Applied Mechanics - CLC

Lecture note: Applied Mechanics
SUBJECT: APPLIED MECHANICS
PART 1: STATICS
PART 2: STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
HCMC University of Technology PhD. Vu Cong Hoa

References:
[1] J. L. Meriam, L. G. Kraige. Engineering Mechanics

– Statics. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (2002).
[2] Ferdinand P. Beer, Mechanics of Materials,

McGraw-Hill, 2012

PART 1:
Chapter 1: The Basic Concepts and

Axiom System of Statics
Chapter 2: Force System

Lecture note: Applied Mechanics Chapter 1: Introduction to Statics
Chapter 1: The Basic Concepts and Axiom

system of Statics
Contents:
The Basic Models and Axiom system
The Concepts of Action and Reaction
The Models of Reaction

§ 1. Basic Concepts
1.1 Rigid body: A body is considered rigid when the change in distance
between any two of its points is negligible for purpose at hand.
- No deformation in any case of force

- Elastic body is idealized without deformation
- Particle is a special rigid body
1.2 Equilibrium:
The rigid body is equilibrium to any reference system if it remains at a rest or
continues to move with uniform velocity to that reference.
The reference is a rigid body that is selected to determine the position of

other rigid body.
In this lecture note, the selected reference is inertia reference.

1.3 Force:
a) Definition: Force is vector quantity B

+ Position of force (point of application) F
+ Direction, sense A
+ Magnitude
b) Force classification:
- Contact force and body force
+ A contact force is produced by direct physical contact
+ A body force is generated by virtue of the position of a body within a
force filed such as a gravitational, electric, or magnetic filed.
G
q
P = mg
Contact force
Body force
Concentrated force and distributed force
+ Every contact force is actually applied over a finite area and is therefore
really a distributed force.
+ When the dimensions of the contact area are very small compared with the
other dimensions of the body, we may consider the force to be concentrated at
a point with negligible loss of accuracy.
Distributed force over a line Distributed force over an Distributed force over a
area volume
SI Unit: N/m SI Unit: N/m2 SI Unit: N/m3

Converting distributed force into concentrated force
Q = q.l
q = const
A B A C B
1
l l/2 l/2
1
Q q0 .l
q0 2
2 A B A C B
2l/3 l/3

1.4 Force system: A set of forces act on an object
F j
j1,n

 F1 , F2 ,..., Fn 
1.5 Two equivalent force systems: The same mechanical effect on an object
F j
j1,n
  k k 1,m
1.6 Resultant: A unique force that is equivalent to a force system
R  Fj   j1,n
1.7 Equilibrium force system (Equilibrium): If a force system acts on an

object without altering the effect on body (state of motion). The force system is
equilibrium
F 
j
j1,n
0

Note:
1) Sum of force system:

n
R    Fj  F1  F2  ...  Fn
j1
There is always the sum for a force system, but there is not always
for resultant.
2) If a force system has the resultant then the resultant is the sum of it

§ 2. Axiom system of Statics

1. Axiom 1: (A pair of equilibrium force): A pair of two forces is equilibrium
if and only if both are equal in magnitude, opposite in direction and
collinear.
F
F S
’
’
 F, F  0 F
S
F
Fig. 2.1
2. Axiom 2: if add or remove a pair of equilibrium force then the mechanical

effect of a force system remains constant.
From above, there is a principle of transmissibility as:

Principle of transmissibility: The resultant effects of a force to the rigid body

without altering if it is moved to other position that is on its action line.
F (l)
B
A
F
Prove: Using Axiom 1 and Axiom 2

3. Axiom 3: (Parallelogram law) : Two forces that are the same point of application
(concurrent) will have a resultant. The resultant is the sum of that two forces.
R  F1  F2
R  (F1 , F2 )
Fig. 2.2
4. Axiom 4: (Action and Reaction): a action of a force is always accompanied by

an equal and opposite reaction (Newton’s third law).
F’: reaction F : action

5. Axiom 5 : (Solid axiomazation) : If a deformed body is an equilibrium when

become a rigid body that is still equilibrium.
Deformed body: Rigid body: still

equilibrium equilibrium
6. Axiom 6: (Free body - diagram): A non-free rigid body will be free rigid body if the
related connection is replaced by corresponding reaction
YA
F MA F
Fixed A A B
XA

§ 3. Modeling the action and reaction of forces

Basing on the rule: “If the rigid body cannot be moved in a certain
direction, it would have the reaction in that direction”


Lecture note: APPLIED MECHANICS Chapter 3: EQUILIBRIUM


History of Mechanics
Archimedes Stevinus Galileo Newton
(287 B.C. - 212 B.C.) (1548-1620) (1564-1642) (1643-1727)
“The principle of “The formulation of “The first “The accurate
lever and the laws of vector investigation of a formulation of the
principle of combination of force dynamics problem laws of motion as
buoyancy” and most of the with falling stone well as law of
principles of statics experiments” gravitation”
“Give me a place to
stand on, and I will
move the Earth”
Da Vinci, Varignon, Euler, D’Alembert, Lagrange, Laplace and …

Example: FREE-BODY DIAGRAM
F
A C
B
A B
Example: FREE-BODY DIAGRAM

§ 4. Moment
Concept: When a force acting on an body,
beside the tendency to move that body in the
direction of its application, the force can also tend
to rotate the body about an axis. The axis may be
any line which neither intersects nor is parallel to
the line of action of the force. This rotational
tendency is known as the moment M of the force.
Moment is also referred to as torque
4.1 Moment of force about a point:
a) Definition: Moment of force F about a point A

is a vector as: (Cross Product)
MA (F)  r  F
r is the position vector of force F
- The vector M perpendicular to the plane of the body

- Direction: The vector M perpendicular to the plane of

the body
- Sense: Sense of M depends on the direction in
which F tends to rotate the body. The right hand rule is
used to identify this sense. If the vector M is
presented by the thumb, the fingers curled in the
direction of the tendency to rotate
- Magnitude: M = F.r.sinα = F.d
d: the distance from point A to the action line of the

force F (moment arm d)

Note:
 F  0 : no comment

M A (F)  0   r  0 : point of application of force and point A are duplicate
sin   0 : line of action of force contains point A

Therefore, moment of a force about

a point A is equal to zero if only if
the action line of force goes
through the point A

Note: Evaluating the Cross Product
The cross-product express for MO may be written in the

determinant form
i j k
M O (F)  rx ry rz
Fx Fy Fz
Expansion of the determinant gives
MO (F)   ry .Fz  rz .Fy  i   rz .Fx  rx .Fz  j   rx .Fy  ry .Fx  k
and Mx  ry .Fz  rz .Fy ; My  rz .Fx  rx .Fz ; Mz  rx .Fy  ry .Fx

4.2 Moment of force about an axis:
a) Definition: Moment of force F about an axis 0-0 is a

algebraic quantity, as:
O
M0-0 = F* . h
F
where:
- F* is the projection of F on plane (Л). Plane (Л)
perpendicular to axis 0-0
- h: distance from point A to action line of F*
- Point A is the intersection point of the F*
plane (Л) and axis 0-0
A h
b) Note:
F*  0 : F // axis O-O Л
M OO 0
 h  0 : F intersects axis O-O
O
Therefore, moment of a force about an axis 0-0 is
equal to zero if only if the force and axis is coplanar

4.3 Couple
a) Definition: The moment produced by two equal and
opposite and noncollinear forces is known as a couple.
b) Properties of couple:
- Action plane of couple: a plane that contains the pair of
forces (plane of forces).
- Moment arm d: distance between two forces
- Magnitude of couple: M = F.d
- Vector of couple:
M  rA  F  rB  (F)  (rA  rB )  F  r  F
+ Direction: couple vector will

always perpendicular to the
action plane of the force
+ Sense: right-hand rule

Note:
+ The moment of a couple about any point will

equal to the moment of couple
MO  rA  F  rB  (F)  (rA  rB )  F  r  F
+ Equivalent couples: If two vector couples is equal, then it is equivalent

Example:

Example:

Example:

Lecture note: APPLIED MECHANICS Chapter 2: FORCE SYSTEMS
Contents:
- Fundamental theorems
- Two characteristic quantities of force system
- Abbreviation of a force system
- Equilibrium conditions of a force system
- Examples and Problems

Chapter 2: FORCE SYSTEM
Contents:
- Fundamental theorems
- Two characteristic quantities of force system
- Abbreviation of a force system
- Equilibrium conditions of a force system
- Examples and Problems

§1. Fundamental theorems
1.1 Three force theorem

a) Statement: If a three-force system is nonparallel but coplanar and
in equilibrium then that force system have to concurrent.
b) Prove: Using axiom 3 and axiom 1
1.2 Parallel moving force theorem:

a) Statement: The mechanical effect (resultant effect) of a force
when parallel moving to new point is not alter if we add a moment
of given force about new point at that new point.
B) Prove: Using axiom 2 and couple


§2. Two characteristic quantities of force system

2.1 Principle vector of a force system:
The principle vector of a force system is the sum of that force system
n
R    Fj  F1  F2  ...  Fn
j1
We have: R  Rx .i  Ry . j  Rz .k

 n
R x   Fjx  F1x  F2x  ...  Fnx

 j1

 n
  R y   Fjy  F1y  F2 y  ...  Fny
 j1
 n
 R z   Fjz  F1z  F2z  ...  Fnz

 j1
and: Rx , Ry , Rz : components of R

2.2 Principle moment vector about a point of a force system:

The principle moment vector about a point of a force system is
the sum of moment of each force about that point of force system
n
MO   mO (Fj )  mO (F1 )  mO (F2 )  ...  mO (Fn )
j1
We have: MO  MOx .i  MOy . j  MOz .k

 n
M Ox   m Ox (Fj )  m Ox (F1 )  m Ox (F2 )  ...  m Ox (Fn )

 j1

 n
  M Oy   m Oy (Fj )  m Oy (F1 )  m Oy (F2 )  ...  m Oy (Fn )
 j1
 n
 M Oz   m Oz (Fj )  m Oz (F1 )  m Oz (F2 )  ...  m Oz (Fn )

 j1
and: MOx , MOy , MOz : components of MO

§3. Abbreviation of a force system
3.1 Theorem: The resultant of a force system is two characteristic

quantities of the force system F
 
j
j1,n

 R , M O 
R  : Resultant of force
M O : Resultant of moment
3.2 Prove: Using the Parallel moving force theorem

§4. Irreducible types of force systems


 R  0
4.1 Case 1:   Fj    0 : equilibrium force system
M O  0
 j1,n

 R  0
4.2 Case 2:   Fj    M O : the force system as a couple
M O  0
 j1,n

 R  0
4.3 Case 3:   Fj   R  : the force system has a resultant
M O  0
 j1,n
 R  0

 
4.4 Case 4: M O  0  Fj j1,n  R : the force system has a resultant

R   M O
 R  0
4.5 Case 5: 
M O  0  Fj   j1,n
 Wrench (R , M O )

R  / / M O
§5. Equilibrium conditions of a force system
5.1 Introduction

5.2 Theorem: The necessary and sufficient conditions for equilibrium of a

force system are the resultant force R and the resultant moment M are both
zero

 R x =  Fjx =0


R =0 or  R y =  Fjy =0


 R z =  Fjz =0


 M x =  M x =0


M O =0 or  M y =  M y =0


 M z =  M z =0



F x 0
F y 0
M A 0
(A  mp(O xy)

A B

A B
2Nf P = mg 2Nr

A: bản lề
B: bản lề di động



NB
y 300
P = mg
NA


YO
MO
XO D

y x
Q = mg


3/7. Determine the supports reactions at A and B of the beam by

the concentrated load at C as figure follow:

3/8. Determine the supports reactions at A and B of the beam by

the concentrated load at C and D as the figure follow:
P = 4 kN
Q = 2 kN
C D

3/9. Determine the supports reactions at A of the cantilever

beam by the concentrated loads at C as the figure follow:
B C

3/10. Determine the supports reactions at A of the beam by the

concentrated load at D and the moment at C as the figure follow:
P = 2 kN
M = 1.6 kN.m
C D

3/10. Determine the supports reactions at A and B of the uniformly

loaded beam as the figure follow:
A B


3/10. Determine the supports reactions at A and B for the loaded beam
as the figure follow:
q = 300 lb/ft
C D

3/10. Determine the supports reactions at A and B for the beam loaded
with both distributed and point loads as the figure follow:
P = 1500 N
q = 800 N/m
C D E

3/10. Determine the supports reactions at A and B for the beam loaded
as shown:

3/12. Determine the supports reactions at A and B and C for the beam
system loaded as shown:
2 2
Given: BC = BD = AB/2 = a = 1m; q = 2 kN/m; F = qa; M = qa
2

3/12. Determine the supports reactions at A and B and E for the system
loaded as shown:
Given: - Weight of Crane is of Q = 4 KN,
the line of action of Q is line KE
- P = 1 kN




If we consistently draw the force arrows

on the same side of the pin as the
member, then tension (such as AB) will
always be indicated by an arrow away
from the pin, and compression (such as
AF) will always indicated by an arrow
toward the pin.
The magnitude of AF is obtained from

the equation Fy  0 and AB is then
found from
 F 0
x

For example:


Example 1:

Cho hệ thanh giàn phẳng như hình vẽ.

a) Hãy xác định phản lực tại A, C (A: con lăn; C: bản lề cố định)
b) Tính các ứng lực trong các thanh 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
5
1 3
7
2 6

For the plane structure as shown:
a) Determine the reactions at A, E (A: pin; E: roller)
b) Find the force in each member 1, 2, 3
YA 1 5 YE
3
XA 2 6

Cho: L = 50 kN; d = 4 m
a) Xác định phản lực tại A (bản lề cố định) và E (con lăn)
b) B) Tìm lực trong các thanh AB, CG và DE


There are three equilibrium equations for each part


Fx 0 

F
x 0
 Fy 0 or  F
y 0
 
 M B 0  M E 0

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Lecture note: Applied Mechanics

SUBJECT: APPLIED MECHANICS

HCMC University of Technology PhD. Vu Cong Hoa

[1] J. L. Meriam, L. G. Kraige. Engineering Mechanics

[2] Ferdinand P. Beer, Mechanics of Materials,

HCMC University of Technology PhD. Vu Cong Hoa

Chapter 1: The Basic Concepts and

HCMC University of Technology PhD. Vu Cong Hoa

Chapter 1: The Basic Concepts and Axiom

HCMC University of Technology PhD. Vu Cong Hoa

- No deformation in any case of force

The reference is a rigid body that is selected to determine the position of

In this lecture note, the selected reference is inertia reference.

HCMC University of Technology PhD. Vu Cong Hoa

a) Definition: Force is vector quantity B

Concentrated force and distributed force

SI Unit: N/m SI Unit: N/m2 SI Unit: N/m3

HCMC University of Technology PhD. Vu Cong Hoa

Converting distributed force into concentrated force

HCMC University of Technology PhD. Vu Cong Hoa

1.4 Force system: A set of forces act on an object

1.6 Resultant: A unique force that is equivalent to a force system

1.7 Equilibrium force system (Equilibrium): If a force system acts on an

HCMC University of Technology PhD. Vu Cong Hoa

1) Sum of force system:

HCMC University of Technology PhD. Vu Cong Hoa

§ 2. Axiom system of Statics

2. Axiom 2: if add or remove a pair of equilibrium force then the mechanical

From above, there is a principle of transmissibility as:

HCMC University of Technology PhD. Vu Cong Hoa

Principle of transmissibility: The resultant effects of a force to the rigid body

Prove: Using Axiom 1 and Axiom 2

HCMC University of Technology PhD. Vu Cong Hoa

4. Axiom 4: (Action and Reaction): a action of a force is always accompanied by

F’: reaction F : action

HCMC University of Technology PhD. Vu Cong Hoa

5. Axiom 5 : (Solid axiomazation) : If a deformed body is an equilibrium when

Deformed body: Rigid body: still

HCMC University of Technology PhD. Vu Cong Hoa

§ 3. Modeling the action and reaction of forces

HCMC University of Technology PhD. Vu Cong Hoa

HCMC University of Technology PhD. Vu Cong Hoa

HCMC University of Technology PhD. Vu Cong Hoa

HCMC University of Technology PhD. Vu Cong Hoa

Da Vinci, Varignon, Euler, D’Alembert, Lagrange, Laplace and …

HCMC University of Technology PhD. Vu Cong Hoa

Example: FREE-BODY DIAGRAM

Example: FREE-BODY DIAGRAM

HCMC University of Technology PhD. Vu Cong Hoa

a) Definition: Moment of force F about a point A

- The vector M perpendicular to the plane of the body

HCMC University of Technology PhD. Vu Cong Hoa

- Direction: The vector M perpendicular to the plane of

d: the distance from point A to the action line of the

HCMC University of Technology PhD. Vu Cong Hoa

Therefore, moment of a force about

HCMC University of Technology PhD. Vu Cong Hoa