definitely take you swimming next week.
Only use going to:

When a decision has already been made:
Are you going to be busy this afternoon?
Yes, I'm going to go shopping with my mum.
When there is evidence of something happening:

He's driving too fast, he's going to crash.
Use either will or going to when:

Making predictions:
I think George Bush will be the next president.
I think that George Bush is going to be the next president.
Red Rum will win the grand national horse race.

Red Rum is going to win the grand national horse race.
Comparison:
Consider this question - What are you doing this weekend?
If you have definite plans, use going to:
I'm going to visit my mum in New York.
If you are not absolutely certain of your plans, you can use
either form:
I'll probably just stay at home.
I'm probably just going to stay at home.
I think I'll meet my friends at the mall.

I think I'm going to meet my friends at the mall.
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FUTURE:
WILL & GOING TO
Warmer
Fortune Teller
⎪ Divide the class into pairs.

⎪ Each person writes a fortune for his / her partner: one positive and one negative.
⎪ The students can use will, going to or will be +ing in these sentences.
⎪ The partner presents the fortune to his / her partner who can accept or reject it.
Main usage
⎪ We use going to in English to express a plan or intention we have for the

future
⎪ We use the future simple to describe future actions. The future simple form
can be used for more spontaneous decisions.

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FUTURE:
WILL & GOING TO
Construction
Going to
Present form of to be + subject + going to + verb infinitive

Interrogative
Are you going to travel somewhere nice this year?
Is it going to rain tomorrow?
Are we going to study English together?
Subject + present form of to be + going to + verb infinitive

Affirmative
I'm going to travel to Spain in August.
Yes, it's going to rain in the morning.
Yes, we're going to study together after school.
Subject + negative form of to be + going to + verb infinitive

Negative
I'm not going to travel anywhere this summer.
No, it's not going to rain at all tomorrow.
No, we're not going to study together today.
Short Answers
Are you going to eat that sandwich?
Yes, I am.
No, I'm not.

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FUTURE:
WILL & GOING TO
Construction
Will
Will + subject + verb infinitive

Interrogative
Will you be home for Christmas?
Will it be foggy again in the morning?
Will Emily sleep in her own crib tonight?
Subject + will + verb infinitive

Affirmative
Yes, I'll be home from the 22nd December.
Yes, it will be foggy again tomorrow.
Yes, she'll sleep in her own bed tonight.
Subject + will not (won't) + verb infinitive

Negative
I'm afraid not, I won't be home for Christmas.
No, it won't be foggy at all tomorrow.
No, she won't sleep if she's in her own bed.
Short Answers
Will Bobby finish early tonight?
Yes, he will.
No, he won't.

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FUTURE:
WILL & GOING TO
Rules
Going to is used to express a prediction, plan or intention in the future.
It’s getting very cold. It’s going to snow.

I booked the tickets! We’re going to sunny Spain!
We’re going to start the meeting at 9AM.
We often contract ‘going to’ to ‘gonna’ in informal, spoken English:
Are you gonna come to the party?

= Are you going to come to the party?
Yes, I’m gonna come to the party!
Will can also be used to predict a future event or action. However, it can
also be used for sudden, spontaneous future actions.
I don’t have any cash. I’ll pay by credit card!

A: I want to speak with Peter, please.
B: I’ll connect you now.
Will is also used in the real or first conditional:
If it’s sunny on Sunday, we’ll go the beach.

If you eat lots of ice-cream, you’ll be fat.

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FUTURE:
WILL & GOING TO
Exercise 1
Complete the sentences using the going to form.
1. A: Is she going to leave early tomorrow morning?

B: Yes, ______________________ . Her flight is at 6AM.
2. A: ______________________ see your parents this Christmas?

B: Yes, I’m going to spend the holiday with them.
3. A: Where are we going to eat dinner?

B: ______________________ to have it at La Scala restaurant.
4. A: Is it going to rain?
B: No, ______________________. The sky is blue and it’s sunny.
5. A: The car is broken! How is Mike going to get to work?

B: ______________________ take the bus.
Exercise 2
Complete the sentences using the will form.
1. ___________________ we have lunch now?

Yes, let’ go to the canteen!
2. Excuse me. Can I get some sugar for my coffee?

Of course. I ___________________ get it for you.

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FUTURE:
WILL & GOING TO
3. I’d like to speak with the manager, please.

One moment. I ____________ transfer you.
4. Are you going this way? I ____________ walk with you.
5. Will you collect my children from school?

No, I ____________ . Sorry, but I can’t help you today.
Exercise 3
Complete the dialogue using will or going to:
Ring! Ring!
A: ABC Company. This is reception.
B: Hello. May I speak to Mr. Matthews, please?
A: I _____________ connect you. One moment.
C: Hello? Peter Matthews speaking.
B: Hello. Mr. Matthews. Cynthia Williams here from the NY Group. We
________________________(to have) a convention next week.
_____________________________ (you to be) there?
A: Well, it depends. What day _____________ the convention take place?
A: The plan is that the convention _____________ (to start) at 9AM on
Monday, June 10th. There _____________ (to be) a presentation in the
morning and meetings in the afternoon.
B: I’m very sorry, but I _____________ (to go) to China on Monday. I
_____________ (not to be) there.
A: That’s a pity. Thank you for letting me know.

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FUTURE:
WILL & GOING TO
Exercise 4
⎪ Divide your students into groups of four.

⎪ Distribute the simulation cards and give a neighbor role and a traveler
role to two members of each group.
⎪ If you have extra time, have students switch roles.

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FUTURE:
WILL & GOING TO
Traveler
Read the plan for your next holiday.

Present the plan for the trip to your neighbor.
Explain where you’re going to stay,
activities you’ll do and transport you’ll take.
Neighbor
Your neighbor is going to go away on a trip.

Ask questions to know where she’s
going to go, what she’ll do and how she’ll get
there.
Exercise 5
Complete the sentences, selecting will or going to in negative, affirmative or

interrogative forms:
1. There are big grey clouds! It _________________ rain!

2. You dropped your bag! I _________________ get it!
3. I can see something in the crystal ball! You _________________ meet a tall,
dark stranger.
4. You _________________ pass the exam if you don’t know the subject!
5. I need another glass for the table. Wait here – I _________________ get it.
6. My son just received his acceptance letter to Harvard! He ______________ go
there in September.
7. They cancelled their plans for the trip to Greece. They ______________ go to
Athens because they have a family emergency.

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FUTURE:
WILL & GOING TO
8. The family ______________ have a picnic on the beach next weekend if the
weather is fine.
9. Don’t worry about the job interview! You ______________ do well!
10. Do you want to speak with Mrs. Elliot? One moment, she ______________
speak to you now.
Chatterbox
What time are you going to finish work?

Where are you going to go for lunch?
What are you going to do tonight?
Are you going to a music concert this month?
How will you celebrate your birthday this year?
Will you visit England in the future?
Where will you go on holiday this year?
Who will win La Liga this year?
Activity
In one week, all of your students will be retiring from work forever. Each student
must write three things that they will or are going to do when they retire. At the end
of the class they share their results with the other students and compare answers.
The first sentence should start like this;
‘When I retire……..’

ZERO AND FIRST
CONDITIONAL
The zero conditional is used to express facts and general truths.
The first conditional is used to express a very real possibility in the
future based on a certain condition.
ZERO CONDITIONAL
With the zero conditional, both the if condition and the main clause are in the
present simple. In some instances we can exchange if for when:
For general truths and scientific facts:
If it rains, we always stay at home.
When the boss is late, I do his work.
Cook them dinner, if they are home.
Water boils if it reaches 100c.
Ice cubes melt when you heat them.
If I don't have much time, I eat a sandwich for lunch.
To give instructions with the use of an imperative:
Call me if the builder arrives.

If you want dinner, tell me before 4pm.
Ask the neighbour if she is home.
Questions:
If it doesn't rain at weekends, what do you do?
If your piano is broke, where do you play?
How do you get to work if the train is delayed?
FIRST CONDITIONAL
With the first conditional, the if condition is in the present simple whilst the main
clause is in the future simple. In some cases we can exchange will for going to:
I'm going to be late if this bus doesn't arrive soon.

We will be angry if Sam doesn't make it.
I won't be able to bake this cake if I don't have any flour.
They won't stay at ours if we don't have a spare room.
If it snows, they will get wet and cold.
If it thunders, the lightening will be frightening.
With auxiliary verbs to express degree of certainty:
If he's late again, he might get fired.

She should teach him English if he asks again.
They may have to cancel if he is ill.
Questions:
What will you do if they cancel the concert?
Where will you go if there are no rooms at the hotel?
If she isn't here on time, who will replace her?
FOR REFERENCE:
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ZERO AND FIRST
CONDITIONAL
Chatterbox
What will you do tomorrow if you receive your salary?

What do you normally do when you have time during holidays?
Who do you speak with when you want to tell a secret?
Where do you go when you want to relax?
Where will you go at the weekend if you are free?
Main usage
The Zero conditional is used:

To express facts and general truths given a certain condition
The first conditional is used:

To express a real possibility in the future, given certain conditions

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ZERO AND FIRST CONDITIONAL
Construction
Zero Conditional
If + Present Simple + Present Simple

(Condition) (Outcome)
If it rains on Saturdays, we always stay home.
Note: The order of the condition and the outcome can be reversed:
We always stay at home if it rains on Saturdays.
Interrogative
If you have time off at the weekends, what do you do?
What do you eat if you go home for lunch?
Affirmative
If I have time on the weekends, I play music.
Water boils if it reaches 100c.
Negative
If I don’t have time, I do other things.
If she doesn't eat meat, she can have the fish.
Changing if for when:
When it's sunny on Sunday's, we drive to the beach.
When it's snowing, do you play golf?

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Construction
First Conditional
If + Present Simple + Future Simple

(Condition) (Outcome)
If you help me now, I will help you next time.
Note: The order of the condition and the outcome can be reversed:
I will help you next time if you help me now.
Interrogative
If it rains next Monday, will you go to work?
Will she marry him if he proposes?
Affirmative
If it rains next Monday, I will go to work.
They will visit you next week if they buy the car.
Negative
If it doesn’t rain next Monday, I will go to work anyway!
We we still take a holiday even if I don't get a pay rise.
Changing will for going to:
If I receive my salary, I am going to buy you a present.
She’s going to go out with him if he asks her out.

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Exercise 1
Match the conditions with the outcomes:
1. If the boss is here on Monday morning,
2. If there is a lot of sun in the summer,
3. If there are too many people at the airport,
4. When I get off work early,
5. If the shops are open on the weekends,
a. The farmers collect lots of sweet grapes in the vineyards.
b. Security personnel organize lines to prevent delays.
c. I pick up my children and spend time with them.
d. I always buy something for myself.
e. Everyone works very hard to give a good impression.
Exercise 2
Fill the gaps with the correct form of the verbs in brackets:
1. You __________ (work) next weekend if the company needs you.

2. My sister and I will attend the wedding if the bride __________ (invite) us.
3. The new party ___________ (change) the laws if people vote for them.
4. Your boat will sink if you ___________ (not fix) the hole in the floor.
5. You _____________ (not learn) how to play golf if you don’t practice.

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Exercise 3

⎪ Distribute the simulation cards and give an hotel manager role and a
head chef role to each pair.
⎪ If you have extra time, have students switch roles for further practice.
Hotel Manager
You are the manager of a hotel on the Costa Brava
in Spain. The head chef of the restaurant has
presented you with the food menu for the week.
However, you have some concerns about the lack of
options on the menu for guests with special dietry
requirements. Ask your chef what he / she will do if
there are guests that are vegetarian, celiac, diabetic
or have any other allergies etc. Look at the menu on
the next page and ask a question about the food
available on each of the days.
Hotel Chef
You are the head chef for a hotel. You have just
presented your boss with the menu for the coming
week. However, the boss has some concerns about
the lack of options on the menu. Answer the
questions about what you will do if you have a guest
with special dietry requirements on each of the days.

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Exercise 4
Multiple Choice:
1. We _______ home tomorrow if we catch the 3PM train.

a. Come
b. Will come
2. When it _______ in the summer, we go to the beach.

a. Rains
b. Will rain
3. When shares rise in the stock exchange, traders _______ excited.

a. Are
b. Will be
4. The government will take action if another terrorist act _______.

a. Happens
b. Will happen
5. The children build tree houses when they _______ climbing in the woods.
a. Go
b. Will go
6. If the weather in Europe _______ too cold in winter, many birds migrate to Africa.
a. Is
b. Will be
7. All company employees _______ a bonus next Christmas if the group performance
is strong.
a. Receive
b. Will receive

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8. If we _______ ten percent more products in July, we will make a two percent
increase
in profit.
a. Sell
b. Will sell
9. When the summer _______ rainy, the farmers are disappointed by their harvest.
a. Is
b. Will be
10. We _______ home if we sell the house.

a. Move
b. Will move

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Activity
What will happen if…… Divide the class into two teams for a quiz. The
teachers reads out ‘What will happen if…. And then one of the options below’?
The student who raises their hand the quickest will have the opportunity to earn
one point for their team. Answers must be grammatically perfect. Answers must
start with ‘if…’. For example, ‘if I eat too many sweets….’.
1- I eat too many sweets? 2- He continues to smoke? 3- She misses school?
4- I lose my mobile phone? 5- We don’t go to church 6- They watch the scary

on Sunday? movie?
7- You leave work early 8- The dog jumps in the 9- If my team loses the
today without permission? swimming pool? cup final?

ADVERBIAL PHRASES OF
TIME, PLACE AND
FREQUENCY
Adverbial phrases of time, place and frequency express

when, where and how often an event or action occurred.
ADVERBIAL PHRASES OF TIME

Adverbial phrases of time tell us when an action or event occurred:
I ate breakfast with my family this morning.

I went to school with him in 1998.
We returned home by 10pm last night.
I watched that series when it first aired last year.
What are you doing tomorrow?
Adverbial phrases of time can also express the duration of an event or action:
They haven't seen Doug since he left school in 2012.

We went shopping for four hours.
We are going on holiday for two months in the summer.
ADVERBIAL PHRASES OF PLACE

Adverbial phrases of place tell us the location of where something is:
We went to smoke a cigarette outside.

It was raining so we brought the children inside.
The beautiful lake was nearby.
What are you doing over here?
Go over there, you're distracting him.
Look at this poor dog, he has nowhere to go.
Go back to work, it's late.
There goes the whistle, the match is over.
ADVERBIAL PHRASES OF FREQUENCY

Adverbial phrases of frequency tell us how often an action or event
occurs:
He must always be late for work.

I frequently drive to the hills to escape from reality.
I rarely eat out anymore, it's too expensive.
They often go to the gym together.
She seldom works from home nowadays.
We regularly car share on the longer commutes.
I don't often go to the cinema now that I have children.
The dog never eats his own food anymore.
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ADVERBIAL PHRASES
OF TIME, PLACE & FREQUENCY
Chatterbox
When did you finish school?
When did you last go to the cinema?
When did you last eat out at a restaurant?
When do you have time to relax?
Where do you go to have fun?
Where do you go to work?
Where do you like to go when you have holidays?
Where is your favorite place in the world?
How often do you see your family?
How often do you dream?
How often do you go to church?
How often do you travel?
Main usage
Adverbial phrases of time, place and frequency are used to express:

⎪ When something happened
⎪ How long the action / event occurred
⎪ How often the action/event happened

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ADVERBIAL PHRASES
Construction
Adverbial phrases of time state when something happened.

With adverbial phrases of time, we usually place the adverb at the end of the
sentence:
Main Clause Adverbial Phrase
She met him at the courthouse yesterday morning.

We eat dinner in the evening.
The children attend school during the week.
We saw the movie late last night.
I went home yesterday at 10PM.
We visit our holiday home every summer.
KEY WORDS
Key words can indicate an Adverbial phrase of time. Here are some
examples of those key words:
Key words
While While we slept, the snow fell.

Before Before the cinema, we had dinner.
After After the show, we went home.
Since I haven't seen John since he quit his job.
For We are travelling for 6 months.

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ADVERBIAL PHRASES
Construction
An adverbial phrase of place explains where something happened.

With adverbial phrases of place, we usually place the adverb at the end of
the sentence:
Main Clause Adverbial Phrase
I put the cup on the table.

We walked over the bridge.
Please put this book in the drawer.
The protest occurred outside the gates.
The team is working in the upstairs office.
The children are playing inside the shed.
KEY WORDS
Here are some examples of key words that indicate an Adverbial
phrase of place:
Key words
Outside We spoke together outside the house.

Through You can see the garden through this window.
Behind I hid my money behind the bookshelf.
Underneath You have some mud underneath your shoe.
Around The burger place is around the corner.

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ADVERBIAL PHRASES
Construction
An adverbial phrase of frequency explains how often something happened.

With adverbial phrases of frequency, we place an auxiliary verb before the
adverb. The order can be reversed for emphasis.
Subject + Auxiliary Verb +

Adverb of Frequency + (Main Verb) Main Phrase
We are always at church on Sunday.

She has never eaten Chinese food.
I will often remember this moment in the future.
Johhny often visits his grandfather.
Once in a while, I stay late at work.
Sometimes, we eat dinner in the living room.
KEY WORDS
Adverbs of frequency are used in Adverbial phrases of frequency.
Here is a list of the most common adverbs of frequency:
Always Occasionally
Sometimes Hardly ever
Never Often
Rarely Seldom

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ADVERBIAL PHRASES
Exercise 1
Decide which noun phrases respond to the adverbial phrases of time, place and
frequency:
In the office During the winter Once a week

Next March On Friday Four years ago
Yesterday At work In 1975
Every Saturday On the 1st floor In the kitchen
Sometimes Rarely Always
When Where How often

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ADVERBIAL PHRASES
Exercise 2
Complete the sentences, using the words in the box.
After Always Sometimes Outside Before
1. ________ the storm, broken tree branches lay on the road.

2. We __________ see our grandmother at Christmas – we never forget!
3. Smoking is permitted ___________ the building only.
4. __________ 9AM, the company building is closed.
5. When there is time after work, we __________ have a coffee together at
the bar.

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ADVERBIAL PHRASES
Exercise 3
Describing a favorite hobby

⎪ Distribute the simulation cards and let each member of the pair have a chance to
play that role.
Friend
Meet your best friend, who is also a personal trainer,
and describe a favorite hobby. Your friend wants to
join in your activity so that he / she can help you.
Explain where you practice it, how often you do it
and when exactly you have time for it. Organize a
time and place to meet your friend so you can share
this hobby.
Personal Trainer
Meet your best friend so that he / she can describe
their favorite hobby to you. Explain to your friend that
you would like to join in the activity so that you can
help them. Discuss what the hobby is, how often it
occurs, when it happens and arrange a date and
time for you to join them.

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ADVERBIAL PHRASES
Exercise 4
Select the correct option:
1. The company _______________ a wonderful Christmas party.

a. Has thrown always
b. Always has thrown
c. Has always thrown
2. I decided to go home ____________ as I was tired.

a. 9PM
b. Before 9PM
c. Over 9PM
3. Please put these socks ___________ my chest of drawers.

a. Outside
b. Inside
c. Over
4. The new colleagues are working ______ the office.

a. By
b. To
c. In
5. You __________ to me!

a. Listen never
b. Don’t listen ever
c. Never listen

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ADVERBIAL PHRASES
6._________ I was young, life was better.

a. Whenever
b. Where
c. When
7. we meet friends __________ for drinks.

a. Once a week
b. Once
c. One a week
8. Yellow flowers grow _______________ .

a. On the river bank
b. The river bank on
c. Onto the river bank
9. ________ 2001, the economy changed in the world.

a. To
b. After
c. On
10. I _____________ trying new food.

a. Enjoy sometimes
b. Sometimes enjoy
c. Enjoying sometimes

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ADVERBIAL PHRASES
Activity
Common word race:

Working alone, the students have to find the word that links
the three words together. The student that finishes first with all of the correct
answers is the winner.
Example:
Leaves – English – Pot = TEA
1- Storm – Drop – Cloud
2- Player – Stadium – Match
3- Cake – Day – Anniversary
4- Scrambled – Boiled – Fried
5- Primary – High - Uniform

ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
Adverbs of frequency modify verbs to

indicate how frequently an action is taken.
ALWAYS
100
I always wake up at 6am, even at weekends.
%
80 USUALLY
% We usually go to the park on Sunday mornings.
70 FREQUENTLY
% What problems do you frequently have with your

computer?
60 OFTEN
% How often do you cycle to work?
50 SOMETIMES
% We sometimes visit grandma but not as often as we

would like.
40 OCCASIONALLY
% I will occasionally eat chocolate but I prefer crisps.
30 RARELY
% We rarely drive into the city, we usually take a taxi.
20
SELDOM
% He seldom smokes at home, the problem is when he

is with his friends.
10 HARDLY EVER
% They hardly ever practice the guitar anymore.
0
NEVER
We never go out now that we have children.

%
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Chatterbox
How often do you.........
The teacher writes up common adverbs of frequency on the board

(often/sometimes/never/always…)
Divide the students into pairs. Each partner asks the other the questions on the
questionnaire below. Once both partners have completed the questionnaire, they
share their results with the rest of the class.

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Main usage
Adverbs of Frequency are used to identify:

⎪ The frequency of an action or event.
Construction
Adverbs of frequency with main verbs:
Subject + Adverb of frequency + Main verb

We always go to the same place for holidays!
She never spoke to her colleagues.
The children sometimes play outside.
I hardly ever eat meat
You rarely reply to my messages.
Adverbs of frequency with auxiliary phrase:
Subject + Auxiliary + Adverb of frequency

My parents are rarely at home on Mondays.
We have sometimes spoken to that student.
We will never go back to that restaurant.
He is regularly late for work.
They are often mistaken for sisters.
Note: The order of the subject, verbs and adverbs of frequency are changeable:
Sometimes, we eat eggs for breakfast.

They will dance together often.
Rarely have I known a man so honest.

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Exercise 1
Match the adverbs of frequency with their synonyms
1. Rarely A. Routinely
2. Sometimes B. Two times
3. Regularly C. Very often
4. Frequently D. Occasionally
5. Twice E. Seldom
Exercise 2
Fill the gaps with the correct adverb of frequency:
Seldom Never Sometimes Always Regularly
1. I have ____________ been to Africa, but I would like to go there someday.
2. My colleagues and I ____________ eat lunch together when there’s time.
3. As we don’t have much extra money, we ____________ travel abroad – only
about once a year.
4. The family ____________ attend religious service - every Sunday.
5. The students ____________ study during the week to maintain a good level
and score in the exam.

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Exercise 3
Find someone who

⎪ The group works together for this activity.
⎪ Distribute the ‘Find someone who’ forms and let each member of the group
find someone who matches the sentences 1 to 10.
⎪ The students walk around the room, asking questions with adverbs of
frequency to find a person who matches each one.
⎪ The students write down the names in the blank lines.

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Exercise 4
Rewrite the sentences, using the new adverb of frequency in brackets:
1. In this company, I have seldom received a raise in my salary!
__________________________________________________ (hardly ever)
2. You never work hard enough before an exam, so you won’t pass!
__________________________________________________ (ever)
3. We routinely brush our teeth so they stay clean.
__________________________________________________ (regularly)
4. My brother will never learn another language – he is too lazy.
__________________________________________________ (ever)
5. Our workshop has usually been on Friday afternoons.
__________________________________________________ (normally)
Exercise 5
Select the best answer:
1. Maria lives next door so we see her _________.

a. Rarely
b. Never
c. Often
2. My dentist ________________________.
a. Checks yearly my teeth
b. Checks my teeth yearly
c. My teeth yearly checks

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3. We have a Christmas party _________________.

a. Every year
b. Year every
c. Always
4. My grandparents ______________ to university.

a. Went never
b. Did never go
c. Never went
5. She ___________________ as he works abroad.

a. Sees seldom her brother
b. Seldom sees her brother
c. Her brother seldom sees
Activity
The teacher writes a word on a piece of paper and hands it to a student. The
student then has to try to describe what it is without saying the actual word to the
rest of the class. There is a one-minute time limit and each student should take a
turn at explaining a word. If the student mentions the word by mistake, they must
take another turn.

Can - Could
MODAL VERBS
We use the modal We use the modal
verb can: verb could:
TO EXPRESS POSSIBILITY: TO MAKE POLITE REQUESTS:
He can become the Could you bring me the

world champion. menu, please?
She can't win the race Could you tell me where
from last position. the post office is?
TO DISCUSS ABILITY: TO EXPRESS PAST ABILITY:
She can ride her bicycle I could sing better when

now after lots of practice. I was younger.
They can't play the flute He couldn't dance like
despite having many that when he a child.
lessons.
TO ASK PERMISSION: TO EXPRESS PAST ABILITY:
Can I wear jeans to the David could have been a

wedding? famous rock star.
Can we smoke on the Peter couldn't have made
bus? the donation because he
has no money.
TO MAKE INFORMAL TO SUBSTITUTE FOR CAN IN

REQUESTS: THE CONDITIONAL:
Can you take me to work, If I had more time, I could

my car isn't starting? have had more lessons.
Can you pass me the If we had more money,
bread? we could have travelled
the world.
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CAN - COULD
Warmer
⎪ Distribute the bingo cards.

⎪ The students work in a group and walk around interviewing each other
for this activity.
⎪ Students must find someone in the room that has the ability and writes
his/her name next to it. All of the students share their answers with the
teacher and other students.

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CAN - COULD
Construction
The modal verb can is used:

⎪ To express ability
⎪ To express possibility
⎪ To make a request
Interrogative
Modal verb (can) + Subject + Main verb
Can you see that tree over there?
Can you play chess?
Can he come to the dinner on Saturday?
Affirmative
Subject + Modal verb (can) + Main verb

Yes, I can see it.
I can play chess to a very high standard.
Yes, he can make it, thankfully.
Negative
Subject + Negative modal verb (can't) + Main verb
No, I can't see the tree.
No, I can't play chess very well.
I'm afraid not, he can't make the dinner.
With wh- questions

Wh question + Can / Can't + Subject + Main verb
Where can we buy stamps?
Why can't we stay here longer, mummy?
Who can I ask about my tax bill?

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CAN - COULD
The modal verb could is used:

⎪ To express the past form of can (ability)
⎪ To express the conditional form of can (ability)
⎪ To make a request
⎪ To give advice
Interrogative
Modal verb (could) + Subject + Main verb
Could you pay me the ticket money, please?
Could we swim when we were 6?
Could we have ice-cream if we arrive early?
Affirmative
Subject + Modal verb (could) + Main verb

Yes, you could have ice-cream, but we're very late.
Yes, you could swim when you were 3 years old.
He could save save some money if he really tried.
Negative
Subject + Neg modal verb (couldn't) + Main verb
You couldn't swim until you were 12 years old.
He couldn't pay you because he had no money.
We couldn't have tea because we ran out of time.
With wh- questions

Wh question + Could/Couldn't + Subject + Main verb
Where could we live if you get that new job?
Why couldn't we visit more often?
Who could I speak to about my grandmother?

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CAN - COULD
Rules
Can is used to express ability:
Can you make furniture?

Yes, I can make it.
No, I can’t make furniture but I can refurbish it.
Can is also used to refer to possibility or options:
On this motorway, you can drive north on route 1 or south on route 2.

Can I eat meat in this restaurant?
Can is also used to request something in an informal manner:
Can I have the ketchup?
Could is sometimes used to express the past form of can when

referring to ability:
I could run a marathon when I was younger.
Could is also used to make a polite request:
Could I have some information about your town, please?
The third use of could is in the second or unreal conditional.
If I had time, I could start a business.

We could go on a cruise if we saved enough money.

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CAN - COULD
Exercise 1
Complete the gaps with can or could, can’t or couldn’t in each sentence or question:
1. When I was younger, I ___________ speak Italian quite well but I

___________ speak it anymore.
2. You can play the guitar, ___________ you?
3. We missed the train to the airport so we ___________ get our flight to Paris.
4. If we had extra time on our trip to Rome, we ___________ take a bus trip to
Naples.
5. ___________ you speak a second language? I ___________ speak English
and French.
Exercise 2
Read the sentences and decide if they are possibility, request or ability:
1. Can you mail this letter for me? ____________

2. We can eat dinner at home or eat out. ____________
3. Could you smoke outside, please? ____________
4. I can't play tennis. ____________
5. She can't work part-time for her company. The work is full-time. ____________
6. My mother could sing well when she was young. ____________

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CAN - COULD
Exercise 3
Options and Possibilities:

⎪ Distribute the simulation cards and give an Airport Information role and a
Passenger role to the members of each pair.
⎪ If you have extra time, have students exchange roles. The transport
information is on the next page.
AIRPORT INFORMATION
You work at the Information desk at New York
airport. A passenger (your partner) asks for
information about transport options from the airport
to her/his hotel in the city. Take a look at the chart
below and explain the possibilities and options for
this passenger. Clarify the types of transport she
can take and the different fares available.
PASSENGER
You are at New York airport – you’ve just arrived
from London. You want to know the transport
possibilities and options to your hotel in the city.
Ask the information desk (your partner) for help.
Request information on how you can get to the city
and the prices of the fares.

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CAN - COULD
AIRPORT INFORMATION

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CAN - COULD
Exercise 4
Complete the dialogue to help a Parisian give directions to a lost tourist:
A: Excuse me. I’m lost! ___________ you help me?

B: Of course!
A: I’m looking for directions. ___________ you tell me how to get to the
Sacré Coeur church?
B: No problem. This is the fifth district and you want to go to the 18th district
of Paris.
A: How ___________ I get there?
B: Well, there are different possibilities. You ___________ walk there if you
wanted the exercise. You ___________ take the metro or, if you had money,
you ___________ take a taxi.
A: I ___________ pay for a taxi – it’s too expensive. I don’t want to walk too
far!
B: In that case, you ___________ take the metro train. Get off at Montmartre
stop. You ___________ walk to the church in only two minutes.
A: Thanks for your help!

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CAN - COULD
Chatterbox
The teacher should encourage a group discussion so that each student talks about
things they could do when they were younger but can’t do now. They should also
discuss things that they can do now but they couldn’t do in the past.
Activity
Each student writes down three unique things that they can do and shares them
with the class. However, only two of the things are true and the other is false. It’s
up to the other students to try to guess which of the three is a lie.

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POEM
Exercise 1
Write a poem about the weather in your country. It isn’t important whether
the poem rhymes or not.

COMPARATIVES
We use the comparative form to express a greater
degree or quantity of one thing over another.
WHEN THE ADJECTIVE IS ONE SYLLABLE:

We add -er to the adjective and add 'than' to make the comparison:
My mother is taller than you.

His sister is smarter than his brother.
My cat is bigger than my dog.
That sports car is faster than my Prius.
We are better golfers than those professionals.
Note - When the adjective ends with consonant - vowel - consonant we

double the last consonant.
WHEN THE ADJECTIVE IS TWO OR MORE SYLLABLES:

We precede the adjective with 'more':
My friend is more intelligent than me.

Her current boyfriend is more thoughtful than her ex.
Tony is a more careful driver than Jeremy.
My dad is more generous than his brother.
Their neighbour is more unpleasant than their last neighbour.
EXCEPTIONS:
When a two or more syllable adjective ends with a 'y' - remove the y and
add -ier.
My boss is friendlier than my colleague.
Our new housemate is much tidier than the last one.
Add or end with -er when a two or more syllable adjective ends with -er,
-le or -ow:
He is cleverer than his friend at school.
She is gentler with her hamster than her dog.
This road is narrower than that one.
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES IN THE COMPARATIVE

Adjective Comparative Example
Bad Worse This meeting is worse than yesterday's.
Good Better He's a better pianist than his brother.
Little Less This bag costs less than that one.
Many More There are more sweets in this bag than in his.
Much More There is more advice in his book than hers.
Far (place) Far (place) The castle is farther away than the hills.
Far (time) Far (time) Summer is further away than winter.
Well Better I am better today than I was yesterday.
COMPARATIVES
AND
SUPERLATIVES
MAKING A COMPARISON OF EQUALITY:
When two or more things are equal or of similar degree of quantity, we use:
'as - adjective - as' to form the comparison:
John is as tall as his work colleague.

I am as smart as any boy in my class.
The cheetah is as fast as any other animal in the kingdom.
Bill Gates is as rich as Mark Zuckerberg.
Mary is as nice a person as anyone that I know.
WHEN USING BOTH COMPARATIVE AND

SUPERLATIVE TOGETHER:
When we wish to compare more than two people or objects, we can use
both the comparative and superlative:
Her sister is more beautiful than her brother, but my daughter is the
most beautiful baby in the world.
Tiger Woods is better than any other golfer at the moment, but Arnold
Palmer is the greatest golfer in history.
Johnny is as intelligent as any other student in his class, but Samantha
Jones is the most intelligent at University.
QUESTIONS:
How to make questions that trigger the use of the comparative:
Which is the better bank, Barclays or HSBC?
Why did you choose Oxford University over Cambridge?
Which of your children are shorter, John or Michael?
Which is worse for your health, smoking or drinking?
How to make questions that trigger the use of the superlative:

What is the greatest invention ever made?
Who is the smartest kid at school?
Which is the fastest animal in the jungle?
What is the worst type of addiction?
NEGATIVE:
There are two ways to form the negative comparative:
Ben isn't as tall as Danny. (This means Danny is taller.)
My team aren't as good as Sam's. (This means Sam's team is better.)
The bag is less expensive than the coat. (The bag is cheaper.)
There are two ways to form the negative superlative:

Danny isn't the tallest.
Sam's team are not the best.
Never in a million years is Brad Pitt the greatest actor in history.
No way are the Spice Girls the best girl band of the 90's.
Note: In the last two examples, it's the use of a negative phrase at the start of
the sentence that indicates a negative superlative.
COMPARATIVES
AND
SUPERLATIVES
LIST OF ADJECTIVES WITH THE COMPARATIVE AND
SUPERLATIVE FORMS:
Adjective Comparative Superlative
Aggressive More aggressive Most aggressive

Ambitious More ambitious Most ambitious
Arrogant More arrogant Most arrogant
Beautiful More beautiful Most beautiful
Big Bigger Biggest
Bored More bored Most bored
Clumsy Clumsier Clumsiest
Confident More confident Most confident
Delightful More delightful Most delightful
Disgusting More disgusting Most disgusting
Depressed More depressed Most depressed
Friendly Friendlier Friendliest
Generous More generous Most generous
Grumpy Grumpier Grumpiest
Happy Happier Happiest
High Higher Highest
Hungry Hungrier Hungriest
Intelligent More intelligent Most intelligent
Jealous More jealous Most jealous
Kind Kinder Kindest
Moody Moodier Moodiest
Nervous More nervous Most nervous
Perfect More perfect Most perfect
Pleasant More pleasant Most pleasant
Pretty Prettier Prettiest
Quiet Quieter Quietest
Short Shorter Shortest
Silly Sillier Silliest
Skinny Skinnier Skinniest
Small Smaller Smallest
Successful More successful Most successful
Talented More talented Most talented
Tall Taller Tallest
Thoughtful More thoughtful Most thoughtful
Bad Worse Worst
Good Better Best
Little Less Least
Many More Most
Much More Most
Far (place) Farther Farthest
Far (time) Further Furthest
Well Better Best
A2
ADJECTIVES: COMPARATIVES
USE OF THAN – DEFINITE ARTICLE
Warmer
Photo comparison
⎪ Divide your group into groups of three or four people.
⎪ Ask each group to describe the pictures orally, using the comparative form.
The students can use the adjectives in the box to help them.
Fat Thin Short

Tall Long Young
Old Big Small
Happy Miserable
Sad Angry Excited

A2
Main usage
Comparatives are used to express the greater quantity or degree of something over
another
Construction
1 Syllable adjective or adverb:
Add -er + Than

This table is harder than the other one.
Mike is taller than Marie.
My kids are braver than any other kids at school.
2 Syllable adj / adv that end in -y
Remove the y and add -ier + Than

The beach is windier than the city.
My work colleagues are friendlier than yours.
John is happier now than before he was married.
2 or more syllable adjectives / adverbs
More / Less + Adj / Adv + Than

His son is more intelligent than his daughter.
Her husband is more handsome than her ex.
Swearing is less disgusting than spitting.

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Exceptions:
When adjectives end in a consonant, vowel and consonant (big, thin),

we double the consonant in the comparative form (bigger, thinner).
The white house is bigger than the yellow house.

My mum is thinner now than before she had children.
When a two-syllable adjective or adverb ends in –er, -le and -ow,

we use the –er ending.
The lecturer was cleverer than my father.

Her sister was gentler with the baby than her mother.
The road was narrower than he first thought.
When showing the outcome or consequence of a greater degree

using the comparative, we use the to express the result.
The more ice-cream you eat, the fatter you become!
Irregular Comparatives
Watch out for irregular comparatives. These adjectives change in the
comparative form. Here is a list for your reference:
Adjective Comparative
Good Better
Bad Worse
Far (distance) Farther
Far (time) Further
Little (amount) Less
Many / Much More
Well Better

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Exercise 1
Complete the box with the correct comparatives of each adjective:
Adjective / Adverb Comparative
1. Lovely
2. Large
3. Happy
4. Funny
5. Intelligent
6. Soft
7. Crazy
8. Loud
9. Noisy
10. Bright
Exercise 2
Complete the sentences, using the comparative of the adjectives or adverbs

in brackets.
1. The chocolate cake looks good but the lemon tart looks _________ (good).
2. I felt bad this morning, but after drinking this whiskey, I feel even
_________ (bad).
3. You look _________ (lovely) now on your wedding day than at any other
time!
4. Jerry is much _________ (lazy) than his brother. He never does any work
around the house!
5. Oh dear. The airport is 10 kilometers more than I thought – we must drive
_________ (far) than I realized.

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Exercise 3
Comparatives Quiz
⎪ Divide the class into two teams.
⎪ Distribute the quiz to the two teams.
⎪ Ask students to complete the correct structure of the adjectives in the
gaps before they start the game.
⎪ Then, the teacher calls out the questions. The team to call out the correct
answer first (using the correct comparative structure) gets 1 point.
⎪ The team with the most number of points at the end is the winner!
Remember: Technology is NOT permitted!

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Exercise 4
Complete the sentences, writing the adjectives and adverbs into the correct form of
the comparative:
Far Old Tall Tenderly Pretty
1. An elephant is tall but a giraffe is ______________ .

2. Next year is quite far from now but 2050 is much _____________ .
3. Elodie plays the harp tenderly but Grace plays it _____________ .
4. This tulip is pretty but the red rose is _____________ .
5. My grandmother is old but my grandfather is much _____________ .
Exercise 5
Complete the sentences by selecting one of these adjectives and transforming

them to comparatives.
Slow hot good funny costly
1. It was 40 degrees yesterday and today it’s only 30 degrees – it was much
____________ yesterday.
2. This dish tastes awful! I think your food tastes ____________.
3. These two dresses look nearly the same, but this one is ____________ than the
other by about 20 dollars!
4. Jane is more clever than her sister Jenny, but Jenny is ____________ than Jane.
5. You’re driving too fast! You must drive ____________ in this zone.

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Chatterbox
Students compare each of the things below and discuss them as a group:
Spain v England
Summer v Winter
Women v Men
Barcelona v Real Madrid Vs
Europe v United States of America
Activity
Would you rather…..

The teacher goes around the class asking each student what would they rather do
from the two options that the teacher gives to them. They must explain their
answers. Examples of questions could be ‘Would you rather be single or
married'? - 'Would you rather be beautiful and stupid or ugly and intelligent'?

A2
THE DOG AND THE CAT
Matthew had a dog and Jessica had In the darkness Rufus curled up
a cat. They were neighbours in a on the sofa next to them. Patch
block of flats. Matthew’s dog, then entered through the window
named Rufus, was big and black and joined in too. The four of
with a bright red collar. Jessica’s cat them, Matthew and Jessica, and
was small and white. It was called the dog and the cat, sat in silence
Patch because she had a black spot as the movie played. There was a
on her cheek. Patch had a pink suspense scene and Jessica crept
collar and looked very cute. She closer towards Matthew. She
had dark eyes and loved to be reached out for his arm and
cuddled. Matthew and Jessica spent closed her eyes. There was a bang
a lot of time together. It started and Jessica jumped. Matthew
when Matthew asked Jessica around laughed. “That made you jump,
to watch a movie. They ordered a didn’t it?” he teased. He put his
takeaway and watched a horror arm around her and they settled
film. They turned the lights off and back down.
sat with pizza on their laps.
Meanwhile, the cat had crept over towards the dog. Patch had settled
herself in the nook of Rufus’s body and they lay together on the rug. “I
really like you, you know,” Matthew began shyly. “I really like you too,”
Jessica responded. They smiled at each other, the type of smile that says,
“I am so happy”. Matthew took her in his arms and kissed her lightly on
the lips.

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THE DOG AND THE CAT
When the movie ended Matthew turned the lights back on. They both
noticed the dog and the cat for the first time snuggled together on the
floor. “Aww we’re like the dog and the cat,” Jessica said. “I suppose we
are,” Matthew laughed. “They’re clearly very fond of each other.”
“Very,” Jessica agreed. “But it’s late and I should be going.” “Yes, I don’t
want to keep you up,” Matthew said. “I don’t think Patch wants to move
though.”
The cat was fast asleep. “I’ll feed her in the morning for you,” he offered.
“Thank you,” Jessica said. Matthew showed Jessica out and shut the door
behind her. When she was gone he moved over to the bedside draw and took
out a wedding ring. He put it back on his finger and stared at it. When was the
best time to tell her? “We’re not so much like the dog and the cat after all,” he
said to himself.

A2
THE DOG AND THE CAT
Vocabulary
Neighbours
Crept
Laps
Patch
Cuddle
Exercise 6
T/F The dog was called Rufus

T/F The cat was called Jessica
T/F Matthew is married
T/F The cat went home with Jessica
T/F They watched a horror movie
Chatterbox
Do you have a cat or dog? Would you own a cat and dog at the same time? Do
you like horror movies? Do they make you jump? What do you think Jessica’s
reaction will be when Mark tells her that he is married?

Gerunds
GERUNDS LOOK LIKE VERBS BUT THEY FUNCTION
AS NOUNS:
AS THE SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE:
Dieting is not for me.

Cleaning your face every day is important.
Gambling regularly is bad for you.
AS THE OBJECT OF THE SENTENCE:
She enjoys eating.

We don't like running.
Do you like driving?
AS A COMPLIMENT TO THE VERB TO BE
My favourite pastime is hiking.

Seeing is believing.
What I don't like is talking to rude people.
AFTER SOME PHRASAL VERBS:
John thought about eating all of the cake in one go.

She gave up on planning the trip that night.
Did Paul talk about quitting dance class?
AFTER PREPOSITIONS:
The referee decided against cancelling the match.

We were thirsty after walking nearly 20km.
Mary wasn't very good at drawing.
AFTER CERTAIN PHRASES:
They can't stand waiting in line at lunch time.

It's no use talking to him, he's rude!
Is it worth asking Mr Smith if he is able to come with us?

Gerunds
HERE IS A LIST OF SOME OF THE VERBS THAT ARE
OFTEN FOLLOWED BY THE GERUND:
ADMITS He admits stealing the money.
ALLOW We don't allow testing on animals.
APPRECIATE She appreciates working again.
AVOID Avoid punishing him for his mistakes.
BEGIN They should begin revising for their test.
CONSIDER I considered teaching as a career.
CONTINUE He continued coaching after his injury.
DEFEND Don't defend driving fast near schools.
DELAY I delayed having kids until I was 38.
DENY Do you deny complaining about Peter?
DISCUSS Have you discussed meeting him later?
ENJOY I enjoy biking and hiking in the hills.
EXCUSE Can you excuse lying in any situation?
FINISH Have you finished your homework yet?
FORGET We forgot sending Mike a present.
FORGIVE Forgive my saying so, but I don't like him.
HATE I hate seeing my dog in so much pain.
IMAGINE She imagines winning the lottery regularly.
INVOLVE He involves running as part of his routine.
JUSTIFY We couldn't justify paying so much money.
KEEP Keep persuading him to do the course.
LIKE I like reading every night before bed.
LOVE He loves watching his son grow up.
MENTION I mentioned seeing him at the funfair.
MISS I missed playing hockey when I was ill.
NEED He needs teaching a lesson that one.
PREFER I preferred singing when I was younger.
PROPOSE They proposed visiting China and Vietnam.
QUIT Quit gambling or you will lose your house.
REGRET She regrets not having children.
REMEMBER I remember learning algebra at school.
REQUIRE It requires nursing back to full health.
RESIST I resisted eating all of the donuts.
RISK It's a risk driving so close to the cliff edge.
SAVE She never saved any of her earnings.
START I started training for the race 3 days ago.
STOP Don't stop believing in yourself.
SUGGEST I suggest walking in the woods next time.
TOLERATE I can't tolerate eating with an open mouth.
TRY I tried cycling to work but it's too far.
UNDERSTAND John understands that talking is important.
URGE I was urged that meditating is good for me.

A2
GERUNDS
Warmer
⎪ Students work together in a group.

⎪ Have a pack of cards ready. On each card, there should be a different
expression: ‘’I can’t stand…’’/’’I prefer…’’/’’I want…’’
⎪ Each student has a turn to take a card and complete the sentence about what
he or she wants, prefers, avoids, etc..
⎪ Give a time limit for each student. This activity introduces the concept of
using either a gerund or infinitive form of the verb.
Main usage
A gerund (verb + ing) is used to replace the noun phrase in a sentence. Like nouns,
gerunds can act as:
⎪ The subject in the sentence
⎪ The object of the sentence
⎪ The subject complement.

A2
GERUNDS
Using gerunds can be more precise and efficient than using the
infinitive.
Gerunds as subjects:
Playing piano is my favorite activity.
Singing with others is enjoyable.
Notice how more efficient it is to use a gerund instead of the infinitive

(To sing with others is enjoyable).
Gerunds as subject compliments:
Her hobby is collecting coins.

His favorite sport is skiing.
When using a negative Gerund, just add not before it, as in the Subject
Complement:
My problem is not practicing my English enough.
Gerunds as objects:
We enjoy making cupcakes.

They avoid eating fast food.

A2
GERUNDS
A gerund can be used after some verbs, prepositions and / or

adjective + preposition.
Gerunds after a verb:

We enjoy eating French food.
Let’s consider trying another option.
I finished doing my work.
Do you like gardening in the afternoons?
Gerunds can follow prepositions:
Before going home, please finish your work.

After watching the movie, I went to bed.
Besides doing my work, I also helped my boss.
In addition to making the dinner, I made dessert.
As well as running in the park, we took a swim in the pool.
Gerunds can follow adjectives + prepositions:
I am excited about working on the new project.

Are you sad after losing the game?
Johnny was happy before divorcing his wife.
Mike went red from embarrassing himself.
Watch out for changes in meaning, depending on the use of a gerund

or infinitive.
We stopped to speak to the policewoman.

= We stopped our activity to speak to the policewoman.
We stopped speaking to the policewoman.

= We stopped our conversation with the policewoman.

A2
GERUNDS
When a verb follows a verb, it can be transformed to a gerund. These verbs include
enjoy, finish, consider and avoid. However, sometimes an infinitive will follow
instead of a gerund. Here is a list of the gerunds and infinitives that follow verbs for
your reference:
Verb + infinitive Verb + gerund
Prefer Prefer
Like/love/hate Like/love/hate
Decide Finish
Want Avoid
Need Don’t mind
Agree Deny
Appear Can’t stand
Exercise 1
Gerunds as Subjects or objects: Complete the phrases, transforming the words

into subjects:
1. _________________ (meet friends) after work is fun.

2. _________________ (watch the sunset) is my favorite activity.
3. A rewarding activity is _________________ (help others).
4. _________________ (spend money) should be done carefully.
5. _________________ (wait in line) is boring for me!

A2
GERUNDS
Exercise 2
Follow the prepositions, verbs or adjectives with the correct form of the verb in
brackets:
1. The teachers are used to ___________(start) class at 9AM.

2. Before ___________ (eat) breakfast, I go for a quick run outside.
3. The family enjoys ___________ (spend) time together at the weekend.
4. Our friends are ___________ (come) with us on our trip to Greece.
5. I am bored of ___________ (do) the same old thing every day.
Exercise 3
Activities
⎪ First, they match the activities with the pictures on the next page.
⎪ Then, tell students they must decide which five of the activities they
prefer, giving reasons for their answers using the adjectives in the box
below.
Dangerous Fun Boring Interesting Wet Crazy

Exciting Scary Difficult Creative Risky Mundane
Wonderful

A2
GERUNDS
Diving Water-skiing Wind-surfing Hiking

Taking photographs Rock-climbing Sky-diving Kayaking
Walking Jet-skiing Making videos Swimming

A2
GERUNDS
Exercise 4
Complete the sentences with the infinitive or gerund of the verb in brackets
1. After ___________ (walk) for 3 kilometers, I felt tired and took a break.
2. Before ___________ (start) the engine of your car, put your seat-belt on.
3. She stopped ___________ (work) in her job at the age of 64 years.
4. She stopped ___________ (talk) to her friend on the street when she saw him.
5. We want ___________ (visit) a new country next year.
6. I’m interested in ___________ (see) Brazil when I go to South America.
7. ___________(hike) in the mountains is a great sport to keep fit and build muscle.
8. To make more money, ___________ (work) harder is a good start.
9. ___________ (ride) horses is a sport for some animal-lovers.
10. I’m considering ___________ (change) my job as I’m getting bored with it.
11. The boss demanded ___________ (take) back control of his duties.
12. They risked ____________ (lose) their jobs so they could stay another night.
13. We can't afford ____________ (buy) the bigger house, so we'll buy the flat.
14. I miss ___________ (see) my friends every day at school.
15. I'd hate __________ (miss) my train because I had another coffee.

A2
GERUNDS
Chatterbox
What are you doing now?
Do you like reading?
Have you quit anything recently?
Do you miss anything about school?
What do you love doing?
What do you hate doing?
Activity
Alphabet Topics
The teacher decides on a topic, for example ‘Animals’. The first student says the
name of an animal beginning with the letter a, for example ‘ant’. Then the next
student says an animal that starts with the letter b, then c then d etc until a student
cannot find an answer or the alphabet has finished.
When the first topic is completed, try again with a different topic.

DISLIKE
VERSUS
UNLIKE
DISLIKE UNLIKE
Verb: meaning to Preposition: meaning

find something not similar to.
unpleasant or
unenjoyable
Use it to refer to the Use it to refer to the

opposite of liking opposite of
something or similarity.
someone.
“I enjoy KFC, but my “Be careful; this

wife dislikes fried rollercoaster is unlike
food.” the other ones.”
“I fear I will dislike “The black sweet

this long and tastes like licorice,
repetitive exercise.” unlike the red and the
white sweets.”
“Because he seemed "They are twins but so

arrogant, I disliked unlike each other."
him from the first
time I met him.” "He was on time
unlike you!"
"I don't hate but I do
dislike some people."
A2
DISLIKE VS UNLIKE
Exercise 5
1. We dressed slightly differently; his shirt was ________ (dislike / unlike) mine.
2. ________ (Dislike / Unlike) a rookie, the pro knew exactly what to do.
3. Do you ________ (dislike / unlike) liver because of its taste or its texture?
4. I ________ (dislike / unlike) red cars, (dislike / unlike) my brother who has one.
5. Don't say you ________ (dislike / unlike) it until you have tried it.
Exercise 6
Chatterbox
All students take a turn to talk about something that they dislike and compare
two things that are unlike each other.
Exercise 7
Create three sentences that use “dislike” and three that use “unlike” correctly.

HAVE TO
The expression have to is used to express an enforced
obligation or necessity, such as a rule or law. It is often grouped
with auxiliary modal verbs, but be careful - It is neither! In fact,
have functions as the main verb of the sentence.
OBLIGATION OR NECESSITY
I have to go to work now.
She has to take her medicine at 4pm.
We have to make a decision right now.
The waiter has to wear a black uniform.
He has to stay at school to finish his homework.
QUESTIONS
Because have functions as a main verb, we need to use an
auxiliary verb to form the interrogative:
Do you have to get up so early in the morning?
Why do you have to leave so soon?
Where do you have to go for this meeting?
When do you have to finish you research by?
NEGATIVE
We have to be careful when we use have to in the negative
obligation form. For example:
You don't have to wear your shoes in the house.
This indicates that you have a choice, or that it isn't necessary. If
we want this to be an obligation then we have to use one of the
following:
You must not wear your shoes in the house.

You are not allowed/permitted to wear your shoes in the
house.
You can still form the negative to use in other ways:
Great news, I don't have to work this weekend.
He doesn't have to eat all of his dinner.
Why don't we have to go to school today?
HAVE TO IN OTHER TENSES

We can use have to in all tenses and with modal auxiliary verbs.
I had to stay in last weekend. (past simple)

I will have to travel to Egypt alone in the summer. (Future simple)
They have had to change the date of the appointment. (Present
perfect)
We might have to have the vaccinations to travel. (Modal verb
'might')
He may have to cancel dinner. (Modal verb 'may')
A2
MODAL VERB: HAVE TO
Warmer
⎪ Distribute the lyrics sheets.

⎪ The students listen to the Fatboy Slim song ‘’Praise You’’ and write in the
missing words ‘’have to’’ when they hear it in the song.

A2
MODAL VERB: HAVE TO
Main usage
The modal expression have to is used to express an obligation or necessity.
Construction
Interrogative
Auxiliary verb + Subject + Have to + Main Verb
Do you have to leave early?
Do they have to get up at 8am tomorrow?
Does she have to attend the work meeting?
Interrogative with wh- questions
Wh qst + Aux verb + Subject + Have to + Main Verb

Why do you have to leave early?
What time do they have to get up tomorrow?
When does he have to attend the meeting at work?
Affirmative
Subject + Have to + Main Verb

I have to go home at 9pm.
We have to work overtime at the weekend.
He has to kill the dragon to complete the game.
Negative
Subject + Neg aux verb + Have to + Main Verb

I don't have to wait here any longer today.
They don't have to watch the match.
It doesn't have to eat that particular brand of food.

A2
MODAL VERB: HAVE TO
Rules:
The modal expression have to or has to is used to express an emotional

obligation or necessity. Unlike other modal verbs, we use the auxiliary in the
interrogative and negative forms:
Do you have to get up early?

No, I don’t have to get up early
Yes, I do / Yes, I have to get up early.
In the past, we use the usual past simple form:
Did you have to work late last night?

No, I didn’t / No, I didn’t have to work late last night.
Yes, I had to work late / Yes I did
Note:
Be careful when you want to express an obligation using a negative modal.
For example, when you say:
You don’t have to smoke in this building

Means that you are not obliged to smoke in the building, but you can if you
want to.
If you want to express an obligation as a negative, you can say:
You shouldn’t smoke in this building

Or
You are not allowed/permitted to smoke in this building.

A2
MODAL VERB: HAVE TO
Exercise 1
Complete the gaps, writing in the correct forms of have to:
1. _____________ (you/have to) drive on the left side of the road in Ireland.
2. _____________ (he/have to) fill this application form for the job.
3. She _____________(not have to) do any exam to enter the new school.
4. It _____________(not have to) be difficult to play this game. Just read the
instructions.
5. We_____________ (have to) leave now! Our train leaves in 5 minutes!
Exercise 2
Read the company rules and complete them with the correct form of have to:
Welcome to your new role in the ABC Company. Here is a list of rules and
regulations. All employees ________ scan their badge to enter the building at the
first door. You ________(not) scan your badge at the second or third doors.
When you arrive at your desk, you ________ log in to your computer at the
exact start time assigned to your position. At lunch break, you ________ log out
and put the ‘lunch’ notification on your computer profile. At the canteen, all
employees ________ wait in line until they are served by wait staff. By 7PM, after
logging out of the work panel, all employees ________ vacate the building as the
cleaners arrive at 7:30PM.
Thank you for your understanding and we wish you a good professional experience
with the ABC Company.

A2
MODAL VERB: HAVE TO
Exercise 3
⎪ Distribute the simulation cards. Give a Teacher role to one person and
Student roles to two other people.

A2
MODAL VERB: HAVE TO
Teacher
You are a Teacher for the Fabulous English
School. Your new students are very noisy,
drinking beer in class and smoking cigarettes.
Present the following rules and regulations to
make sure they behave properly in class! Have
the students reformulate them to you so you can
make sure they understand you.
Student
You are a new student class. On your first day,
you had a bottle of beer in class and the teacher
is furious! Meet her/him today to discuss the
rules and regulations. Listen carefully to the
rules and reformulate them to make sure you
understand what you have to do in class.
Exercise 4
Read these rules and transform them into sentences using have to/don’t have to:
In the event of an accident or fire in the company building:
1. You must leave the building through the emergency exits on both the west
and east sides.
2. It is not necessary to log out of your computers.
3. You must walk in a straight line – no pushing or shoving.
4. All employees are obliged to stay calm and show respect for one another.
5. You should not take any belongings apart from your bag and badge.

A2
MODAL VERB: HAVE TO
Smoking, drinking and general rules:

Note: Remember to use the negative obligation rules from earlier in the chapter!
1. All employees are obliged to smoke outside the building in the designated
smoking area.
2. All staff members are under obligation to agree not to drink alcohol during
work hours. This rule is strictly enforced.
3. Employees are not obliged to eat in the canteen. They may choose to eat at
the desk or elsewhere.
4. All staff must attend the Christmas party once a year. This is a company
obligation.
5. In order to get paid, it is necessary to send your work hours to payroll before
5PM on the second Friday of each month.
Chatterbox
What do I have to do?
Students discuss as a group what each one of them thinks they have to do to
improve their level of English. After the students have discussed their opinions, the
teacher offers his / her advice to each student on what they have to do to improve
their level of English.
Activity
Guess who...
The teacher writes the names of all students on a piece of paper. They
then cut them individually, fold them up and put them into a hat. Each student then
picks out a name without showing it to the other students. They have to write three
things describing the person they have picked. The other students have to guess
who they are talking about. If you pick out your own name then write three things
about yourself and see if the students can work it out.

COUNTABLE AND
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
COUNTABLE NOUNS
Countable nouns are nouns that can be counted by numbers.
They can be either singular or plural. We use 'how many?' to
form the interrogative .
There are six apples in the bowl.
There are twelve flats in this complex.
We have three workers on the shop floor.
They have three children, two dogs and a hamster.
How many children are in the class?
How many miles is it to the nearest gas station?
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Uncountable nouns are nouns that cannot be reasonably
counted by numbers (also known as mass nouns). They are
usually used with a singular verb and don't have a plural form.
These nouns are typically objects that are too small to count or
are liquids or abstract ideas. The interrogative is formed by
asking 'how much?'. We often use words or phrases to help us
quantify uncountable nouns:
How much water do you want me to put in this bottle?
How much information is there in the instruction
manual?
There is a lot of work to be done.
There isn't much coffee left in the jar.
Could I have a pinch of salt on my chicken, please?
There is some water in the kettle if you would like a
tea?
DETERMINERS
One of the clear distinctions between countable and
uncountable nouns is the use of indefinite articles. With
countable nouns we can use an indefinite article, whilst with
uncountable nouns we cannot:
A dog ate my homework.
There is a table that I would like to buy from the store.
There is a money on the table.
How much is a water from the shop?
A2
HOW MUCH - HOW MANY
COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Warmer
Picnic
⎪ The teacher divides the class into two teams.

⎪ The teacher then informs the students that they must write a shopping list of at
least 10 items for a class picnic next week.
⎪ The teacher asks Team A to choose only countable nouns for their list and
Team B to select countable nouns.
⎪ When they are finished, put the two teams together to share what they are
brining to the picnic.

A2
HOW MUCH - HOW MANY
Main usage
⎪ Countable Nouns are nouns we can count

⎪ Uncountable nouns are nouns we cannot count.
⎪ We use much and many to express a large amount of something.
Much is used for countable nouns and many is used for uncountable nouns.
Construction
We use Much in an interrogative or negative sentence.
Is there much water in the bath?

No, there isn’t much water in the bath.
Water = Uncountable noun
Interrogative - Much + Uncountable Noun

How much juice is left in the jug?
Is there much rice leftover?
How much help will she need with her homework?
Negative auxiliary verb + Much + Uncountable Noun

There isn't much juice left in the jug.
There isn't much rice leftover.
She won't require much help at all, she's very clever.

A2
HOW MUCH - HOW MANY
We use Many in an interrogative, positive or negative sentence.
Were there many people at the concert?

Yes, there were many people there.
No, there weren’t many people there.
People = Countable noun
Interrogative: Many + Countable Noun

How many lives have been ruined by the scandal?
How many fruit trees do you have in your garden?
How many days are left in this semester?
Affirmative: Many + Countable Noun

Too many lives have been ruined.
I have many fruit trees in my garden.
There are many days left, we have plenty of time.
Negative auxiliary verb + Many + Countable Noun

There aren't too many lives ruined, thankfully.
I don't have that many trees, just a few.
There aren't many days left, we best start studying.

A2
HOW MUCH - HOW MANY
Exercise 1
Decide whether the nouns are countable or uncountable and insert

them into the boxes below:
Information People Trees Food Economy

Cup Octopus Children Music Interest
Happiness Money Peace
Countable Uncountable
Exercise 2
Complete the gaps with much or many:
1. She never reads books, so she doesn’t know _________ about anything!
2. I don’t have _________ interest in sports. I prefer music.
3. She has _________ friends from different countries.
4. Even though he doesn’t have _________ money, I know he loves me!
5. There’s not _________ cheese left. Please buy some more.

A2
HOW MUCH - HOW MANY
Exercise 3
The group works in pairs.

⎪ Distribute the cards and allow partners to work together to describe the food
items and create a recipe.
Take a look at the food items on the next page and explain what they are to your
partner. Then, decide what you’d like to make for dinner, and specify how much
you need of each item to prepare the meal. Write down the quantities and create
your dish. Enjoy your meal!

A2
HOW MUCH - HOW MANY

A2
HOW MUCH - HOW MANY
Exercise 4
Choose A or B for each question:
1. How _________ does this cost? It’s 8 Euros.

a. Much
b. Many
2. How _________ apples do we need for the apple pie?

a. Much
b. Many
3. I don’t have _________ information on the subject. Please read this book to know
more.
a. Much
b. Many
4. I don’t want _________ people coming to my wedding – just a private group.

a. Much
b. Many
5. Is there _________ data on this file about our target market?

a. Much
b. Many
6. There are _________ geese and chickens on Mr. Brown’s farm.

a. Much
b. Many

A2
HOW MUCH - HOW MANY
7. Is there _______ silence by the lake? I need peace to write my book.

a. Much
b. Many
8. You don’t need ________ dried fruit for this recipe – just a little.
a. Much
b. Many
9. I don’t have _________ cash left after my expensive holiday abroad.

a. Much
b. Many
10. We saw ________ wild animals on safari in Africa last year.

a. Much
b. Many
Activity
7 things:
The teacher gives out a topic, for example ‘musicians’. The first student
then has to say the names of seven musicians within a specified time limit. If the
student cannot submit 7 answers, they are eliminated from the game. The game
continues until there is a winner. If the game is over too quickly, you can try again
with more simple topics.

FEWER
VERSUS
LESS
FEWER LESS
Adjective, pronoun or Adjective, pronoun or

comparable: comparable: meaning
meaning having a having a lower
lower number of quantity of
countable things uncountable things
Use fewer: To refer to Use less with qualities

a lower countable or quantities that
number of things cannot be individually
counted
“I drank fewer glasses “I drank less water

of water today than I today than I did
did yesterday.” yesterday.”
"I read fewer pages of “When adding this

my book today than spice, remember, less
I'd hoped to." is more.”
“It is easier for me to “Our garage sale

cook for fewer people generated less interest
at a time.” than the one down
the street.”
"I'd prefer fewer gifts "More haste less

for my birthday." speed."
A2
FEWER V LESS
Exercise 5
1. We drank slightly________ (fewer / less) last night, so we feel better today.

2. We drank slightly ________ (fewer / less) margaritas last night, so we feel better.
3. ______ (Fewer / Less) fanfare will make the athlete concentrate better.
4. Do you have ________ (fewer / less) mosquito bites than your brother?
5. I eat _________ (fewer / less) , so that I will gain (fewer / less) pounds.
Exercise 6
The teacher makes a number of sentences about items in the classroom. The
students have to decide if they require a "less" or "fewer" answer.
Exercise 7
Create three sentences that use “fewer” and three that use “less” correctly.

IMPERATIVES
WE USE THE INFINITIVE OF THE VERB TO FORM THE
IMPERATIVE TO MAKE A COMMAND OR REQUEST. WHEN WE
USE IMPERATIVES THEY CAN SOUND VERY DIRECT OR 'BOSSY'.
TO MAKE A COMMAND:
Close the window, it's freezing.
Tidy your room.
Take off your shoes in the house.
Do your homework.
Let's ask mum.
Don't ignore me!
TO GIVE A WARNING:
Be careful! That car is going very fast.

Watch out! There's a bug in your drink.
Don't touch that, it's hot.
Let's not cycle too close to the edge.
Don't eat that, it isn't cooked.
TO OUTLINE INSTRUCTIONS:
Turn right at the lights.

Hammer the nail into the door.
Shake the bottle before opening.
Don't empty the water too soon.
Crack the egg into the mix.
TO MAKE A REQUEST:
Mind my jacket whilst I call a cab.

Let's take my car.
Wait here whilst I get your parents.
Let's watch that movie.
Mind the gap.
LET'S AND DON'T:

When we want to use the imperative and include
ourselves, we use let's:
Let's not go any further, it looks dangerous.
Let's eat all the cake, they'll never know
To form the negative imperative, we use don't:
Don't look down!

Don't run in the corridors.
A2
IMPERATIVES
Warmer
School Trip
⎪ Students work together in groups of three.

⎪ Two people are the parents and the third person is their ‘child’.
⎪ The child is going on a trip with his school class. The parents must tell the
child what he / she is to do or not to do during the trip.
⎪ Use the prompts below to get started.
Be careful!
Don't speak....
Make sure that you....
Don't be.....
Listen to......
Main usage
The Imperative form is used to:
⎪ Give a command
⎪ Make an order
⎪ Warn someone
⎪ Outline instructions
⎪ Request something

A2
IMPERATIVES
Construction
Use the infinitive of the verb when you use the imperative form:
Be careful when you drive.

Look for your books.
Use “do not” or “don’t” before the verb in the sentence if you wish to make a
negative imperative:
Don’t leave the door open. It’s cold!

Do not tell anyone my secret.
We use the infinitive form of the verb to formulate the imperative. This sounds
like a command or instruction.
Work together on this project.
To be more informal or polite when the speaker is involved in the action, put
let’s before the infinitive:
Let’s work together on this project.

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IMPERATIVES
Construction
Different uses of the imperative:
Making an order: Have these papers on my desk by 2pm!

Giving a command: Be at work tomorrow at 8am sharp!
Warning someone: Don’t drink too much when you’re on holiday.
Making a request: Get me a newspaper, please!
Giving instructions: Write the objective before you create the plan.
Note:
Use the form Do not instead of the contraction Don’t for emphasis.
Do not enter this room. This room is for VIP guests only!
Do not smoke in any part of the building.
Exercise 1
Complete the gaps with the negative or positive form of the imperative:
1. ___________(play) with fire! It’s dangerous!

2. ___________ (have) fun when you are on holiday!
3. ___________ (speak) to people you think are dangerous. Think twice!
4. ___________ (stay) too long in the sun when you’re on holiday.
5. ___________ (take) time to relax on holiday. You worked hard this year!

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IMPERATIVES
Exercise 2
Read the mixed-up recipe instructions below and put them back in order.
Once the recipe is in the correct order, circle all of the imperatives that you can find:

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IMPERATIVES
Exercise 3
⎪ Students work in two groups.

⎪ Distribute the role play cards.
⎪ Ask each group to discuss how to organize a project. Ask them to write a list
of tasks to delegate to their team for the project. For example: ‘’Create
objectives’’/’’Establish a timeline’’/’’Set project milestones’’.
⎪ The project leader then delegates one task to each member of his team.
Project Leader
You and your team have six months to organize,
carry out and complete an important project for your
company. You must develop a new software (tool)
for your most important customer. Lead your team to
set a list of tasks / points to organize the project
objectives, content and timeline.
Project Team Member

You and your team have six months to organize,
carry out and complete an important project for your
company. You must develop a new software (tool) for
your most important customer. Join your team to set
a list of tasks / points to organize the project
objectives, content and timeline.

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IMPERATIVES
Exercise 4
Complete the dialogue to help the doctor instruct her patient:
Patient: Good morning, doctor. Do you have the results of my scan?
Doctor: Yes, I do. You have some heart problems. _________(stop) smoking
immediately. It’s essential for your health.
Patient: Yes, I have a bad cough…
Doctor: Also, _________(start) a new exercise regime. You need to lose weight.
_________ (eat) fatty food and _________(reduce) alcohol and excessive sugar.
Patient: What will happen if I don’t do this?
Doctor: Your health problems will get worse! _________ (take) this matter
seriously. _________ (waste) your time. _________ (Change) your lifestyle now
before it’s too late!
Activity
Teacher Says....
In this game the teacher says a command in either the positive or negative that
the students must or mustn’t do. The command must start with ‘Teacher says….’
If it doesn’t then the students should not do the command and they should
remain in their current positions. This also applies if the command is negative:
for example ‘teacher says 'don’t open the door’ - the students shouldn’t open the
door and they should remain in their current positions. The game finishes when
there is only one student remaining that has successfully completed all of the
commands.

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WEATHER V WHETHER
Exercise 5
1. ________ (Whether / Weather) we like it or not, they are painting their house.
2. The ________ (whether / weather) forecast is important when packing for a hike.
3. She didn’t care ________ (whether / weather) her brother went to the movie or not.
4. She decided to ________ (whether / weather) the criticism and submit the essay
anyway.
5. I wonder ________ (whether / weather) or not the _________ (whether / weather)
will hold out.
Exercise 6
Can you spot any mistakes in the following sentences?:
1. The old man had a weathered face, like he'd worked outdoors for many years.
2. I wonder weather he likes me more than just as friends?
3. He's determined to go whether I like it or not.
4. No matter what the whether holds, we'll have fun at the beach.
5. It depends on whether or not he has already eaten.
Exercise 7
Create three sentences that use “weather” and three that use “whether” correctly.

PAST
CONTINUOUS
The past continuous tense is used to express an action or event
that was ongoing over a period of time in the past. It is used with
the past simple of to be and verb+ing. The past continuous often
expresses a specific time or when one action was interrupted by
another in the past. It is sometimes known as the wing tense.
CAREER TIMELINE
From January 2009 until 2009
June 2010 I was working at
Burger King.
2010 From June 2010 until

August 2012 I was working
at Adidas.
2012
ONGOING ACTIONS OR EVENTS THAT HAPPENED OVER A

PERIOD OF TIME IN THE PAST:
He was watching a movie at midnight last night.

She was eating her dinner at teatime.
We weren't dating in 2008.
It wasn't snowing in the mountains.
Where were you living last year?
Why was he sleeping at your house last week?
ONGOING ACTIONS OR EVENTS THAT WERE INTERRUPTED BY

ANOTHER ACTION IN THE PAST:
The past continuous is used with the past simple to indicate an action in the past
that was interrupted by another action in the past. The longer action is
represented by the past contiuous whilst we use the past simple for the shorter
action.
He was watching a movie when you called him.

She was eating her dinner when she dropped her fork.
We weren't dating in 2008 when I met another guy.
It wasn't snowing in the mountains when we left.
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PAST CONTINUOUS
Chatterbox
1. What were you doing when the 911 World Trade Center disaster happened?
2. Who were you living with when you went to University?
3. What were you doing before this class?
4. What work were you doing when you got married?
5. What were you doing when Michael Jackson died?
6. What were you doing at 10pm last night?
7. Where were you working before you started your current job?
Construction
The past continuous is used to express an ongoing action in the past
Year 2000. I Year 2007. I

worked at my began a new
first job. job in NY.
Year 2005. I Present day.

did my MBA
degree
I was working in my first job from 2000 until 2005.

I was doing my MBA in 2005.
I was working and studying up until 2007.

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A
ai usa e
he ast co ti uous te se is use

⎪ To express an ongoing action in the past
⎪ To refer to an event that occurred at the same time as another event in the past.
Co structio
terro ati e
as ere ub ect ai Verb i
Was Morris sleeping at his desk?

Were they fighting in the garden?
Were we dating before 2008?
ir ati e
ub ect as ere ai Verb i
I was answering the phone when you arrived.

He was snacking on some nuts five minutes ago.
They were growing tomatoes in their garden.
e ati e
ub ect as ere ot ai Verb i
We weren t listening to the radio.

She wasn t shopping for the groceries.
You weren t paying attention when I was talking.

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PAST CONTINUOUS
Key Words
When two events happen at the same time in the past, we can use the past
continuous and past simple to describe this event.
I was sleeping when suddenly, the phone rang.
We often use key words to indicate the collision of these two events:
When When I was studying business, I learned economics.

While While we were shopping, we found a great new jacket.
As As you were driving, you hit a bird on the road.
Exercise 1
Complete the phrases with the correct formulation of the past continuous tense:
1. Were you relaxing at home when I was at work?
No, I _____________. I was babysitting at a friend’s house.
2. Why _____________ (he / to cook) a big meal?
His parents were coming for dinner.
3. What were you doing on Friday night at 9PM?
I _____________ (to celebrate) my birthday with friends.
4. Why _____________ (she / to cry)
She was crying because she broke up with her boyfriend.
5. _____________ (the children / do) homework while I was out?
No, they weren’t. They were watching TV!

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PAST CONTINUOUS
Exercise 2
Rewrite the sentences, using the past continuous and past simple forms along with
key words
1. It was raining heavily. The storm started.
2. She was reading. The door bell rang.
3. The students were playing roughly. One boy pushed another boy on the ground.
4. I was sleeping. The snow fell on the ground.
5. We were working on the project. The manager informed us of the supplier

delays.
Exercise 3
Complete the sentences, selecting the correct key words (as/while/when) and the
past continuous or past simple forms of the verbs in brackets:
This is the story about an event in California last year.
I was living in San Francisco ____ I experienced a great earthquake.
I __________ (share) an apartment with two friends ______ the event occurred.
We were at home watching TV when suddenly, we __________ (feel) the ground
begin to shake. As we started to scream, the walls fell down around us. _____ the
ceiling was falling, I moved towards the door and escaped out of the apartment. At
this point, I started to run down the street. _____ I was running, the ground beside
me began to open up like a great chasm. Then, the earthquake stopped. As I
________ (to call) the emergency line, I noticed police and firefighters everywhere,
assisting the people on the streets.

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PAST CONTINUOUS
Exercise 4
Murder Mystery
Divide your class into two groups and ask them to put the story back together
correctly. Ask each person in the two teams to explain one event of the story.
Then, each team gives their opinion on who the murderer was.

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PAST CONTINUOUS

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PAST CONTINUOUS
Activity
Meet Dylan. Have a class discussion about what he was doing in each of the
pictures below. Try to use whilst, when and as if possible:
DYLAN

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THE PHONE CALL
My phone started buzzing in my pocket. I juggled my bag and morning

coffee trying to retrieve it. The number was foreign. How strange, I
thought. “Hello?” I said. The line crackled and there were a few seconds
of delay. “Hello,” a male voice replied, the accent clearly Australian. “Hi,
who is this?” I asked feeling confused. Telesales people didn’t tend to be
Australian. “Erm, it’s hard to explain. I don’t really know how to say
this,” the voice said and paused. “I’ve been trying to track you down for
quite some time. This might come as a bit of a shock to you, I’m not
sure, but I have recently found out that my parents are not actually my
parents. I am adopted.” He paused again. “I’ve been trying to find my
birth family.”
“So you’re calling because I’m related to you in some way?” I asked
baffled. “Yes, I believe so,” he said. “My name is Leo Jackson, but my
birth mother’s name was Hawkins.” I paused, struggling with what to say
next. My mother’s name is Hawkins. My name is Hawkins. I said the first
thing that came into my mind. “That’s my name. Madeleine Hawkins.”
“And that’s why I’ve been trying to contact you. I’m coming to New York
in a couple of weeks. I wonder if we could meet up. I don’t want to rush
you…But what do you think?” he asked, a worried tone in his voice.
“Umm sure. Yes. It would be silly not to,” I said.

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THE PHONE CALL
“Anyway I better go. I’ll answer your questions another time but right
now I’m late for work. Ring me again later or tomorrow.” I hung up
and walked around the corner and into the office. I stepped into the
elevator and listened to the music playing through the speaker. It
gave me a chance to think. How was any of this possible? Did my
mother really give up my brother for adoption but keep me? Was
there some kind of mistake? The elevator made a pinging noise and I
got off on my floor. I sat down at my desk and stared at my black
computer screen. “Everything alright, love?” Wendy asked.
I’d worked with Wendy for years. She was one of my best friends
and I knew I could tell her anything. “No, not really actually.
Something strange happened to me on the way to work this
morning. I got a call from Australia. It was some guy named Leo
telling me he’s basically my long lost brother. Can you believe it?”
Saying it out loud made it sound even crazier.
I looked at Wendy’s expression. It was a mixture of confusion and

horror. It was a few moments before she said anything. “And do
you think he’s telling the truth?” she asked. “Yes I think so. He’s
going to call me back. And he’s coming to New York in a couple of
weeks and wants to meet. I guess I’ll know for sure very soon,” I
said, not quite believing it myself. “It’s amazing how life-changing
something as simple as a phone call can be,” I mused.

A2
THE PHONE CALL
Vocabulary
Buzzing
Juggle
Strange
Silly
Baffled
Exercise 1
T/F The caller is Madeleine’s long lost son

T/F Madeleine was adopted by her parents
T/F Leo lives in New York
T/F Wendy and Madeleine have worked together for a long time
T/F Madeleine thinks Leo is telling the truth
Chatterbox
Have you ever received a telephone call that has completely changed your life in an
instance? Do you believe that Leo is telling the truth? What would you do if you were
in Madeleine’s situation? How do you think the meet up will go in New York? What will
be the overriding emotion?

PAST SIMPLE
THE PAST SIMPLE IS USED TO TALK ABOUT A
PAST ACTION OR EVENT THAT HAS ALREADY
BEEN COMPLETED.
AFFIRMATIVE REGULAR
We form the affirmative past simple of regular

verbs by adding -ed to the end of the bare infinitive:
I looked out of the train window as it passed the

mountains.
She washed her car last weekend.
They missed their mother not being home at Christmas.
NEGATIVE REGULAR
To form the negative past simple, we use the past

simple of the auxiliary verb with not (n't) and the base
form of the main verb. The subject usually precedes the
auxiliary verb.
They didn't eat all of their breakfast.

We didn't know that Marvin was an engineer.
He didn't go to the car show last week.
QUESTIONS:
To form past simple questions, we use the past simple

of the auxiliary verb and the base form of the main
verb. The auxiliary verb usually precedes the subject.
Did you play the piano last night?

Did they own a computer when they were children?
Did he make that that chair with his own hands?
PAST SIMPLE
THE PAST SIMPLE IS USED TO TALK ABOUT
A PAST ACTION OR EVENT THAT HAS
ALREADY BEEN COMPLETED.
WE USE THE PAST SIMPLE TO:
EXPRESS COMPLETED ACTIONS IN THE PAST:
I tested a new vaccination last week.

Susie didn’t enjoy her meal last night
Did we visit Ireland when we were younger?
EXPRESS PAST HABITS AND STATES:
I watched sport often when I was at University

Johnny collected stamps when he was a teenager.
Phil and Paul didn’t like tuna as kids but now they
both love it.
EXPRESS AN ACTION THAT HAPPENED AT A SPECIFIC

TIME:
We finished the job at 9pm

Daisy went to University in September
Did you go to the Zoo yesterday?
EXPRESS A COMPLETED ACTION IN THE PAST THAT

CORRESPONDED WITH ANOTHER ACTION:
She called me whilst I was having a bath.

It started snowing when Debbie was on the bus.
My wife watched the television whilst I was working
in the garden.
EXPRESS ACTIONS THAT OCCURRED OVER A PERIOD

OF TIME:
Between 2001 and 2002 we studied science at

college.
Last year I lived with my brother for a short time.
Melanie and Joseph worked in Australia for 6 months.
PAST SIMPLE
SPELLING OF REGULAR PAST SIMPLE VERBS:
FOR VERBS THAT END WITH AN E:

ADD A D AT THE END:
My pet hamster died last week.

He phoned his mum to wish her a happy birthday.
FOR VERBS THAT END WITH A Y:

REMOVE THE Y AND ADD IED:
I cried at the end of the film.

The security guard carried their luggage for them.
WHEN TO DOUBLE THE CONSONANT:
IF THE VERB IS ONE SYLLABLE:

AND ENDS WITH CONSONANT-VOWEL-CONSONANT:
I stopped the car when the traffic lights turned to red.

They banned me from their shop for stealing.
Joe and Jack planned every last detail to perfection.
EXCEPTION: IF THE VERB ENDS WITH AN X OR W

The repair man fixed my washing machine.
The stars glowed brightly.
IF THE VERB IS TWO OR MORE SYLLABLES:

DOUBLE THE CONSONANT IF THE STRESS IS ON THE
LAST VOWEL:
He preferred oranges when he was younger.

The accident occurred at night time.
EXCEPTION: IF THE VERB ENDS IN A C - ADD KED:
My friend panicked when her phone rang.

He mimicked his favourite comedian regularly.
IN BRITISH (BUT NOT AMERICAN) ENGLISH, WE

ALWAYS DOUBLE THE LAST 'L':
We always travelled together when we were kids.

He fulfilled his lifetime ambition last year.
PAST SIMPLE
CERTAIN TIME EXPRESSIONS INDICATE THE USE OF

THE PAST SIMPLE. HERE ARE SOME EXAMPLES:
At 9pm In August
At breakfast In 2012
At lunchtime In the Spring
At the beginning In the 16th century
On Wednesday During the summer
On 15th June During the holidays
A minute ago Last night
An hour ago Last week
Two days ago Last year
A week ago Last Thanksgiving
One month ago The week before last
A long time ago The year before last
REGULAR PAST SIMPLE VERBS ARE PRONOUNCED IN

THREE DIFFERENT WAYS:
1-Regular past simple verbs that end with a strong /d/

sound:
Arrived Believed Burned Called
Cleaned Died Enjoyed Happened
Loved Moved Played Tried
2-Regular past simple verbs that end with a /t/ sound:
Booked Cooked Damaged

Developed Established Fixed
Laughed Marked Stopped
3-Regular past simple verbs that end with an /id/ sound:
Completed Created Decided

Estimated Hated Invented
Limited Pointed Wanted
PAST SIMPLE
IRREGULAR POWER VERBS IN THE PAST SIMPLE:
TO BE:
I was at the airpor this time yesterday.

He was at school when he called me.
She was going to eat the soup but decided against it.
It was too late to order a new passport.
You weren't very happy last night, what happened?
We were travelling to Asia this time last year.
Where were they yesterday?
TO HAVE
I had to pullover to be sick.
She had to travel home alone.
We didn't have any food left to give to the dogs.
They had to change their plans at the last minute.
Did you have any money left after the concert?
Why didn't you have a birthday present for Jill?
TO COME
What time did you come home last night?

He came into my office to discuss my promotion.
When did you last come to visit us in New England?
They didn't come to school because they have the flu.
TO DO
I did my work and then I left to go home.

We didn't do the homeork because it was too difficult.
Did you do the chores like I asked you to?
She didn't do as well as expected in her exams.
Did we do everything that we could to help?
Why didn't we do more?
TO GIVE
I gave you all of my heart but you didn't want it.

You gave me your telephone number yesterday.
I didn't give him any more money. He must have stolen
it.
Why didn't he give me these instructions yesterday?
Some time ago I gave up my ambitions of being a
piano player.
PAST SIMPLE
HERE IS A LIST OF COMMON IRREGULAR PAST
SIMPLE VERBS AND THE PAST PARTICIPLE:
INFINITIVE PAST SIMPLE PAST PARTICIPLE
Become Became Become

Begin Began Begun
Bleed Bled Bled
Blow Blew Blown
Break Broke Broken
Build Built Built
Buy Bought Bought
Catch Caught Caught
Choose Chose Chosen
Cost Cost Cost
Cut Cut Cut
Draw Drew Drawn
Drink Drank Drunk
Drive Drove Driven
Eat Ate Eaten
Fall Fell Fallen
Feed Fed Fed
Feel Felt Felt
Find Found Found
Forget Forgot Forgotten
Get Got Got
Keep Kept Kept
Know Knew Known
Leave Left Left
Lose Lost Lost
Make Made Make
Meet Met Met
Pay Paid Paid
Put Put Put
Read Read Read
Run Ran Run
Say Said Said
See Saw Seen
Sell Sold Sold
Send Sent Sent
Sit Sat Sat
Speak Spoke Spoken
Spend Spent Spent
Take Took Taken
Teach Taught Taught
Tell Told Told
Think Thought Thought
Understand Understood Understood
Win Won Won
Write Wrote Written
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PAST SIMPLE
Warmer
Bingo
⎪ Divide your group into pairs
⎪ Distribute the bingo cards.
⎪ Now it’s time to play Bingo. The teacher calls out the infinitives of verbs. The
students tick off the past simple forms.
⎪ The pair to complete an entire box first is the winner.

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PAST SIMPLE
Main usage
The Past Simple Tense is used to express:

⎪ A finished action.
⎪ Events that occurred in the past.
Construction
With a Main Verb:
Interrogative
Did + subject + verb (in present, base form)

Did you play in a band?
Did you go to the concert?
Did they make that themselves?
Affirmative
Subject + verb (past simple)

Yes, I played in a band for six years.
Yes, I went to the concert with my friends.
Yes, they made this piece of art themselves.
Negative
Subject + did not + verb (in present, base form)

No, I didn't play in a band.
No, I didn't go to the concert. I was ill.
Unfortunately no, they didn't make it themselves.

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PAST SIMPLE
Construction
With an Auxiliary Verb
Interrogative
Auxiliary Verb + Subject

Were you shy when you were young?
Was this beautiful girl your wife?
Were you married?
Affirmative
Subject + verb
Yes, I was very shy as a child.
Yes, she was my wife.
Yes, until last year I was married.
Negative
Subject + verb + not

No, I wasn't very shy. I was quite cocky.
No, she wasn't my wife, she was my girlfriend.
No, I wasn't ever married.
Wh questions
Wh questions + Was / Were + Subject

Why were you late for class?
Where was he at 9pm last night?
When were they last in Cambodia?

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PAST SIMPLE
Key Words
The Past Simple tense is frequently used with key words that indicate
an action occurred in the past. The following key words express a
finished action in the past:
Key words
When He was a lot more trouble when he was younger.

Yesterday Yesterday, I made hot cross buns for the party.
Before Before they were famous, they lived in a tiny flat.
Last week I met my idol last week. She was great.
Last night Last night, we watched that new blockbuster.
Last year This time last year we were on holiday in Laos.
Ago My son was born 4 years ago.
Irregular Verbs
Irregular verbs are exceptions to the ‘ed’ past simple structure in
English. These verbs change completely. Here is a list of some
irregular verbs:
Infinitive Past Simple Past Participle
Ride Rode Ridden

Have Had Had
Seek Sought Sought
Find Found Found
Bring Brought Brought
Buy Bought Bought
Drink Drank Drunk
Swim Swam Swum

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PAST SIMPLE
Exercise 1
Complete the sentences, writing the verbs into the correct form of the past simple:
Find make swim buy ride
1. I desperately ___________ in the ocean to escape the hungry shark.

2. The children ___________ a gold coin as they played in the sand.
3. I went shopping and three pairs of shoes and ___________ a new coat with
my credit card.
4. I did lots of housework and ___________ a chocolate cake on my day off.
5. We ___________ for hours by bike all over the island.
Exercise 2
Place the verbs into the correct table depending on how they are pronounced
in the past simple:
Walk Divide Kiss Amaze Laugh Want Fix Claim Enjoy

Need Offer Love Dance Play Consist Add Ask Lie
/d/ /t/ /id/

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PAST SIMPLE
Exercise 3
Select the correct form of the verbs for each sentence:
1. Where _______ (you / to be) last night? You didn’t come to the play.
a. was
b. did you be
c. were
2. ___________ (he / to meet) her at the cinema or the restaurant?

a. He did meet
b. He met
c. Did he meet
3. They __________ (not see) each other before he went away. She missed
him at the airport.
a. Didn’t they see
b. Didn’t see
c. Not saw
4. My parents ___________ (not / to know) each other until 1970. They met
at university.
a. Not knew
b. Didn’t knew
c. Didn’t know
5. She ___________ (to be) a shy and nervous child.

a. Was
b. Were
c. Did be

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PAST SIMPLE
Exercise 4
Your last trip.

Ask each member of the class to complete the 'my last trip' form below.
Once completed, each student discuss their last holiday or trip with the
class. Remember to talk in the past simple when explaining the details. For
example: 'We stayed in a 4* hotel by the beach'.

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PAST SIMPLE
Exercise 5
Complete the sentences, writing the verbs into the correct form of the past simple:
Can To see To eat To be To become To write

To sleep To have To give To leave To feel
There once _________ a rich man who lived in a beautiful white house on the
top of a hill. There was a large garden around the house with a big gate that the
rich man’s servant locked every night. Outside the gate, a beggar _________
every night. The old beggar _________ no home and nothing to eat. He
_________ the scraps of food he found in garbage outside the rich man’s house.
Then one day, the rich man was walking in his garden and he _________ pity for
the beggar he _________ near his home. He invited him to his house and
offered him food and a bed to sleep in. He _________ him advice on how to find
a job. The beggar _________ and found a job and a new place. He improved his
life and started to make a good salary. The next year, the rich man suddenly
_________ ill. He _________walk anymore and stayed in bed every day. His
rich friends stopped visiting him and he felt alone and sad. He _________ an
email to his old friend, the beggar. His friend came quickly to see him and stayed
with him every day. He didn’t forget the kindness the rich man showed him when
he needed his help.

PAST SIMPLE IRREGULAR
Find the irregular past simple of the verbs
1 2 3
4 5
8 9
10
11
12 13
14 15 16
17
ACROSS DOWN
5 TO HEAR 1 TO STEAL
6 TO FORGET 2 TO CHOOSE
7 TO BECOME 3 TO BREAK
8 TO THINK 4 TO BUY
11 TO CATCH 7 TO BRING
13 TO KNOW 9 TO TAKE
14 TO UNDERSTAND 10 TO EAT
17 TO SWIM 12 TO PUT
15 TO DO
16 TO SEE
COMMON PHRASALVERBS
LOOK
Look out! There's a car coming. (Warning)
Who do you look up to? (Admire)
Could you look after my child, please? (Care for)
I am looking into this crime. (Investigating)
I am looking at your CV. (Investigating)
TAKE
Take off your jacket. (Remove)
I need to take some money out of my bank.(Remove)
She takes after her mother. (Resembles)
Would you take in this lost dog? (Re-home)
Britain needs to take back control. (Regain)
GET
Get out of my house! (Leave)
I don't have enough money to get by. (Sufficient)
They don't get along very well. (Relationship)
This is our stop, let's get off. (Disembark)
Here's our plane, let's get on. (Board)
GO
Go away, I don't want to talk to you. (Leave)
Shall we go out on Saturday night? (Socialize)
I need to go over this essay. (Review)
We need to go up one more floor. (Rise)
Let's go through these books again. (Examine)
COME
He didn't come back last night. (Return)
Have you come across his work? (Found)
I came up with that idea. (Created)
We come along every year. (Appearance)
Do you want to come over to mine? (Invitation)
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PHRASAL VERBS
Warmer
Tic, Tac, Toe
⎪ Have students work in two teams (A and B).

⎪ Distribute lists of ‘problems’ to the teams.
⎪ Each team has a time limit (let’s say 7 minutes) to find a solution for each problem
using one verb and one preposition from the grid.
For example 'Your car has broken down' - ‘I will get on the bus instead’.
⎪ The team that gives the best solution whilst correctly using a phrasal verb wins the
point and the team with the most points wins the game.
Verb Preposition
Get Up
Go On
Come Over
Problems
1- The lift is broken 4- I am always late for work
2- We are losing the game 5- She is still upset about her ex
3- Your friend is bored 6- Your son is shy and by himself
Main usage
Phrasal Verbs are used to express another meaning than is used with the verb
alone.

A2
PHRASAL VERBS
Construction
A phrasal verb is born when a verb is joined with a preposition or adverb.
Verb Preposition Example
Take Up I’m going to take up a new hobby.

Go Up Go up the stairs – the office is on your right.
Get Up I get up every day at 8AM.
There can be many possible phrasal verbs created with one verb and several
prepositions. The meaning changes depending on the preposition used. The
meaning of the phrasal verb could be literal or metaphorical.
For example, the verb get can be used in many combinations with
prepositions.
These phrasal verbs using get have literal meanings:

I get up early every morning.
Get in to the house! It’s very cold.
Get off the train at the Green Street stop.
Get over the small wall by jumping over it.
Here are examples of phrasal verbs with metaphorical meaning:

I get by (survive, manage) on a very small salary every month.
I have a cold – I’m taking medicine to get over (recover from) it.

A2
PHRASAL VERBS
Exercise 1
Literal phrasal verbs

Complete the sentences with the correct preposition:
1. Watch _________ (to/by/at/out)! Don’t touch the hot stove!

2. Please come and visit us. You are welcome to come _________ (to/by/
/at/on) anytime!
3. Get _________ (to/by/at/on) the bus at Marble Arch. Stay on the bus for
ten minutes and get off at Oxford Circus.
4. In the morning, I turn _________ (to/by/out/on) my computer and I look
_________ (to/by/at/on)! the screen.
5. I’m bored. Let’s walk_________ (to/by/out/off) the shop to buy something.
Exercise 2
Metaphorical phrasal verbs

Discover the meanings of these phrasal verbs and write them by the correct answer
below:
Collect Take care of Search Postpone Review
1- Look + for =
2- Look + over =
3- Look + after =
4- Pick + up =
5- Put + off =

A2
PHRASAL VERBS
Chatterbox
Find someone who… and then discuss your answers with the rest of the class.

A2
PHRASAL VERBS
Exercise 4
Read the story and fill the gaps with the correct prepositions:
Back for in on up over
Marcus works in the city. He gets _____ at 7AM every morning and puts _____ his
clothes. He eats a small breakfast and gets _____ the train at 8AM. He normally
arrives at work at 8:30AM and logs _____ to his computer immediately. At 12PM,
he walks _____ to the canteen and meets _____ with colleagues for lunch. They
return to the office after lunch and get _____ to work. In his work, Marcus looks
_____ documents, calls _____ customers and writes _____ reports. He sometimes
feels bored at work and looks _____ other jobs online.
Activity
Because.....
The because game. The teacher starts off by telling the students a sentence, for
example:
‘Last week I went to the doctors’.
The first student then adds extra information to the story using because:
'Last week I went to the doctors because my head hurt'.
The next student then adds further information, again using because:
'Last week I went to the doctors because my head hurt because I didn't drink
enough water'.
The story continues with each student taking a turn. The teacher can start the
activity again using a different topic. Be creative and try to use phrasal verbs
wherever possible.

A2
A DAY AT WORK
Stephen Johnson was a
photographer. He was a very good
photographer. His work was his
life. He loved his work. People say
that when you enjoy your job it
doesn’t feel like work and Stephen
swore that was true. Today he
would be shooting models in an
outdoor swimming pool in
Barcelona. The pictures would
then be used in a fashion show
also in Barcelona. He would see his
pictures on the wall as the models
Stephen threw his cigarette onto
walked down the catwalk. He
the floor. He took his camera
loved seeing the final but that was
from its bag and put the strap
still days away.
around his neck. The models were
to be shot one at a time. First up
was Rihanna. She had dark wavy
hair that had been swept back for
the shoot. She was wearing a
swimming costume and a huge
necklace. She stood by the side of
the pool. Flash. Flash. Flash.
Rihanna got on a lilo and pushed
herself out to the middle of the
pool. She lay looking elegant and
pretty. Flash. Flash. Flash.
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A2
A DAY AT WORK
Rihanna reminded Stephen of his ex-wife, Marianne. They separated a

few years ago and now he travelled the world taking photographs.
Whenever he went back home it felt empty. Marianne was pretty with
dark skin and long glossy hair. She had a mole just above her lip and the
most beautiful smile. Flash. Flash. Flash.
He clicked the camera. Rihanna slipped off the lilo into the water. She
dunked her head under and wet her hair. Now it looked even darker. Her
head came up and Stephen kept clicking. She was perfect. Stephen let the
camera hang from the neck strap and walked over to the edge of the pool.
“Umm…Would you like to grab a drink afterwards?” he mumbled without
really thinking. “Yes…err, that would be nice,” Rihanna replied, slightly
taken aback. Stephen nodded and smiled. He walked back a few steps and
picked up his camera.
He took his photos, her smile more radiant than before. It’s never too late
to start over, he thought, as he continued to snap away. A smile spread
across his face.

A1
A DAY AT WORK
Vocabulary
Spend 3 minutes researching the vocabulary below that is used in the text.
Then discuss your answers with the teacher.
Dunked
Shoot
Mole
Swept back
Lilo
Exercise 5
T/F Stephen was shooting for a model show in Barcelona

T/F Stephen was shooting Marianne
T/F Rihanna asked Stephen out on a date
T/F Rihanna was wearing a huge necklace
T/F Marianne had a mole above her lip
Chatterbox
Do you like taking photos?

What do you take photos of mostly?
Do you own a selfie stick?
What are you opinions on the paparazzi?
Have you ever dated a person you met at work?
How many phrasal verbs can you find in the story?

Possessive S

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Possessive S

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POSSESSIVE S

TO EXPRESS POSSESSION OR OWNERSHIP

The King's yacht is moored in Monaco.

The hamster upstairs is my daughter's

Deborah's father works at the gas station.

My neighbour's dog is always in my garden.

Their children's frustration was obvious.

My work colleague's lateness is annoying.

WITH NAMES THAT END IN S

We went for a drive in Nicholas' car.

The Jones' cat has been found alive and well.

WITH PLURAL NOUNS JUST ADD AN

The politicians' mobile phones were

The students' debts were rising every year.

WITH IRREGULAR PLURAL NOUNS

That's the men's changing room.

The children's toys are old and outdated.

The gesse's pen was destroyed by a fox.

⎪ Divide your group into pairs.

Boss Gus Students Mary Children

Table Octopus Cup Women Men

‘s possessive form S' possessive form

Possessive Nouns are used to show possession of another noun.

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A possessive noun can be formed by adding either ‘s or s’, depending on

Singular Possessive Plural Possessive Possessive Noun

The dog’s bone The dogs’ bones The boss’ car

Singular: I know the boy’s name.

Plural: I know the boys’ names.

Plural: I know the children’s names.

Irregular noun acts as a singular noun

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My son’s name is Michael

Plural Possessive Noun

My sons’ names are Michael and James.

Irregular Plural Possessive Noun Kelly and Trina

The women’s names are Kelly and Trina.

Mary’s here! means Mary is here.

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Transform the sentences below, using a possessive noun in each case:

1. The girls have dolls.

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1. Whose is the hat? It’s _______________.

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B: Oh, really? Is this my tennis racket?

sports equipment is the _______ (boy) stuff.

B: Okay. So, what belongs to me?

table is also _______ (our parent). Why is it here?

something belonged to you!

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Finish the story....

Mary - Wow, that is amazing!

John – I know, I can’t believe he said yes.

Mary - The big one up by the mountain?

Mary – What’s the price? It must be expensive.

Mary – Well I wish them a lot of happiness.

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Luke kissed Nina’s cheek. “What’s through there?” Nina