1.

9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation

Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
1.9 The Matrix of a Linear Transformation
tion

Onto and
One-To-One
Linear Trans-
Abdeslem Lyaghfouri
formations

Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences

AURAK

Spring 2017
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Table of contents
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One 1 The Matrix of a Linear Transformation
Linear Trans-
formations

2 Onto and One-To-One Linear Transformations

 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Matrix of a Linear Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Example 1:   
Transforma- 1 0
tion Let e1 = and e2 = .
Onto and
0 1
One-To-One
Linear Trans-
formations
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Matrix of a Linear Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion
Assume that T : R2 → R3 is a linear transformation such that:
Onto and
One-To-One    
Linear Trans- 5 −3
formations
T (e1 ) =  −7  and T (e2 ) =  8  .
2 0

Find a formula for the image T (x) of an arbitrary x in R2 .

 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Matrix of a Linear Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
Solution: Write
One-To-One
Linear Trans-
formations      
x1 x1 0
x= = +
x2 0 x2
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Matrix of a Linear Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One
or
Linear Trans-    
formations 1 0
x = x1 + x2
0 1
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Matrix of a Linear Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One or
Linear Trans-
formations
x = x 1 e1 + x 2 e2 .
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Matrix of a Linear Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One
Linear Trans- Then
formations
T (x) = T (x1 e1 + x2 e2 )
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Matrix of a Linear Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One Since T is a linear transformation, we have:
Linear Trans-
formations
T (x) = x1 T (e1 ) + x2 T (e2 )
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Matrix of a Linear Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One    
Linear Trans- 5 −3
formations
i.e. T (x) = x1  −7  + x2  8 
2 0
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Matrix of a Linear Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One    
Linear Trans- 5x1 −3x2
formations
T (x) =  −7x1  +  8x2 
2x1 0
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Matrix of a Linear Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One
Hence  
Linear Trans- 5x1 − 3x2
formations
T (x) =  −7x1 + 8x2  .
2x1
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Matrix of a Linear Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and Remark: Since    

One-To-One
Linear Trans-
5 −3
formations T (x) = x1  −7  + x2  8 
2 0
we have: T (x) = Ax, where
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Matrix of a Linear Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and  
One-To-One 5 −3
Linear Trans-
formations A =  −7 8 .
2 0
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Matrix of a Linear Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One
Theorem: Let T : Rn → Rm be a linear transformation. Then there exists a
Linear Trans- unique m × n matrix such that
formations

T (x) = Ax for all x in Rn .

 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Matrix of a Linear Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of A is called the standard matrix for T and is given by:
a Linear
Transforma-
tion
A = [T (e1 ) T (e2 ) ...T (en )]
Onto and
One-To-One
Linear Trans-
formations
where      
1 0 0

 0 


 1 


 0 

 .   0   . 
e1 =   , e2 =   , ..., en =  .

 . 


 . 


 . 

 .   .   0 
0 0 1
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Matrix of a Dilation Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One
Linear Trans-
formations
Example 2: Find the standard matrix for the dilation transformation
T : R2 → R2 defined by T (x) = r x, where r is real number.
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Matrix of a Dilation Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion Solution: Compute:
Onto and    
One-To-One 1 r
Linear Trans- T (e1 ) = r e1 = r =
formations 0 0
and    
0 0
T (e2 ) = r e2 = r = .
1 r
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Matrix of a Dilation Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One
Therefore the standard matrix for T is:
Linear Trans-  
formations r 0
A = [T (e1 ) T (e2 )] = .
0 r
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Matrix of a Rotation Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One
Linear Trans- Example 3: Consider the rotation transformation T : R2 → R2 that rotates each
formations
point in R2 about the origin through an angle ϕ with counterclockwise rotation.
We can show that T is a linear transformation. Find its standard matrix.
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Matrix of a Rotation Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion
   
Onto and 1 cos ϕ
One-To-One Solution: The vector e1 = rotates to T (e1 ) =
Linear Trans-
formations
0 sin ϕ
   
0 − sin ϕ
The vector e2 = rotates to T (e2 ) =
1 cos ϕ
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Matrix of a Rotation Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
Solution:
tion

Onto and
One-To-One
Linear Trans-
formations

A rotation transformation
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Matrix of a Rotation Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One
Therefore the standard matrix for T is:
Linear Trans-  
formations cos ϕ − sin ϕ
A = [T (e1 ) T (e2 )] = .
sin ϕ cos ϕ
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Reflections
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One
Linear Trans-
formations
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Contractions and Expansions
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One
Linear Trans-
formations
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Shears
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One
Linear Trans-
formations
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Projections
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One
Linear Trans-
formations
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto Linear Transformations
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One
Linear Trans-
formations
Definition: A mapping T : Rn → Rm is said to be onto if each vector b in Rm is
the image of at least one vector x in Rn .
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto Linear Transformations
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One
Linear Trans-
formations
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion
Example 4: Let T be the linear transformation whose standard matrix is
Onto and
One-To-One  
Linear Trans- 1 −4 8 1
formations
A =  0 2 −1 3 .
0 0 0 5

Does T map R4 onto R3 ?

 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One
Linear Trans-
formations
Solution: We must check if each b in R3 is the image of at least one vector x in
R4 .
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
 
One-To-One
b1
Linear Trans-
formations
For each b =  b2  in R3 , we need to solve the equation T (x) = b or Ax = b,
b3
for x in R4 .
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion
Row reduce the augmented matrix of the system:
Onto and
One-To-One  
Linear Trans-
formations
1 −4 8 1 b1
 0 2 −1 3 b2 
0 0 0 5 b3

to reduced echelon form.

 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One    
Linear Trans- 1 −4 8 1 b1 1 0 6 7 b1 + 2b2
formations R1 +2R2 →R1
 0 2 −1 3 b2  ∼  0 2 −1 3 b2 
0 0 0 5 b3 0 0 0 5 b3
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One    
Linear Trans- 1 0 6 7 b1 + 2b2 1
R →R3
1 0 6 7 b1 + 2b2
formations
 0 2 −1 3 5 3  0 2 −1 3
b2  ∼ b2 
1
0 0 0 5 b3 0 0 0 1 5 b3
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One    
Linear Trans- 1 0 6 7 b1 + 2b2 1 0 6 7 b1 + 2b2
formations R2 −3R3 →R2
 0 2 −1 3 b2  ∼  0 2 −1 0 b2 − 3 b3 
5
1 1
0 0 0 1 5 b3 0 0 0 1 5 b3
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One
1 0 6 0 b1 + 2b2 − 75 b3
Linear Trans-
   
formations 1 0 6 7 b1 + 2b2
R1 −7R3 →R2
 0 2 −1 0 b2 − 3 b3  ∼  0 2 −1 0 b2 − 35 b3 
5
1 1
0 0 0 1 5 b3 0 0 0 1 5 b3
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One
5b1 +10b2 −7b3
1 0 6 0 b1 + 2b2 − 75 b3
Linear Trans-
   
formations 1
R →R2
1 0 6 0 5
2 2 5b2 −3b3
 0 2 −1 0 b2 − 35 b3  ∼  0 1 −1
2 0 10

1 1
0 0 0 1 5 b3 0 0 0 1 5 b3
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and The matrix  5b1 +10b2 −7b3 

One-To-One
Linear Trans-
1 0 6 0 5
formations  0 1 −1 5b2 −3b3
2 0 10

1
0 0 0 1 5 b3
is in reduced echelon form.
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
The corresponding system is:
One-To-One
Linear Trans- 5b1 +10b2 −7b3
formations x1 + 6x3 = 5
5b2 −3b3
x2 − 12 x3 = 10
1
x4 = 5 b3
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion Then we get the solution:
Onto and
One-To-One 5b1 +10b2 −7b3
Linear Trans- x1 = 5 − 6x3
formations 5b2 −3b3 1
x2 = 10 + 2 x3
1
x4 = b
5 3
x3 = free variable.
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One
Linear Trans-
formations
We conclude that for each b, the equation T (x) = b has infinitely many solutions.
Hence the transformation T is onto.
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
One-To-One Linear Transformations
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One Definition: A linear transformation T : Rn → Rm is one-to-one if and only if for
Linear Trans-
formations all x1 , x2 in Rn :
T (x1 ) 6= T (x2 ) whenever x1 6= x2 .
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
One-To-One Linear Transformations
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One
Linear Trans-
formations
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
One-To-One Linear Transformations
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One
Linear Trans-
formations
Remark: A linear transformation T : Rn → Rm is one-to-one if and only if the
equation T (x) = 0 has only the trivial solution.
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
One-To-One Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion
Example 5: Let T be the linear transformation whose standard matrix is
Onto and
One-To-One  
Linear Trans- 1 −4 8 1
formations
A =  0 2 −1 3 .
0 0 0 5

Is T a one-to-one mapping?
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
One-To-One Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One
Linear Trans-
formations
Solution:
We need to solve the equation T (x) = 0 or Ax = 0.
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
One-To-One Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion From Example 4, we know that the solution of the equation Ax = 0 (b = 0) is
Onto and
One-To-One
given by:
Linear Trans-
formations
x1 = 5(0)+10(0)−7(0)
5 − 6x3
5(0)−3(0) 1
x2 = 10 + 2 x3
1
x4 = 5 (0)
x3 = free variable.
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
One-To-One Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One x1 = −6x3
Linear Trans-
1
formations x2 = 2 x3
⇒
x4 = 0
x3 = free variable.
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
One-To-One Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One
Linear Trans-
formations We conclude that the equation T (x) = 0 has infinitely many solutions.
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
One-To-One Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One
Linear Trans-
formations In particular the equation T (x) = 0 has nontrivial solutions.
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
One-To-One Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One
Linear Trans-
formations Hence the transformation T is not one-to-one.
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto and One-To-One Linear Transformations
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One Theorem: Let T : Rn → Rm be a linear transformation and let A be its standard
Linear Trans-
formations matrix. Then
(i) T maps Rn onto Rm if and only if the columns of A span Rm .
(ii) T is one-to-one if and only if the columns of A are linearly independent.
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto and One-To-One Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion
 
Onto and
One-To-One
3x1 + x2
Linear Trans-
formations
Example 6: Let T (x) =  5x1 + 7x2 .
x1 + 3x2
Show that T is a linear one-to-one transformation. Does T map R2 onto R3 ?
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto and One-To-One Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion
Solution:
Onto and
One-To-One First we observe that:
Linear Trans-
formations      
3x1 + x2 3x1 x2
T (x) =  5x1 + 7x2  =  5x1  +  7x2 
x1 + 3x2 x1 3x2
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto and One-To-One Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One
or    
Linear Trans- 3 1
formations
T (x) = x1 5 + x2 7 
  
1 3
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto and One-To-One Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion
It follows that T (x) = Ax where
Onto and
One-To-One  
Linear Trans-
formations
3 1
A= 5 7 
1 3

In particular, T is a linear transformation.

 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto and One-To-One Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One
Linear Trans-
formations
1. To check whether T is one-to-one, it is enough to check if the columns of A are
linearly independent.
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto and One-To-One Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-    
tion
3 1
Onto and
One-To-One Let us show for example that a1 =  5  is not a multiple of a2 =  7  i.e. that
Linear Trans-
formations 1 3
the following equation:
a1 = ta2
has no solution.
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto and One-To-One Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One
Linear Trans- Assume that we have:
formations
a1 = ta2
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto and One-To-One Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One
Then    
Linear Trans- 3 1
formations
 5 =t 7 
1 3
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto and One-To-One Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One    
Linear Trans- 3 t
formations
 5  =  7t 
1 3t
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto and One-To-One Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One 
Linear Trans-  t=3
formations
7t = 5
3t = 1

 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto and One-To-One Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One 
Linear Trans-  t=3
formations
7(3) = 5
3(3) = 1

 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto and One-To-One Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One 
Linear Trans-  t=3
formations
21 = 5
9=1

 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto and One-To-One Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One
Linear Trans-
formations
Since the second and third equations are not true, there is no solution to the
equation a1 = ta2 .
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto and One-To-One Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One
Linear Trans-
formations
Hence the two columns of A are linearly independent.
We conclude that T is one-to-one.
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto and One-To-One Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One
Linear Trans-
formations
2. To check whether T is onto, it is enough to check if each b in R3 is the image
of at least one vector x in R2 .
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto and One-To-One Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
 
One-To-One
b1
Linear Trans-
formations
For each b =  b2  in R3 , we need to solve the equation T (x) = b or Ax = b,
b3
for x in R2 .
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto and One-To-One Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion
Row reduce the augmented matrix of the system:
Onto and
One-To-One  
Linear Trans-
formations
3 1 b1
 5 7 b2 
1 3 b3

to reduced echelon form.

 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto and One-To-One Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One    
Linear Trans- 3 1 b1 1 3 b3
formations R1 ↔R3
 5 7 b2  ∼  5 7 b2 
1 3 b3 3 1 b1
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto and One-To-One Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One    
Linear Trans- 1 3 b3 1 3 b3
formations R2 −5R1 →R2
 5 7 b2  ∼  0 −8 b2 − 5b3 
3 1 b1 3 1 b1
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto and One-To-One Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One    
Linear Trans- 1 3 b3 1 3 b3
formations R3 −3R1 →R3
 0 −8 b2 − 5b3  ∼  0 −8 b2 − 5b3 
3 1 b1 0 −8 b1 − 3b3
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto and One-To-One Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One    
Linear Trans- 1 3 b3 1 3 b3
formations R3 −R2 →R3
 0 −8 b2 − 5b3  ∼  0 −8 b2 − 5b3 
0 −8 b1 − 3b3 0 0 b1 − b2 + 2b1
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto and One-To-One Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One
Linear Trans-
formations If b1 − b2 + 2b1 6= 0, then there is no solution.
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto and One-To-One Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One Choose for example b1 = b2 = b3 = 1, then b1 − b2 + 2b1 = 2 6=0. 
Linear Trans-
formations
1
2
There is no vector x in R which is the image of the vector b = 1 .

1
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto and One-To-One Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One
Linear Trans-
formations We conclude that T is not onto.
 1.9 The
Matrix of a
Linear Trans-
formation
Onto and One-To-One Transformation
Abdeslem
Lyaghfouri

The Matrix of
a Linear
Transforma-
tion

Onto and
One-To-One
Linear Trans-
formations