- Meaning is what the author is thinking when writing the piece
- Meaning might also be in the reader itself - is a new way aside from the older styles of criticisms in which it focuses on the text itself. It has what we call a “textual focus”. - a style in which looks at what the text says. - Close reading- reading the text carefully in order to get the true meaning of the text. Reading the text painstakingly. -Close reading can be done in portions. -Close reading looks for tensions. -Tensions resolved in unity. What unifies the whole work?